Hupenyu husingaperi: kurota kana chokwadi?

Muna 1797, Dr. Hufeland (anozivikanwa se "imwe yepfungwa dzinonzwisisa muGermany"), uyo akanga adzidza musoro wemakore anotarisirwa kurarama kwemakore gumi, akapa basa rake The Art of Life Extension kunyika. Pakati pezvinhu zvakawanda zvine chokuita nehupenyu hurefu, akasanangura: kudya kwakakwana kune miriwo yakawanda uye isingabatanidzi nyama uye zvinotapira zvinotapira; mararamiro anoshingaira; zvakanaka kuchengetwa kwemazino vhiki nevhiki kugeza mumvura inodziya nesipo; hope dzakanaka; mweya mutsva; pamwe chete nechikonzero chenhaka. Pakupera kwerondedzero yake, yakashandurirwa kumagazini yamabhuku inonzi American Review, chiremba wacho akataura kuti “nguva youpenyu hwomunhu inogona kupetwa nekaviri kana ichienzaniswa nemwero wazvino uno.”

Hufeland anofungidzira kuti hafu yevana vose vakaberekwa vakafa vasati vasvitsa makore gumi okuberekwa, nhamba inokatyamadza yenzufu. Zvisinei, kana mwana akakwanisa kurarama nechibhokisi, gwirikwiti, rubella nezvimwe zvirwere zvehuduku, aiva nemukana wakanaka wekurarama kusvika makore makumi matatu. Hufeland aidavira kuti, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, hupenyu hwaigona kutambanudza kwemakore mazana maviri.

Ko izvi kutaura kunofanira kurangarirwa sechinhu chipi nechipi chinopfuura fungidziro yokufungidzira yachiremba womuzana ramakore rechi 18 here? James Waupel anofunga kudaro. “Nguva yokurarama iri kuwedzera nemakore maviri nehafu mumakore gumi oga oga,” anodaro. "Ndiwo makore makumi maviri nemashanu muzana rega rega." Vaupel - Mutungamiriri weLabhoritari Yekupona uye Kureba Kwehupenyu hweInstitute of Demographic Research. Max Planck muRostock, Germany, uye anodzidza misimboti yehupenyu hurefu uye kurarama muhuwandu hwevanhu nemhuka. Maererano naye, mumakore 100 apfuura, mufananidzo wehupenyu hunotarisirwa hwakachinja zvikuru. Gore ra1950 risati rasvika, tarisiro yeupenyu yakawanda yakawanikwa nekurwisa kufa kwevacheche kwakanyanya. Kubva ipapo, zvakadaro, huwandu hwevanhu vafa hwakadzikira kune vanhu vane makore makumi matanhatu uye kunyange makumi masere.

Nemamwe mashoko, hakusi kungoti vanhu vakawanda vari kurarama vachiri vacheche. Vanhu vakawanda vari kurarama nguva refu—yakareba zvikuru.

Zera rinoenderana nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu

Pasi rose, nhamba yevanhu vane makore zana - vanhu vanopfuura makore zana - inofungidzirwa kuti ichawedzera zvakapetwa ka100 pakati pa10 na2010. Sezvakataurwa naHufeland, kuti unosvika here panguva ino zvinoenderana nokuti vabereki vako vanorarama nguva yakareba sei; kureva kuti, genetic component inokanganisawo hupenyu. Asi kuwedzera kwemazana emakore hakugone kutsanangurwa nemajini chete, izvo zviri pachena kuti hazvina kuchinja zvakanyanya mumazana emakore apfuura. Asi, kuvandudzika kwakawanda mumararamiro edu ayo pamwe chete anowedzera mikana yedu yokurarama kwenguva yakareba uye ine utano—kutarisira utano huri nani, kurapwa kuri nani, matanho ehutano everuzhinji akadai semvura yakachena nemhepo, dzidzo iri nani, uye mararamiro ari nani. "Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuwanda kwehuwandu hwekuwana mishonga nemari," Vaupel anodaro.

Zvisinei, kubudirira kunowanikwa kuburikidza nehutano huri nani uye mararamiro ehupenyu haasati agutsa vanhu vazhinji, uye chido chekuwedzera hupenyu hwehupenyu hwevanhu hachifungi kuparara.

Imwe nzira yakakurumbira ndeye calorie restriction. Kare muma1930, vatsvakurudzi vakacherechedza mhuka dzaidyiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakori uye vakaona kuti izvi zvakakanganisa hupenyu hwavo. Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo yakatevera yakaratidza kuti kudya kwekoriori yezvokudya haifaniri kubatanidzwa nehupenyu hurefu, uye vatsvakurudzi vanocherechedza kuti zvose zvinoenderana nekubatana kwakaoma kwemajini, kudya, uye zvakatipoteredza.

Imwe tariro huru ikemikari resveratrol, iyo inogadzirwa nemiti, kunyanya muganda remazambiringa. Zvisinei, munhu haagoni kutaura kuti minda yemizambiringa yakazara netsime roupwere. Ichi chemikemikari chakacherechedzwa kuti chinopa hutano hwakafanana nehwehunoonekwa mumhuka dzine calorie restriction, asi kusvika parizvino hapana ongororo yakaratidza kuti resveratrol supplementation inogona kuwedzera hupenyu hwevanhu.

