Porcini howa

tsananguro

Porcini mushroom (Boletus edulis) rudzi rwehowa hwedhipatimendi re basidiomycete, kirasi yeagaricomycete, boletus odha, mhuri ye boletus, boletus. Uyu ndiye mumiririri ane mutsindo weumambo hwehwahwa.

Zita rakapfupikiswa rehowa hwangori "chena", vamwe vanozvidaidza kuti boletus. Kunyange vanonhonga howa vasina ruzivo vanoziva zviri nyore "mukurumbira wemusango" uye vanozadza matengu avo nazvo.

Nei Porcini howa inonzi chena?

Iyo porcini howa yakawana zita rayo munguva dzekare, apo howa hwaiwanzo kuomeswa pane hwakakangwa kana kupiswa. Iyo marble pulp ye porcini howa inoramba yakachena chena kunyangwe mushure mekurapa kwekupisa uye nekuomesa. Vanhu vakaona chimiro ichi uye vakadaidza howa hune hovha yakasviba machena chaiwo. Imwe vhezheni yezita iri inosanganisirwa nekupokana kweiyo porcini howa kune iyo isinganetsi uye isingakoshe nyama butcher, nyama iyo inosviba pane iyo yakatemwa.

ngowani

Ose howa weiyo boletus genus ane anoshamisa asina kusimba hwema uye piquant kuravira.

Iyo kapu-shava-shava kapu yeakakura porcini howa inokura paavhareji inosvika 7-30 masentimita muhupamhi. Asi mune mamwe mativi, zvichikonzerwa nekunaya kwakanyanya uye tembiricha ine hunyoro, porcini howa hunotaridzawo nekepusi dhayamita yemakumi mashanu masendimita.

Kutarisa zera rehowa zviri nyore: mune diki porcini howa, kapu ine inenge ingangoita yehunyanzvi yakatorwa convex, howa hwakawandisa hunyoro, dzimwe nguva kunyange kutambanudzwa muchitarisiko. Iko pamusoro pe porcini howa kapu mune dzakawanda kesi ine inonakidza kune iyo inobata, zvishoma velvety mameseji, iro repamusoro ganda rakabatanidzwa zvakasimba kune pulp, saka zvinonetsa kupatsanuka kubva kwariri.

Mumamiriro ekunze akaoma uye ane mhepo, iyo kapu inovharwa ne network ye diki asi yakadzika makwinya kana makatsemuka, izvo zvinotungamira mukukuvadza kune zvemukati pores yefungus. Munguva yekunaya kwemamiriro ekunze, firimu rakatetepa remamousu rinogona kuoneka kumusoro kwekapu.

Ruvara rwechivharo cheiyo porcini howa runogona kuve rwakasiyana - kubva pakatsvukuruka bhuru kusvika kungoita mukaka chena. Iyo yakura howa, yakasviba uye yakasviba chivharo inova, uye ganda rinowana hunhu hukasha.

Pulp

Nyama yeiyo yakaibva porcini howa yakasimba, ine muto uye kazhinji ine nyama, iine ruvara chena runokwezva. Mumakowa howa hwekare, inoshanduka kuita furu fosi, mumvuri wepurp inowana toni yero kana yakajeka beige.

gumbo

Kureba kwegumbo re porcini howa idiki, paavhareji inosvika masentimita gumi nemaviri, asi iwe unogona zvakare kusangana nevamiriri "vakareba", gumbo rinosvika 12 masendimita pakureba. Iyo dhayamita yegumbo ndeye 25 cm, zvishoma kazhinji - 7 cm.

Chinhu chakasarudzika che porcini howa chimiro chehunde yacho: yakaita kunge dhiramu kana clavate; nekufamba kwenguva, mune hohwa dzekare inova cylindrical, yakati rebei pakati uye gobvu pazasi nekepusi. Ruvara rwayo runotangira kuchena kusvika pakadzika brown, dzimwe nguva nemavara matsvuku.

Iko kune porcini howa, iwo mavara ekepisi nemakumbo ayo anenge akanyatso kufanana. Kazhinji, pazasi pechivharo, gumbo rine mambure echiedza tsinga dzakaonda, dzimwe nguva dzinenge dzisingaenzanisike pakatarisana nekwakadzika kweganda.

