Kufarira kwakadzama muuzivi kunonangana nemusoro weantispeciesism, tsika dzemhuka, hukama pakati pemunhu nemhuka. Leonardo Caffo akaburitsa mabhuku akati wandei nezvenyaya iyi, kunyanya: A Manifesto of Vulnerable Antispeciesism. Nguruve haigoni kuita shanduko "2013, "Mhuka Yemazuva Ano" 2013, "The Limit of Humanity" 2014, "Constructivism and Naturalism in Metaethics" 2014. Anoshandawo pamitambo yemitambo. Mumabasa ake, Leonardo Caffo anopa vaverengi kutarisa kutsva padzidziso yeantispeciesism, kutarisa kutsva kwehukama pakati pemunhu nemhuka, izvo zvisingagoni kukusiya iwe usina hanya.
Nguruve haiite chimurenga. Manifesto yeVulnerable Anti-Speciesism (zvishoma kubva mubhuku)
“Mhuka, dzakazvarwa dzisina chinhu kunze kwenhamo yekusava munhu, dzinorarama upenyu hunotyisa, hupfupi uye hunosiririsa. Nemhaka bedzi yokuti zviri musimba redu kushandisa upenyu hwavo nokuda kwebetsero yedu. Mhuka dzinodyiwa, dzinoshandiswa mukutsvagisa, dzinoitwa zvipfeko, uye kana uine rombo rakanaka, dzichavharirwa muzoo kana sekisi. Munhu upi noupi anorarama achifuratira ikoku anofanira kuva achifara achifunga kuti zvakaipa zvakaipisisa zvenyika zvakakurirwa kusvikira zvino uye kuti upenyu hwedu hune tsika chose chose. Kuti unzwisise kuti marwadzo ose aya aripo, unofanirwa kunyora kwete kubva pakuona kwevatsigiri vemhuka, asi kubva pakuona kwemhuka.
Mubvunzo urimo mubhuku iri ndeuyu: Ko nguruve ingati kudii kana ikawana mukana wekuronga gwara rebhindauko rakanangana nekusunungurwa kwayo, kusunungurwa kwemhuka dzose?
Chinangwa chebhuku ndechekuti mushure mekuverenga, hapasisina mutsauko pakati pako nenguruve.
Tichitaura nezveaimbova mafirosofi, tinorangarira, kutanga, Peter Singer naTom Regan. Asi pane zvikanganiso mudzidziso dzavo.
Peter Singer uye Kusunungurwa Kwemhuka.
Dzidziso yaPeter Singer iratidziro yemarwadzo. Rondedzero yakanyatsonaka yekurwadziwa kwemhuka dzaibayiwa mumaraini. Pakati pedzidziso yaPeter Singer pane Pain. Muchiitiko ichi, tiri kutaura nezve Feeling-centrism. Uye sezvo zvose zviri zviviri mhuka navanhu vachinzwa kurwadziwa nenzira imwe cheteyo, ipapoka, mukuwirirana naSinger, mutoro wokuparira marwadzo unofanira kuva wakafanana.
Nekudaro, iyo purojekiti yakakurudzirwa naAndré Ford inobvisa dzidziso yeSinger.
Andre Ford akagadzira chirongwa chekuburitsa huku dzakawanda pasina chikamu checerebral cortex chinokonzera kunzwa kurwadziwa. Chirongwa ichi chinobvumira kupfuya huku dzinosvika gumi neimwe pa m11 pachinzvimbo che3. Mapurazi makuru anoiswa zviuru zvehuku mumafuremu akatwasuka semuMatrix. Chikafu, mvura nemhepo zvinopihwa nemachubhu, huku hadzina makumbo. Uye izvi zvose zvinogadzirwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri, chekutanga ndechekusangana nekuwedzera kudiwa kwenyama uye yechipiri ndeyekuvandudza hupenyu hwehuku mumapurazi, nekubvisa kunzwa kwekutambudzika. Ichi chiitiko chinoratidza kutadza kwedzidziso yeSinger. Kubviswa kwemarwadzo kuchiri kusapa kodzero yekuuraya. Nokudaro, iyi haigoni kuva pokutanga munyaya yehutano hwemhuka.
Tom Regan.
Tom Regan imwe mbiru yehuchenjeri hweMhuka. Kufemerwa kuseri kweAnimal Rights Movement.
Nhamburiko dzavo huru ndeidzi: kugumisa kushandiswa kwemhuka mukuedza kwesayenzi, kugumisa kuberekeswa kwemhuka kwokugadzira, kushandiswa kwemhuka nokuda kwezvinangwa zvenhandaro, uye kuvhima.
Asi kusiyana neMuimbi, huzivi hwake hunobva pakuti zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose zvine kodzero dzakaenzana, uye kunyanya: kodzero yehupenyu, rusununguko uye kwete chisimba. Maererano naRegan, mhuka dzose dzinoyamwisa dzakapiwa njere zvinhu zvehupenyu uye naizvozvo dzine kodzero yehupenyu. Kana tikauraya uye kushandisa mhuka, saka, maererano Regan, munyaya iyi tinofanira kuongorora pfungwa kodzero upenyu uye kurangwa.