Upenyu husina miganhu?

Asi nei tichichembera zvachose? “Zuva riri rose tinotambura nemarudzi akasiana-siana okukuvadzwa uye hatirapi zvizere,” Vaupel anotsanangura kudaro, “uye uku kuunganidzwa kwokukuvadzwa ndicho chisakiso chehosha dzine chokuita nezera.” Asi izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi kune zvipenyu zvose. Semuenzaniso, hydras - boka rezvisikwa zvakapusa-sejellyfish - vanokwanisa kugadzirisa zvinenge zvese zvakakuvara mumuviri wavo uye kuuraya nyore maseru akakuvadzwa zvakanyanya kuti arapwe. Muvanhu, masero akakuvadzwa aya anogona kukonzera gomarara.

"Hydras vari kutarisa zviwanikwa zvakanyanya pakudzoreredza, kwete kubereka," anodaro Vaupel. "Vanhu, pane kudaro, vanonangisa zviwanikwa zvakanyanya mukuberekana - iyi inzira yakasiyana yekupona padanho rezvipenyu." Vanhu vanogona kufa vachiri vadiki, asi huwandu hwedu hwekuzvarwa hunoshamisa hunotitendera kukunda huwandu hwerufu urwu. "Zvino kufa kwevacheche kwadzikira, hapana chikonzero chekupa zviwanikwa zvakawanda mukubereka," anodaro Vaupel. "Chinyengeri ndechekuvandudza maitiro ekudzoreredza, kwete kuendesa simba iro muhuwandu hwakawanda." Kana tikakwanisa kuwana nzira yekumisa kuwedzera kwakadzikama mukukuvadza kumasero edu - kutanga nzira yezvinonzi zvisingakoshi, kana kusakwegura kusingakoshi - saka zvichida hatizove nezera repamusoro.

“Zvingava zvakanaka kupinda munyika umo rufu runenge rwakaita chisarudzo. Iye zvino, chaizvoizvo, tose tiri pamutongo worufu, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vedu pasina chatakaita kuti tifanirwe,” anodaro Gennady Stolyarov, muzivi anodavira kuti vanhu vanorarama upenyu hwomunhu uye munyori webhuku revana rine nharo rinonzi Death Is Wrong, rinokurudzira pfungwa dzechiduku kuramba pfungwa yacho. . kuti rufu harunzvengeki. Stolyarov anonyatsogutsikana kuti rufu ingori dambudziko retekinoroji kuvanhu, uye zvese zvinodiwa kuti ukunde imari yakakwana uye zviwanikwa zvevanhu.

Kutyaira simba rekuchinja

Telomeres ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzekupindira kwetekinoroji. Aya mamagumo emachromosome anopfupisa pese panopatsanurwa maseru, zvichiisa muganho wakakomba wekuti kangani maseru anogona kudzokorora.

Dzimwe mhuka hadzina kuona kupfupikiswa kwetelomeres - hydras imwe yacho. Zvisinei, pane zvikonzero zvakanaka zvezvirambidzo izvi. Random mutations inogona kubvumira masero kuti aparadzanise pasina kupfupisa matelomeres avo, zvichitungamira kune "kusafa" mitsara yesero. Kana asisadzoreki, aya masero asingafi anogona kuita mamota egomarara.

"Vanhu vane zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu munyika vanofa zuva rega rega, uye zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvavo zvinofa nezvikonzero zvine chekuita nekukwegura," anodaro Stolyarov. "Saka, kana tikagadzira matekinoroji anoita kuti vanhu vachembera zvisina basa, taizoponesa hupenyu hwezviuru zana pazuva." Munyori anotaura nezve gerontology theorist Aubrey de Grey, ane mukurumbira pakati pevatsvaki vekuwedzera hupenyu, achitaura kuti pane 50% mukana wekuwana kuchembera kusina basa mukati memakore makumi maviri nemashanu anotevera. “Pane mukana wakasimba wekuti izvi zviitike tichiri vapenyu uye tisati tasangana nedambudziko rakaipisisa rekuchembera,” anodaro Stolyarov.

Stolyarov anotarisira kuti murazvo uchapfuta kubva pakupenya kwetariro. "Chinodiwa pari zvino kusundidzira kwakasimba kukurumidza kukurumidzira kukurumidza kwekuchinja kwehunyanzvi," anodaro. "Iye zvino tine mukana wekurwa, asi kuti tibudirire, tinofanira kuve simba rekuchinja."

Panguva ino, apo vatsvakurudzi vanorwisana nekukwegura, vanhu vanofanira kuyeuka kuti kune nzira dzechokwadi dzekudzivisa zvikonzero zviviri zvinotungamirira rufu munyika dzekuMadokero (hosha yemwoyo nekenza) - kurovedza muviri, kudya kunovaka muviri, uye kuenzanisa kana zvasvika kune doro uye tsvuku. nyama. Vashomanana vedu vanonyatsokwanisa kurarama maererano nemaitiro akadaro, zvichida nokuti tinofunga kuti upenyu hupfupi asi hunogutsa ndicho chisarudzo chakanakisisa. Uye pano mubvunzo mutsva unomuka: dai hupenyu husingaperi huchiri kukwanisika, taizove takagadzirira kubhadhara mutengo unoenderana here?

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