Kugeza uye spore poda

Izvo zvisaririra zvemubhedha hazvionekwe mu porcini howa - hwaro hwehunde hwakachena zvakakwana.

Spore poda yeiyo muto wemuorivhi-shava hue, ayo masango e porcini howa pachawo akafanana nechakarukwa muchimiro, zvimiro zvadzo zvidiki zvinoshamisa: 15.5 x 5.5 microns. Iyo tubular yakaturikidzana yakajeka, yobva yashanduka yero, ichiwana muorivhi girini hue.

Porcini howa hunomera mumakondinendi ese, kunze kweiyo Australia yakaoma uye inotonhora Antarctica. Inowanikwa kwese kwese muEurope, kuchamhembe nekuSouth America, kuMexico, kumatunhu eChina, Japan uye kumatunhu ekuchamhembe kweMongolia, kuNorth Africa, kuBritish Isles, muCaucasus, Kamchatka, kuFar East, pakati nepakati kumaodzanyemba.

Kazhinji porcini howa hunogona kuwanikwa kuchamhembe taiga, muEuropean chikamu cheRussia uye muFar East.

Iyo porcini howa inokura riini uye mumasango api?

Iko kukura kutenderera kwe porcini howa kwakasiyana kwazvo uye kunoenderana nenzvimbo yekukura. Porcini howa hunotanga kukura muna Chivabvu kana Chikumi, uye kuonekera kwakawanda kwezvitsuwa zvehowa kunopera mukupedzisira kwematsutso - muna Gumiguru-Mbudzi (munzvimbo dzinodziya).

Mumatunhu ekuchamhembe, iyo porcini howa inokura kubva munaJune kusvika Nyamavhuvhu, uye kukohwa kukuru kunotanga muhafu yepiri yaNyamavhuvhu. Chikamu chekukura kwe boletus chakanyanya kureba: chinosvika pakukura chete muvhiki izere.

Howa hunokura mumhuri kana maringi macoloni, saka kusangana kunyangwe imwe porcini howa musango kazhinji kunovimbisa kunhonga howa.

Porcini howa inokura ese mumasango eeconiferous uye anodonha kana akasanganiswa pasi pemiti senge spruce, paini, oak, birch, hornbeam, uye fir. Iko kuunganidzwa kwe porcini howa kunogona kuitiswa munzvimbo dzakafukidzwa nemoss uye lichen, pane jecha, jecha rakasviba uye ivhu rine loam, asi aya howa haawanzo kumera pavhu rine hunyoro uye peat bogs.

Iyo cep inoda chiedza chezuva, asi inogona zvakare kukura munzvimbo dzakasviba. Iyo howa inokura zvisina kusimba nevhu rakazara nemvura uye yakadzika mazuva ese mweya tembiricha. Porcini kashoma kukura mune tundra uye musango-tundra, musango-steppe, uye munzvimbo dzemateru, Porcini haiwanikwi zvachose.

Mhando dze porcini howa, mazita uye mifananidzo

Pakati pe porcini howa, anotevera marudzi anoonekwa seanonyanya kuzivikanwa.

Porcini howa mambure (boletus net) (Boletus reticulatus)

Howa hunodyiwa. Nekunze, inoratidzika kunge flywheel, ine ngowani yebhuruu kana ocher, dzimwe nguva ine tint orenji, iri pagumbo rakapfupika rechirinda. Mambure ari padzinde rehowa akachena kana shava. Iyo ngowani ine dhayamita ye6-30 cm. Nyama yakachena.

Iyo cep inowanikwa mune yakatarwa beech, oak, hornbeam, chestnut masango eEurope, North America ne Africa, muCaucasus. Inoitika munaJune-Gunyana, asi kwete kazhinji.

Porcini mushroom rima bronze (hornbeam) (chiLatin Boletus aereus)

Porcini birch howa (spikelet) (Boletus betulicola)
Chimwe chinhu chemhando yacho chakareruka, ingangoita chena ruvara rwechivharo, chinosvika pamasendimita mashanu kusvika kumashanu. Pasina kazhinji kacho, ruvara rwayo runoita sekisiki kana kujeka yero tint. Hunde hwehowa hwakaita kunge dhiramu, chena-shava muvara, iine chena mesh muchikamu chayo chepamusoro. Pamusoro pekucheka, howa haushanduke bhuruu, pulp yehowa yakachena.