Asi kunyange muuzivi uhwu tinoona zvikanganiso. Kutanga, mupfungwa yeontological, pfungwa ye "Kurudyi" haina kujeka. Chechipiri, zvisikwa zvipenyu zvisina kusikwa nepfungwa zvinotorerwa kodzero dzavo. Uye chechitatu, pane dzakawanda nyaya dzinopesana nedzidziso yaRegan. Uye kunyanya: munhu ari mumamiriro ezvinomera, ari mu coma, anogona kubviswa hupenyu hwake.
Sezvatinoona, hazvisi zvinhu zvose zviri nyore. Uye kana sarudzo yekuve mudyari, yakavakirwa padzidziso yeSinger, yaive nzira yakanakisa mukurwira kusunungurwa kwemhuka, saka zvingave zvemuzvarirwo kuti vemhuka vashore vese vanodya nyama. Asi kushaya simba kwechinzvimbo ichi ndechekuti zvakaoma kugonesa vanhu nezve zvavanofanira uye zvavasingafanire kuita kana zvese zvavanoita zvichirairwa, kuchengetedzwa uye kugamuchirwa nenharaunda uye zvichitsigirwa nemutemo mumaguta ese ari pasi pano.
Rimwe dambudziko nderekuti kufamba kunobva pakuchinja kwekudya kunoisa njodzi yekuvharisa zvinzvimbo uye zvinangwa zvekusunungurwa kwemhuka. Vemhuka - kana antispeciesists - havafanirwe kuratidzwa seavo "vasingadyi chimwe chinhu", asi sevatakuri vepfungwa nyowani munyika ino. Kufamba kweantispeciesism kunofanira kupa kugamuchirwa kwetsika uye zvematongerwo enyika, mukana wekuvapo kwenharaunda pasina kushandiswa kwemhuka, isina hukuru husingaperi hweHomo sapiens. Basa iri, tariro iyi yehukama hutsva huchachinja zvachose nharaunda yedu, inofanira kupihwa kwete kune vegans, vatakuri vemararamiro matsva, asi kune vanopesana nemhando, vatakuri vehuzivi hutsva hwehupenyu. Saizvozvowo, uye zvichida kunyanya kukosha, ikodzero yekufamba kwemhuka yekuda kutaura kune avo vasina inzwi. Rufu rwese runofanira kunzwika mumwoyo memunhu wese.
Muvulnerable antispeciesism
Sei asina njodzi?
Kusagadzikana kwedzidziso yangu kuri, chekutanga, muchokwadi chekuti haina kukwana, senge dzidziso dzeSinger naRegan, zvichibva pane chaiyo metaethics. Kechipiri, kusagadzikana kuri mune sirogani pachayo: "Mhuka dzinouya pekutanga."
Asi kutanga, ngationei kuti chii chaizvo chinonzi Speciesism?
Munyori wezwi ndiPeter Singer, uyo akataura pamusoro pehukuru hweimwe rudzi rwechisikwa pamusoro pevamwe, munyaya iyi, hukuru hwevanhu pamusoro pevasiri vanhu.
Tsananguro zhinji dzakapihwa gare gare, kubva kuSinger kuenda kuNibert. Zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvinorehwa. Kazhinji kacho, marudzi maviri anoonekwa, zvichienderana neapi maitiro maviri e-antispeciesism anogadzirwa.
Natural - zvinoreva kusarudzwa kwemhando imwe chete, kusanganisira Homo sapiens, kupfuura mamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuchengetedzwa kwerudzi rwemunhu uye kurambwa kweimwe mhando. Uye munyaya iyi, tinogona kutaura pamusoro pekusarura.
tyisa - zvinoreva kukanganisa zviri pamutemo kwemhuka nenzanga yevanhu, kuurayiwa kwemabhiriyoni emhuka nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Humhondi hwekutsvagisa, zvipfeko, chikafu, varaidzo. Muchiitiko ichi, tinogona kutaura nezvepfungwa.
