Chinyorwa kubva kuchitsauko 3. Kukura kwepfungwa
Dzidzo yekireshi inhau yemakakatanwa muUnited States sezvo vazhinji vasina chokwadi chetapuro ine vana vadiki nekireshi; vakawanda vokuAmerica vanodavirawo kuti vana vanofanira kurerwa pamusha naamai vavo. Zvisinei, munzanga umo vazhinjisa vaamai vanoshanda, kireshi rutivi rwoupenyu hwenzanga; chokwadi, nhamba huru yevana vane makore 3-4 okuberekwa (43%) vanoenda kukireshi pane vanorerwa kumba kwavo kana kune dzimwe dzimba (35%).
Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakaedza kuona kukanganisa (kana kune) kwedzidzo yekireshi pavana. Imwe ongororo inozivikanwa zvikuru (Belsky & Rovine, 1988) yakawana kuti vacheche vaitarisirwa kweanopfuura maawa makumi maviri pavhiki nomumwe munhu asiri amai vavo vangangotanga kushamwaridzana kusina kukwana kuna amai vavo; zvisinei, mashoko aya anongoreva vakomana vacheche vanaamai vasinganzwisisi vana vavo, vachifunga kuti vane unhu hwakaoma. Saizvozvovo, Clarke-Stewart (20) akawana kuti vacheche vakarerwa nevamwe vanhu vasiri amai vavo vakanga vasinganyanyi kukudziridza ukama hwakasimba naamai vavo kupfuura vacheche vanochengetwa naamai vavo (1989% ne47 % zvichiteerana). Vamwe vaongorori vakagumisa kuti kukura kwevana hakukanganisike nekuchengetwa kwemhando yepamusoro kunopihwa nevamwe (Phillips et al., 53).
Mumakore achangopfuura, tsvakiridzo yedzidzo yekireshi haina kunyanya kutarisisa kuenzanisa kukanganisa kwekireshi nekuchengetedza kwaamai, asi pamhedzisiro yezvakanaka nezvakaipa zvemhando yedzidzo kunze kwemba. Saka, vana vakapihwa hutano hwakanaka kubva vachiri vadiki vakawanikwa vaine hunyanzvi hwemagariro muchikoro chepuraimari (Anderson, 1992; Field, 1991; Howes, 1990) uye vanozvivimba (Scan & Eisenberg, 1993) kupfuura vana. akatanga kuenda kukireshi pazera rakatevera. Nekune rimwe divi, kurerwa zvisina kunaka kunogona kukanganisa kujairana, kunyanya kuvakomana, kunyanya avo vanogara mumusha usina kunaka (Garrett, 1997). Dzidzo yakanaka yekunze-ye-pamba inogona kupikisa kufurira kwakashata kwakadaro (Phillips et al., 1994).
Chii chinonzi dzidzo yemhando yepamusoro? Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaonekwa. Zvinosanganisira nhamba yevana vakarerwa munzvimbo imwe chete, chiyero chenhamba yevatarisiri kune nhamba yevana, kuchinja kusingawanzoitiki mukuumbwa kwevachengeti, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwedzidzo uye kudzidziswa kwevachengeti.
Kana zvinhu izvi zvakanaka, vatarisiri vanowanzova vane hanya zvikuru uye vanogamuchira zvinodikanwa zvevana; ivo zvakare vanonyanya kushamwaridzana nevana, uye nekudaro, vana vanokwira pamusoro pabvunzo dzehungwaru uye budiriro yemagariro (Galinsky et al., 1994; Helburn, 1995; Phillips & Whitebrook, 1992). Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vakashongedzerwa uye vakasiyana kindergartens vane mhedzisiro yakanaka pavana (Scarr et al., 1993).
Kumwe kuongorora kukuru kuchangobva kuitwa kwevana vanopfuura 1000 1997 mukireshi gumi kwakawana kuti vana vari mukireshi dziri nani (vanoyerwa nemwero weunyanzvi hwevadzidzisi uye kuwanda kwengwariro yomunhu oga inopiwa kuvana) chaizvoizvo vakawana budiriro huru mukuwana mutauro nokukudziridzwa kwemano okufunga. . kupfuura vana vanobva munharaunda yakafanana vasingagamuchire dzidzo yemhando yepamusoro-soro kunze kwemba. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kuvana vanobva kumhuri dzine mari shoma (Garrett, XNUMX).
Kazhinji, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti vana havasi kunyanya kukanganiswa nekurerwa kwevanhu kunze kwaamai. Chero migumisiro yakaipa inowanzova yemanzwiro muzvisikwa, nepo migumisiro yakanaka inowanzova yevanhu; kukanganisa pakukura kwepfungwa kunowanzo kuve kwakanaka kana kusavapo. Nekudaro, idzi data dzinongoreva kune yakakwana-yemhando yepamusoro dzidzo yekunze-ye-kumba. Kurera vana kwakashata kunowanzova netapuro yakashata pavana, pasinei zvapo nemhoteredzo yokumusha kwavo.
Makireshi akashongedzerwa ane vachengeti vakakwana vevana vakaonekwa vaine hunhu hwakanaka mukukura kwevana.
Youth
Kuyaruka inguva yekuchinja kubva paudiki kusvika pakukura. Miganhu yezera rayo haina kunyatsotsanangurwa, asi inenge inotora makore gumi nemaviri kusvika ku12-17, apo kukura kwemuviri kunopera. Munguva iyi, jaya kana kuti musikana anosvika pakuyaruka uye anotanga kuzviona somunhu akaparadzana nemhuri. Ona →