Iyo birch Porcini howa inokura chete pasi pemabirches, inowanikwa munzvimbo yese yekugara, uko kune masango ebirch uye masango, mumigwagwa uye kumucheto. Kubereka kubva munaJune kusvika Gumiguru, singly kana mumapoka. Inowanzo kukura muRussia yese, pamwe nekuWestern Europe.

Porcini birch howa (spikelet) (chiLatin Boletus betulicolus)

Pine cep (upland, pine-inoda boletus) (Boletus pinophilus)

Rudzi rwe porcini howa ine hombodo hombe ine rima, dzimwe nguva ine ruvara rwepepuru. Iyo cap ine dhayamita ye6-30 cm. Nyama yehowa iri pasi peganda rakatetepa rekapisi ine ruvara rwakatsvuka kuti piriviri, yakachena muhunde, haina kuita bhuruu pane yakatemwa. Gumbo rehowa rakakora, ipfupi, chena kana shava muvara, iine hutete hwakajeka kana hutsvuku.

Pine cep inokura mumasango emipaini pavhu rejecha uye mumakomo, kashoma mupruce uye masango anodonha, anowanikwa kwese kwese: muEurope, Central America, Russia (kumatunhu ekuchamhembe kwechikamu cheEuropean, muSiberia).

Pine cep (chiLatin Boletus pinophilus)

Iyo howa ine chivharo chebhuruu, asi isina brownish, asi ine grey tint, dzimwe nguva mwenje mavara "akapararira" pane kapu. Nyama yemhando iyi yakasununguka uye isina kuomarara pane iya yemamwe marudzi ePorcini.

Porcini oak mushroom inogona kuwanikwa mumasango emuouki eCaucasus nePrimorsky Territory, inowanzo kuwanikwa pakati peRussia uye munzvimbo dzayo dzekumaodzanyemba.

Oak cep (lat. Boletus edulis f. Quercicola)

Spruce howa (Boletus edulis f. Edulis)
Iyo yakajairika Porcini howa. Gumbo rakareba uye rine kusimba pazasi. Iyo mesh inosvika chetatu kana hafu yegumbo. Ngowani ine shava, tsvuku kana chestnut ruvara.

Spruce Porcini howa inokura musipiresi nemasipiresi masango muRussia neEurope, kunze kweIceland. Iyo porcini howa inoonekwa muna Chikumi uye inobereka michero kusvika matsutso.

Inobatsira zvinhu zve porcini howa, mavitamini uye mamineral

Nekuda kweayo akawanda emaminerari zvemukati, porcini howa ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa uye anobatsira howa. Nei porcini mushroom inobatsira?

• Chekutanga pane zvese, pane yakakwana selenium muhuputi hwe porcini howa, iyo inogona kurapa kenza mumatanho ekutanga.
• Ascorbic acid, iyo iri muPorcini, yakakosha mukushanda kwese kwenhengo dzese.
• Iyo inonhuhwirira inonaka chena pulp ine calcium, iron yakakosha kumuviri wemunhu, pamwe nema phytohormones, ayo anobatsira kudzora kuzvimba mumuviri.
• Riboflavin, inova chikamu chemushonga wevhercini, inobatsira kugadzirisa chirwere chetachiona, uye zvakare inovandudza bvudzi nekukura kwembambo.
• B mavitamini ari muPorcini anobatsira panjodzi, simba remetabolism, ndangariro uye mashandiro ehuropi, chengetedza ganda uye mucous membranes kubva kuzvirwere, zvinokonzeresa kurara kwakanaka, kushushikana uye chishuwo.
• Lecithin ye porcini howa inobatsira atherosclerosis uye kupererwa neropa, inobatsira kuchenesa tsinga dzeropa kubva ku cholesterol.
• Iko kukosha kweiyo porcini howa zvakare kuri pamberi peB-glucan, antioxidant inodzivirira immune system uye inorwisa fungi, hutachiona uye hutachiona.
• Ergothioneine muPorcini fungus inomutsa kuvandudzwa kwemasero emuviri, uye zvakare inobatsira kune itsvo, chiropa, maziso, uye mongo.
• Zvakare porcini howa inomutsa zvakakwana kuvharirwa kwemuto wekugaya.
• Porcini howa yakaderera-koriori, 90% mvura, yakakwana yekuomesa, yakakangwa uye yakabikwa, yakasanganiswa kuitira kushandiswa mune ramangwana kwechando. Iyo tambo yeiyo yakabikwa pulp iri zvinyoro nyoro; nekukurumidza mushure mekuchenesa, inopa munhuwi unokwezva wehowa, uyo unongowedzera mushure mekurapa kupisa. Iyo porcini howa ine hwema hwakasimba kwazvo mushure mekuomesa kwakakodzera, apo pulp zvishoma nezvishoma inorasikirwa nehunyoro.

