Chikafu cheRussia

Maitiro ekuumbwa uye kusimudzira kwechikafu cheRussia chakatambanudzwa kwemazana emakore akati wandei. Izvozvi uye ipapo, zvinotaurwa nezvazvo zvinobuda muzvinyorwa zvemazana emakore uye akasiyana magwaro ezvakaitika. Iwo echinyakare aifarira kunyora nezvazvo mumabasa avo asingafi. Ethnographer akadzidza nokungwarira. Uye zvese nekuti zviri zvekutanga uye zvinobudirira. Kukudziridza kwairatidzira kwete chete hupenyu hwevanhu netsika asiwo nhoroondo. Uye nguva dzese, yakavandudzwa, ikazadzikiswa nekukwereta, uye ikawedzerwa.

Nhasi uno mutsara wekuti "Russian cuisine" unofambidzana nekabichi muto, crispy mapiki uye howa hwakachekwa, anonhuwirira "kulebyaka" uye mapai, pamwe neakasarudzika tii kubva kuSamovar.

Asi kunyangwe makore chiuru apfuura, zvese zvaive zvishoma zvine mwero…

Nhoroondo yekusimudzira

Masayendisiti anoona matanho mana ekuumbwa kwechikafu cheRussia, chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwacho. It:

1. 1 yekare Russian, kufambidzana kubva IX-XVI mazana emakore;
2. 2 yekare Moscow - yakawira pane XVII century;
3. 3 Petrovsky-Ekaterininsky - zvinoreva muzana remakore reXVIII;
4. 4 Petersburg - inosanganisa kupera kwetsika dzezana ramakore reXVIII uye inogara kusvika kuma60s eXIX.

Nguva yekare yeRussia

By chingwa uye hupfu zvigadzirwa inotongwa. Vanhu vokuRussia vekare vaikoshesa zvikuru makeke, jelly yefurawa, uye rye pie. Uyezve, miriwo, michero, howa, marudzi akasiyana-siyana enyama nehove, porridge yakashanda sekuzadza. Nechekare panguva iyoyo, vanhu vakakwazisa vaenzi vanodiwa nerofu rechingwa nemunyu.

Nenzira, raive porogi muRussia iro raionekwa sechiratidzo chekubudirira. Izwi rekuti "porridge" raireva mabiko emuchato ekare eRussia. Pamatafura evaRussia, paigara paine buckwheat, bhari, pearl bhari, oatmeal, oatmeal, kana mapira porridge.

Kuwedzera pazviri, chikafu chenguva iyoyo chaisanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwemiriwo - kabichi, matipi, radishes, pizi, magaka. Pano vaida kudya michero nemabriji. Mukuwedzera kwavari, huchi hwaiitwa mukuremekedzwa pakati peinozipa zino, zvichibva nekuti vanhu vakagadzira manyuchi anonaka uye majamu. Kunyangwe ipapo, ivo vaenzi vaibheka gingerbread navo.

Kubva muzana ramakore reXI maRussia vaishandisa zvinonhuwira: bay bay uye nhema mhiripiri, mavhavha, ginger, cardamom, nesafron.

Kusvikira XVII-th century pano, ivo vaisadya nyama nemukaka. Uye kana vakadaro, saka vakagadzira sosi yekabichi uye gruel kubva munyama. Ivo vakanwa mukaka wakanyoroveswa kana mbishi, vakaita muto wakasviba uye kottage chizi kubva mairi, uye vaisaziva nezve kirimu uye bota kusvika kusvika XVI-th century.

Munharaunda imwecheteyo, zvinwiwa zveRussia zvakaonekwa - kvass, sider, uye hop. Muna 1284 vabiki vakagadzira doro kekutanga. Uye muzana ramakore reXV, chaiyo vodka yeRussia yakagadzirwa kubva muzviyo zve rye.

Mumazana emakore XVI-XVII, Chikafu chekare cheRussia chaive chakapfuma nemaoodles uye madomasi, achivakweretesa kubva kuvanhu veAsia.

Old-Moskov

Iyo cuisine kupatsanurana yakaratidza XVII century mune iyo iyo vanhu vemuno vakasarudza kuziva uye iyo iyo vanhuwo zvavo vaigutsikana nayo. Uye kana zvisati zvaitika misiyano iyi yaingova mune huwandu hwedhishi, ikozvino vakanyatso tarisa kune mhando. Uye zvese nekuti nyowani nyowani madhishi uye mabikirwo ekugadzira akatanga kupinda mune zvechinyakare chikafu.

Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, imwe nyama yakakangwa, iyo yaimboonekwa seisina kunaka, yakatanga kutaridzika patafura yevakuru. Uye zvakare ham, nyama yenguruve, nyama yemombe yakakangwa, gwayana rakagocha, mutambo, uye huku. Panguva imwecheteyo, hodgepodge, magaka, uye zvinonaka zvekudya zvakadai sejellied redfish, hove ine munyu, caviar nhema dzakaravira.

Kunze kwezvo, vanhu veRussia vakatanga kushingaira kukwereta zvigadzirwa zveAstrakhan neKazan khanate, Siberia neBashkiria, iyo ichangobva kupinda muhurumende. Iwaya akanga ari mazambiringa akaomeswa, maonde, manwiwa namavise, maapricot, maremoni, uye tii. (Kunyange zvazvo mamwe manyuko anotaura kuti marimu akanga akakurumbira mune dzimwe nharaunda kubvira muzana ramakore rechi XI.) Uye vaenzi vanogamuchira vaeni vakatanga kugamuchira mabikirwo ezvipai zvinonaka, zvingwa zveginger, marudzi ose ejamu, uye maapuro marshmallows. Maererano nemimwe mishumo, iyo yekupedzisira yakanga ichigadzirirwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeRussia kubva muzana remakore re XIV.

Nekudaro, iro XVII ramakore raishamisa nekukura kwechinyakare chikafu cheRussia uye yakapusa yemurombo yekurerutsa.

Petrovsko-Ekaterinsky

Kutevera nguva yekare yeMoscow, nguva itsva yakatanga - nguva yaPeter Mukuru. Iyo inosiyana kubva kune vamwe nekunyanya kukwereta kwayo kweWestern culinary tsika. Uye ikozvino hukuru hunowedzera uye kazhinji kazhinji hunounza mhiri kwemakungwa zvigadzirwa uye mabikirwo emidziyo uye "kunyorera" kune vabiki vekunze. Vanopfumisa chikafu chekuRussia nemapayi, makasero, maroll, uye cutlets, vachiwedzera nemukaka usingazivikanwi, miriwo, uye muto wakatswa uye vanoshongedza nemasengweji, bota, uye chizi chaidzo dzechiDutch nechiFrench.

Vakatsiva zita rekuti "sosi" yekutanga yeRussia ne "muto" uye vakadzidzisa mashandisiro ayo nemazvo - muhari kana muhari dzesimbi.

Petersburg chikafu

Iyi nguva yakabatana nekubuda kwe "hwindo kuenda kuEurope." Kubudikidza naro, zvechinyakare French, chiGerman, chiDutch uye madhishi madhishi akatanga kupinda chikafu cheRussia. Pakati pavo: zvimedu zvine uye zvisina pfupa, escalopes, entrecote, steaks, mbatatisi uye madomasi madhishi, ayo akangounzwa panguva iyoyo, pamwe nemasoseji uye omelets.

Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vakatanga kupa hanya zvakanyanya kune iyo tafura yekumisikidza uye kushongedza iwo madhiri ivo pachavo. Sezvineiwo, akawanda masaladhi, emadhishi madhishi, uye kunyange vinaigrette akaonekwa mune yekudzidzira iyi hunyanzvi.

Chinhu chakasarudzika cheiyi nguva ndechekuti vanokudzwa vakashandisa zvakasiyana zvekudya. Hove, nyama, howa, uye ndiro yemiriwo zvine musiyano mukuru chikafu cheRussia uye zvakaita kuti ive yakapfuma zvakapusa uye inotonaka.

Chikafu cheRussia: mazuva edu

Mumakore akatevera, echinyakare chikafu cheRussia chikafu chakapfumiswa chete. Tarenda vabiki akazviratidza, vane mazita akakurumbira kure mhiri nyika. Kufamba kutenderera pasirese, vanoziva hunyanzvi hwazvino hwekugadzirira, nekuda kwekuti ivo vanogona kugadzira izvo zvisingajairika uye zvekutanga ndiro. Uye batanidza zvisingaenderane mune yega yega. Semuenzaniso, ice cream kubva kuBorodino chingwa, foie gras borscht ine flambé, cocktail saladi, gwayana rine kvass muto, crayfish mutsipa nemuriwo caviar, nezvimwe.

Zest yeRussia chikafu

National Russian cuisine yakwereta nyowani madhiri uye mhiri kwemakungwa zvekudya tsika kwemazana emakore. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi hazvina kumutadzisa kuramba akasiyana nevamwe uye yepakutanga. Varavira zvimedu zvine muto, zvichikwira, uye julienne, vanhu veRussia havana kuchinja maitiro avo.