Kurwisana ne "natural antispeciesism" kazhinji kunopera mukukanganisa mumutauro weZamir, uyo anobvumirana nekuvapo kwezvinonhuwira munharaunda uye kuremekedza kodzero dzemhuka. Asi pfungwa ye speciesism haiperi. (T. Zamir "Ethics uye chikara"). Kurwisana ne "antispeciesism isiri yemusikirwo" kunoguma nemakakava euzivi uye ezvematongerwo enyika. Apo chaizvoizvo muvengi chaiye wemamiriro ezvinhu kumativi ose ndiyo pfungwa chaiyo yeSpeciesism uye mhirizhonga yepamutemo pamusoro pemhuka! Muchidzidzo chekudzivirira kurwisana nemhando, ndinosimbisa pfungwa dzinotevera: 1. Kusunungurwa kwemhuka uye kurambidzwa kwevanhu. 2. Kushandura maitiro emunhu mumwe nomumwe sechiito chekusagamuchirwa kwechokwadi chiripo maererano nedzidziso yaG. Thoreau (Henry David Thoreau) 3. Kudzokororwa kwemitemo uye hurongwa hwemitero. Mitero haifaniri kuenda kutsigira kuurayiwa kwemhuka. 4. Kufamba kweantispeciesism hakugoni kuva nevabatsiri vezvematongerwe enyika vanofunga, kutanga kune zvose, kubatsirwa kwemunhu. Nokuti: 5. Sangano rinopesana nenyanzvi rinoisa mhuka pakutanga. Zvichienderana nezvinangwa izvi, unogona kutaura kuti anti-specialist bato haigone kuita. Uye isu tinosara nesarudzo yenzira mbiri: a) Kutevera nzira yehutsika kana yezvematongerwo enyika anti-specialism, iyo inofungidzira kugadziridzwa kwedzidziso. b) Kana kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza dzidziso yekusagadzikana antispeciesism, tichiziva kuti kurwira kwedu hakusi kungorwira kwevanhu, asiwo kurwira kwevanhu kodzero dzemhuka. Kuzivisa kuti chiso chemvura chenguruve chisati chaurayiwa chakakosha kudarika zviroto zvose zvevanhu kukunda makungwa, makomo nemamwe mapuraneti. Uye kusarudza nzira b, tiri kutaura nezve shanduko dzakakosha muhupenyu hwedu: 1. Kutorwa kwemafungiro matsva emhando yemhuka. Kuongororazve pfungwa yeantispeciesism. 2. Kuwana kuti semugumisiro wekuchinja kwekuziva kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe, mhuka dzichaiswa pamberi pekutanga uye, pamusoro pezvose, kusunungurwa kwavo. 3. Kufamba kwevemhuka, kutanga kwezvose, kufamba kwevanozvipira
Uye kuguma kwekurwa hakufanirwe kuve kutorwa kwemitemo mitsva inorambidza, asi kunyangarika kwepfungwa yekushandisa mhuka chero chinangwa. Kuzivisa kusunungurwa kwemhuka, kunonyanya kutaurwa pamusoro pezvinofanira kugumira munhu, zvekuramba uye zvekujaira. Asi kazhinji “tsika” idzi hadzina musoro. Zvakataurwa kanopfuura kamwe kuti mhuka dzinoshandiswa sezvokudya, zvipfeko, varaidzo, asi pasina izvi munhu anogona kurarama! Sei pasina munhu akamboisa mhuka pakati pedzidziso, asingatauri nezvekusagadzikana kwevanhu, asi kutaura, kutanga kune zvose, kupera kwekutambudzika uye kutanga kwehupenyu hutsva? Dzidziso yekurwisa-speciesism panjodzi inoti: "Mhuka inouya kutanga" uye Bast!
Tinogona kutaura kuti antispeciesism imhando yehutsika hwemhuka, kwete hutsika mumafungiro ayo ose, asi nzira inokosha kune nyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka. Vazivi vakawanda vandakawana mukana wokutaura navo mumakore achangopfuura vanoti dzidziso dzokuti kusavapo kwezvisikwa uye kuti marudzi emhuka hadzina kugadzikana. Nokuti rusarura harugumi nehukama hwevanhu nemhuka, asi kunewo munhu-munhu, munhu-musikirwo nevamwe. Asi izvi zvinongosimbisa kuti kusarura kusiri kwechisikigo kwakadii, kusiri kwechisikigo kuhunhu hwedu. Asi hapana akambotaura, kana Muimbi kana vamwe vazivi, kuti rusarura runopindirana uye rwakabatana, kuti kuongororwa kwakakura kwebasa rehupenyu hwevanhu uye nyaya yaro inodiwa. Uye kana nhasi iwe ukandibvunza kuti nei uzivi hunodiwa, kanenge huzivi hwetsika, ini handina kukwanisa kupindura neimwe nzira kupfuura: inodiwa kuitira kusunungura mhuka yega yega inoshandiswa nemunhu kuti azvibatsire. Nguruve haiiti chimurenga, saka tinofanira kuigadzira.
Uye kana mubvunzo wamuka wekuparadzwa kwerudzi rwevanhu, senzira iri nyore yekubuda mumamiriro ezvinhu, ndaizopindura zvisina mubvunzo "Kwete." Panofanira kusvika kumagumo kune yakakanganiswa pfungwa yekuona hupenyu uye kutanga kwehutsva, nzvimbo yekutanga ichave "Mhuka ndeyekutanga pane zvese.".
Mukubatana nemunyori, chinyorwa chakagadzirwa naJulia Kuzmicheva