Chero howa hwakaoma zvakanyanya kugaya kwevanhu. Asi iyo yakaomeswa porcini howa iyo inowanikwa zvakanyanya kugaya, nekuti mune yakaoma fomu, muviri wemunhu unosvika kusvika ku80% yemapuroteni eiyo porcini howa. Iyi fomu yehowa inokurudzirwa nenyanzvi dzezvehutano.

Porcini howa inokuvadza

Porcini mushroom inodyiwa howa, asi inogona zvakare kuiswa chepfu muzviitiko zvakati.

• Iyo Porcini howa ine chitin, izvo zvakaomera muviri wemwana, vakadzi vane nhumbu, vanhu vane zvirwere zvegadziriro yekugaya uye itsvo kupinza. Kunyangwe porcini muto unogona kutungamira mukuwedzera.
• Porcini howa, senge chero imwe howa, inounganidza simbi inorema inorema iri muvhu. Ndokusaka iwe uchifanira kuve wakangwarira uye pasina mamiriro ezvinhu usatore howa hunokura mukati meguta kana padyo nemabhizimusi emabhizimusi, landfills, marara, padhuze nemigwagwa mikuru.
• Chikonzero chechitatu chekunzwa kusagwinya kana uchidya porcini howa ndiko kuitika kweanokanganisa maitiro kune howa spores.
• Uye, hongu, kushandiswa kweyakaipisisa kaviri ye porcini howa, iyo inonzi nduru howa kana kuvava, kunogona kutungamira kune chepfu.

Zano rakareruka kune vanhu vasinganzwisise howa uye vanogona kuvhiringidza porcini nenyuchi haisi yekutora howa hunoshanduka kuita bhuruu (shanduka pingi, tsvuka) kana watemwa uye uine kuravira kunorwadza!

Nzira yekusiyanisa sei Porcini howa kubva kune yenhema?

Pulp

Imwe yemakakatanwa makuru pakati pe porcini howa uye yenhema nduru fungus ndiwo wakatemwa ruvara. Kana yakatemwa, iyo nyama yeiyo fungus inosviba uye inova inopenya-brown. Nyama ye porcini howa haichinje ruvara uye inoramba yakachena.

gumbo

Iyo nduru fungus ine yakajeka yakajeka mesh-senge pateni padanda, iyo inodyiwa porcini howa haina.

Hymenophore

Iyo tubular rukoko rweyenhema ceps ndeye pinkish, nepo iyo yechokwadi ceps iri chena kana yero.

manakiro

Iyo yenhema Porcini howa inovava, kusiyana neinodyiwa Porcini imwe. Zvakare, kuravira kunorwadza kwenduru howa hakuchinjike panguva yekubika kana kufashaira, asi kunogona kudzikira panguva yekunhonga nekuda kwekuwedzera kwevhiniga.

Kukura porcini howa kumba pane wega zano

Vazhinji vari kushamisika kuti kudyara nekukura sei porcini howa mune yavo yezhizha kottage. Iyo tekinoroji yekukura porcini howa kumba kana pachivande chako haina kana kuoma, kunyangwe ichitora nguva, inoda kutsungirira uye kunyatsoita chokwadi kubva kwauri.

Paunenge uchironga kukura porcini howa, funga nezve imwechete nuance: iyo porcini howa inogara musango, saka haigone kuvapo pasina symbiosis nemuti. Chinhu chakanakira sarudzo kana munda wedunhu uchinge uri padhuze nesango, kunyangwe hazvo nzvimbo inongokura miti mishoma - pine, peya yeaspens, birch, oak kana spruce. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti iyo miti ive inove isingasvike makore gumi nemasere ekuberekwa.