Uye havana kusiya zviyo nemuto, izvo nekufamba kwenguva zvakazove zvakasiyana siyana. Izvo hazvina kuchinja tsika yekupa chikafu. Sapakutanga, kwekutanga, vakapa ndiro dzinopisa - masobho, borscht, hodgepodge, kana muto wekabichi. Kwechipiri - padivi dhishi rine nyama kana hove. Uye chechitatu - chinwiwa chinotapira - muto, compote, chinwiwa chemichero kana tii. Uye akaramba ari mumwe wevanhu vanogamuchira vaenzi munyika.

Nzira huru dzekubika muRussia chikafu:

Hazvina mhosva kuti chikafu cheRussia chakapfuma uye chakasiyana sei, ichiri chakavakirwa pane zvechinyakare ndiro dzinoonekwa mukona dzese dzepasi, dzinoti:

Kabichi muto.

Vanoti chikafu ichi chakaonekwa muRussia muzana remakore reX-th, panguva imwe chete sekabichi. Iyo yakawanda-yezvakagadzirwa muto. Kabichi muto waive nesarrel, nyowani kana sauerkraut, nyama (dzimwe nguva hove kana howa), zvinonhuwira, uye kupfeka kwakasviba kunoenderana nekirimu yakasviba kana kabichi brine. Muhupenyu hwayo hwese, chimiro chayo hachina kuchinja, kunze kwekunge bhawuni yezvinonhuwira yemuto wekakichi yakawedzerwa.

Kulebyak.

Izvo zvinopesana neakajairwa mapie nekugadzira yakaoma kuzadza - kubva pamhando mbiri kusvika kumana enyama yakasungwa, yakaparadzaniswa nepatekete dzakaonda. Zvakare, iro vhoriyamu rinofanira kunge rakaenzana neinenge hafu yehuwandu hwehupfu. Yekutangaakibyaki yakaitwa kubva mbiriso mukanyiwa uye zvidimbu zvekabichi, mazai, buckwheat porridge, hove yakabikwa, hanyanisi, kana howa uye yakashongedza vanokudzwa uye akajairika matafura vanhu.

Bhokisi.

Chirangaridzo dhishi iguri rakagadzirwa negorosi kana mupunga une huchi, poppy mhodzi, mazambiringa akaomeswa, uye mukaka. Yakagadzirirwa uye yakashandira pamanheru eKisimusi neEpiphany, dzimwe nguva pakurangarira. Kutia inotora midzi yayo mumazuva echihedheni apo ndangariro yemadzitateguru yaikudzwa nerubatsiro rwayo. Nenzira, muRussia, chero pariji yaive nezita rechipiri "mbuya" yechingwa.

Noodles

Iyo yakakweretwa pasita iyo inoshamisira inozivikanwa pasirese, kusanganisira Russia. Iwo ma noodles ekutanga aive maChinese. Ivo vakaonekwa mu II mireniyamu BC.

Kissel.

Ichi chinwiwa chine makore angangoita chiuru. Pakutanga, yaigadzirwa kubva kune oats kana gorosi, gare gare kubva kumabriji. Ndangariro dzake dzinoonekwawo muThe Tale of Bygone Years.

Mune X century. Panguva yekukomba kweBelgorod, nzara yakatanga muguta. Uye kana vanhu veguta vatofunga zvekuzvipira, mumwe mukuru akarayira kuti vawane zvakasara zveoats uye gorosi, vagadzire jelly kubva kwavari voidururira mutabhu yakacherwa mutsime rakatsetseka nepasi. Honey uzvar vakadira mune imwe tubhu yakadaro. Uyezve vakakoka vanoverengeka vakundi kuti varavire zvinonaka kubva mumatsime. Mazuva mashoma gare gare, vakadzokera, vachifunga kuti Amai Pasi vaipa vanhu veRussia chikafu.

Ukha

Iyo inopisa hove dhishi. Nharaunda imwe neimwe ine nzira yayo yekugadzirira kwayo. Semuenzaniso, muDon, vanofarira muto wehove nematomatisi.

Stroganina

Iro ndiro rakagadzirwa kubva kune hove mbishi, dzichangobva kuchando, dzinoiswa mumasvingi nemusanganiswa wemunyu uye mhiripiri. Yakakurumbira kwazvo muSiberia.