Kune nzira mbiri huru dzekukura porcini howa munyika kumba:

• kukura kubva ku mycelium;
• kukura kubva kune spores mune hohwa howa.
• Ngatimbokurukurai mumwe wavo zvizere.

Kukura porcini howa kubva ku mycelium

Nhanho yekutanga ndeye kutenga yepamusoro-soro yekudyara zvinhu, ndiko kuti, tenga porcini mycelium mune yakasarudzika chitoro. Zvino iwe unofanirwa kutanga kugadzirira iyo yakasarudzwa nzvimbo yekudyara yakananga. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika pakupera kwaGunyana - gare gare pane mukana wechando, uyo unogona kukanganisa zvese zvaunoedza kuita.

Pakatenderedza hunde yemuti (paini, birch, oak, aspen, spruce), zvakakosha kuti ubvise ivhu, kubvisa 15-20 masentimita epamusoro pepamusoro kubva pamusoro payo, nekudaro kugadzira denderedzwa nehupamhi hwe1. mamita. Ivhu rinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kuitira chifukidziro chinotevera chesaiti.

Peat kana manyowa akanyoroveswa zvakanaka akaiswa panzvimbo yakaumbwa: ukobvu hwevhu rakaorera haufanirwe kudarika 2-3 cm.

Zvimedu zveiyo yakatengwa porcini mushroom mycelium yakarongedzwa pavhu rakagadzirirwa, izvi zvinoitwa mune cheki chebhodhi, uye zvinokurudzirwa kuchengetedza chinhambwe pakati pezvidimbu zvemycelium ye 30-35 cm.

Nhanho inotevera ndeyekunyatso kufushira iyo yakagadzikwa Porcini howa mycelium nechuru chevhu chawakabvisa pakutanga. Kudyara kunofanira kudiridzwa zvakaringana uye zvakawandisa (2.5-3 migomo yemuti wega wega). Zvinokurudzirwa kuita izvi zvakanyatsonaka kuti usakanganisa ivhu.

Nzvimbo inonwiwa mvura yakasunganidzwa nehuswa hwemashanga 25-35 cm, ayo anochengetedza hunyoro hunodiwa uye kudzivirira iyo mycelium kubva pakuoma. Mune ramangwana, kudiridza kunoitwa kakati wandei pasvondo, uchiwedzera yepamusoro kupfeka kumvura, semuenzaniso, iyo Baikal EM-1 yakaoma.

Chando chisati chatanga uye chando chisati chadonha, chirongwa chehowa chakafukidzwa nehuswa hwemusango, matavi emupruce kana nhete yemashizha akadonha kugadzira gumbeze rechando. Pakutanga kwechirimo, chifukidzo ichi chinonyatso bviswa nehara.

Kukohwa kwekutanga kweanonhuhwirira porcini howa kunowanikwa mugore, uye nekuchengetwa kwakakodzera kweiyo yakagadziriswa mycelium, ndiko kuti, nekudiridza nenguva uye nekudyisa, "imba yemumba" yakadaro ye porcini howa inogona kubereka michero kwemakore 3-5.

Kukura porcini howa kubva mumakepisi

Kune iyi nzira, iwe unozofanirwa kuenda musango uye unotora makapeti kubva kune akura, kana kunyanyisa kuibva, porcini howa. Iyo dhayamita yekapu haifanire kunge iri pasi pe10-15 cm. Izvo zvakanaka kana pulp yehwahwa pakatyoka iine greenish-olive tint, iyo inoratidza kuibva kweiyo spore poda.

Paunenge uchinhonga porcini howa, teerera kune iyo miti yaunotema, nekuti iri pasi pemiti imwechete iyo iwe yaunofanira kuisima pane yako saiti. Iyo porcini howa inokura pasi peye birch musango dondo haigone kutora midzi pasi pepine kana muouki.

Iwo makapasi emaporcini howa akapatsanurwa kubva kumakumbo uye, pamwero we7-12 makapu pabhakiti remvura (kunyanya mvura yemvura), anonyorovesa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Zvinokurudzirwa kuwedzera doro (24-3 mashupuni pa5 l) kana shuga (10-15 g pa20 l) kumvura. Ndokumbira utarise kuti ese howa, uye kunyangwe akawandisa, anokurumidza kudzikira, saka unofanirwa kuidzikisa nekukasira mushure mekukanya, asi pasati papfuura maawa masere kusvika masere.

Kwapera zuva, nyatsokanya makapu akaomeswa ehorowani nemaoko ako kusvikira waita seyakawanda jelly-senge huwandu, uzvisefa kuburikidza nerageze, nekudaro uchipatsanura gadziriso ine aqueous nema mushroom spores kubva kuhunhu hwehowa. Iwe haufanire kukanda kunze kwakashushikana pulp.

Iyo nzvimbo yekudyara porcini howa inogadzirirwa zvakafanana kune yekutanga sarudzo (kudyara porcini mycelium). Musiyano chete ndewekuti peat kana dura remanyowa rinodururwa nemhinduro yetanini inouraya zvinhu zvekudyara nevhu.

Mhinduro yakadaro inogadzirirwa seinotevera: 100-gramu pack yetii tema inogadzirwa neine litre yemvura inodzika, kana magiramu makumi matatu emouki bark rinobikwa litre yemvura kweawa. Mushure mekutonhora, nzvimbo yakasarudzwa yekudyara inodiridzwa nemumiriri uyu, pamwero wemarita matatu esheni yekuchenesa pamuti.

Kupfuurirazve, mvura ine spores inodururwa zvakaenzana ne ladle pa "mutsago" wakaorera, nepo mhinduro yemvura ichifanira kumutswa nguva nenguva. Mushroom "keke" kubva mumakepu akanyatsogadzikwa pamusoro, iyo yakagadzirirwa "mbesa" inovharwa neivhu revhu, inobviswa yakatenderedza muti pakutanga, uye nhete yemashanga.

Kuchengeta howa kuchenesa kunosanganisira kushoma, asi kugara uchidiridza, nekuti kuomesa kunotungamira kurufu rweceps idzo dzisati dzamera spores. Kwemwaka wenguva yechando, zano racho rinofanirwa kuvharirwa, uye muchirimo, bvisa pairi "gumbeze" rematavi emu spruce, mashizha akafa kana mashanga. Iwe unogona kunakirwa pamba-yakura porcini howa anotevera zhizha kana matsutso.

Dzimwe nzira dzekukura porcini howa

Kune dzimwe nzira dzinoverengeka dzekukura porcini howa kuseri kwako, hadzisi dzakakurumbira, asi dzinogona zvakare kupa mibairo yakanaka.

Musango, vanonyatsochera zvidimbu zvemycelium saizi hombe yei. Ipapo dzinoiswa mumakomba asina kudzika pasi pemuti pane saiti, yakasaswa zvishoma nevhu uye ichidiridzwa nguva dzose.

Yakawanda porcini howa inopwanywa, yakaomeswa mumumvuri kwezuva, nguva nenguva ichikurudzira zvidimbu. Ipapo rukoko rwepamusoro rwe sodhi runosimudzwa pasi pemuti uri pane saiti uye iyo yakagadzirirwa misa yakaradzikwa imomo, ichidzosera sod yacho panzvimbo yayo uye ichiisanganisa zvakanaka. Iyo saiti inodururwa yakawanda nemvura.

Chokwadi chinonakidza nezve porcini howa

1. Hupenyu hwekutenderera kweiyo porcini howa haupfuure mazuva gumi nepfumbamwe, asi kune mhando dzakasiyana dzinogona "kurarama" kwemazuva gumi nemashanu. Pakati peino nguva, ivo vanowedzera zvakanyanya muhukuru, zvakapfuura avo vavanozvarwa.
2. Mushure mekucheka, howa hunokurumidza kurasa hunhu hwaro hunobatsira pasina kunyanya kugadziriswa. Mushure memaawa gumi, chete hafu yemaminerari uye macronutrients anowanikwa mune yayo pulp.
3. Musango kazhinji unogona kuwana porcini howa uine remoni kana orenji chivharo chisina kujairika, izvo kazhinji zvinotyisidzira vasina ruzivo rwehowa, kunyangwe zvienzaniso zvakadaro zvichidyiwa uye zvisinganyanyi kunakidza.