Olivier saladi

Ichikafu chenyika Idzva Idzva chakatumidzwa zita raLucien Olivier, uyo akaigadzira. Rudzi rwechiRussian rwunosanganisira soseji ya “Chiremba”, mbatatisi yakabikwa, mazai akabikwa, magaka akachekwa, pizi dzakasvibira, karoti dzakabikwa, mayonnaise, nemishonga.

Tea kubva samovar.

Vanoti chinwiwa chakadai chine kuravira kwakasarudzika, kwavakawana zvese nekuda kwekushandisa samovar pachayo, nekuda kwekubatana kwemhuri, iyo yakaungana mu gazebo kana paveranda kuti iravire.

Pies

Mapayi akabikwa ane mhando dzakasiyana dzekuzadza - hove, nyama, karoti, mazai, hanyanisi, uye mupunga uye maburi madiki pamusoro.

Yakasanganiswa howa uye mapundu

Ivo hunhu hwave huripo kwemazana emakore.

Vinaigrette

Iyo ndeyenyika yekuRussia dhishi rakagadzirwa kubva kubiti, mbatatisi, karoti, pizi dzakasvibirira, magaka, hanyanisi, oiri yemafuta, nezvinonhuwira, kunyangwe zvakakweretwa.

Gingerbreads

Izvi zvigadzirwa zveupfu zvinotanga munguva yekare yeRussia.

Apple marshmallow muRussia chikafu

Icho chikafu chetsika chakagadzirwa kubvira muzana ramakore re XIV-huchi neuchi nemaapuro. Maphikirwo emazuva ano akanyanya kucheneswa uye anogona kunge aine sinamoni, michero, nezvimwe.

Chingwa uye munyu mushonga.

Icho chimiro chechiratidzo cheRussia chikafu. Nhasi inomirira kugamuchira vaeni. Uye munguva dzekare, yaive yakabatana nemashiripiti zvinoreva. Chingwa chinomiririra hupfumi hwemhuri uye kugara zvakanaka, uye munyu waidzivirira kubva kumatambudziko nemamiriro ekunze akaipa. 

Supu.

Muchokwadi, ichi chikafu chemunyika cheRussia chikafu. Pakutanga, ndiyo chete miriwo; gare gare, vakatanga kuwedzera nyama pairi. Nhasi, kune huwandu hwakawanda hwesobho kwese kuravira.

Maapulo akasanganiswa

Aya ndiwo marudzi ezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa. Vakanga vakakurumbira mazana emakore apfuura.

Sauerkraut idhishi rakawanikwa kubva pakuvira kwekabichi. Vanhu vanotenda kuti zvinhu zvaro zvese zvinobatsira zvakachengetwa mairi.

Zvinonakidza kuziva:

• Mahwendefa akaonekwa muRussia muzana ramakore reXNUMXth. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, chikafu chemvura chakapihwa mundiro imwe hombe, kubva kwaidya mhuri yese. Chikafu chakakora, pamwe nenyama nehove, zvaive pamusoro pezvimedu zvezvingwa zvikuru.
• Ivo vakanyatsoteedzera mitemo yekuzvibata patafura ivo
• . Panguva yekudya, munhu aisagona kuseka uye kutaura zvinonzwika kana kukanda chikafu. Shure kwaizvozvo, pane imwe tsananguro - kuremekedzwa kwemunhu wechiRussia pakudya.
• Ovheni chaiyo yeRussia inotora nzvimbo yakakosha muRussia chikafu. Zvave zviripo kweanenge makore 3000, yakwanisa kuita akawanda mabasa. Ivo vaibika chikafu mukati mayo, doro rakabikwa uye kvass, michero yakaomeswa yechando, kudziya matumba nayo, vairara pairi, uye dzimwe nguva zvakare vaibira moto mubhokisi remoto hombe, senge mubhati.
• Yaiva hovhoni yaipa ndiro dzeRussia chikafu chinonaka. Vakacherekedza imwe tembiricha hurumende mairi uye yunifomu kudziyisa kubva kumativi ese. Cherechedzo yekutarisisa kune chimiro chendiro - hari dzevhu nevhu rakakandwa, izvo zvaisiyana muzasi nemutsipa sizek. Yekupedzisira yakapa yakanakisa kuravira, kunhuwirira kunoshamisa, uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvose zvakabikwa ndiro 'zvinhu zvinobatsira.
• Mumazuva ekare, tafura yeRussia yaigara yakafukidzwa nejira jena retafura uye yakashongedzwa nechingwa nemunyu. Icho chaive chiratidzo chechiratidzo chekuti vaenzi vaitambirwa mumba.