Imwe yetii dzekare dzekuChina, zita rinobva kuguta rePu'er, uko kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX raishandiswa nguva nenguva pachinzvimbo chemari. Kwemakore akawanda mumisika yeTibet neMongolia, pu-erh yakatsinhaniswa nemabhiza, uye ikozvino ndiyo inotanga kuwana mukurumbira chaiwo muRussia. Tii yemashiripiti, mushonga wechisikigo, runako uye tii yevechidiki, chinwiwa chemambo, pfuma yenyika yeChina - zvese izvi zviri pamusoro pake.
Munguva yeTang Dynasty (618-907), pu-erh akaunzwa kuTibet kubva kumatunhu akasiyana. Kuti zvive nyore kufambisa, zvakatsikirirwa mumapani nezvidhinha, zvichitakurwa pamakaravhani. Mukati merwendo rurefu, mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro okunze zvakachinja kubva pakuoma kusvika pakunyorova zvikuru; saka, karavhani payakasvika kuTibet, iyo pu-erh kubva kune yakakora yegirini tii yakashanduka kuita tii nhema nyoro. Saka aingowira nyore kuvirisa nekuda kwekuti akatanga anyorova obva aoma. Vanhu vakacherechedza shanduko iyi uye Pu-erh akave akakurumbira munharaunda yepamusoro yenzanga.
Guta rePuer riri pakati pepurovhinzi yeYunnan. Tea haina kubudiswa muguta racho pacharo, kwaingova nemusika mukuru, uko tii yakaunzwa kubva kumakomo ari pedyo uye nzvimbo dzekutengeserana. Yaibva muguta iri kuti makaravhani akabva - uye tii yose kubva munzvimbo idzi yakatanga kunzi "puer".
Chii chirimo?
Kuravira kwepu-erh kwakananga: iwe unoida kana kufuratira neruvengo. Kunyanya, pu-erh yekare ine kuravira kwakananga, iyo inonyanya kubatanidzwa nekuchengetedza (yakaoma kana kunyorova). Kana sheng pu-erh yechidiki iri yemhando yakanaka, saka inonaka. Kazhinji, kuravira kwepu-erh kwakasiyana kwazvo uye munhu wese anogona kuwana "manotsi" kune zvavanoda.
Kutanga kwehukama hwemunhu netii kunodzika munhoroondo kwemireniyamu isati yataurwa mumabhuku. Pakutanga, tii yainwiwa nen’anga dzemadzinza eko, n’anga nevaroyi vaigara musango uye vakaishandisa kushandura mweya, muviri nepfungwa, kuporesa vamwe uye kupa huchenjeri kuvadzidzi. Gare gare, varapi vechiTao vakafarirawo tii. Nanhasi, mamwe madzinza eYunnai anonamata miti yekare inonzi pu-erh. Vanodavira kuti upenyu hwose uye vanhu pachavo vakabva kwavari.
Zvakavanzika zvekugadzira
China yagara ichionekwa senyika inoburitsa zvakavanzika zvayo nekuzeza. Zvakavanzika zvekugadzirwa zvakanyatsochengetedzwa kubva panguva yekare. Zvechokwadi, munyika yemazuva ano yeruzivo rwemichina, pane zvinenge pasina zvakavanzika zvakasara. Nekudaro, kuti upedze nehunyanzvi matanho ese ekugadzirisa pu-erh, unoda ruzivo rwakawanda.
Zvaitendwa kuti pu-erh yakanakisa inogadzirwa mudunhu reXi Shuan Ban Na. Kune matanhatu ane mukurumbira tii makomo - iyo pu-erh yakaunganidzwa munzvimbo idzi yaionekwa seyakanakisa. Nhoroondo yemakomo inodzokera kumukuru ane mukurumbira Zhu Ge Liang (6-181). Akasiya zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pagomo rimwe nerimwe rakashanda sezita remakomo aya: Yu Le copper gong, Man Zhi's copper cauldron, Man Zhuang cast iron, Ge Dan horse saddle, Yi Bang wood beater, Man Sa's seed bag. Zvakare mudzinza reQing (234-1644) yaive yakakurumbira kuunganidza pu-erh mumakomo eYi Wu - yaionekwa seyakanakisa uye yakapihwa kuna mambo.
Mumazuva ekare, nzira dzekutengeserana dzakareba uye dzakaoma kuburikidza nemasango anogara achinaya mvura aikurudzira kuvirisa kwechisikigo (kuvirisa), saka tii yaienda munzira, ichiri mbishi, uye "yakaibva" pakufamba. Nhasi tii inogadzirwa sei? Zvose zvakavanzika zvichaudzwa naDenis Mikhailov, mudzidzi wechikoro cheCha Dao "Tea Hermit's Hut". Kwemakore anopfuura 8 anga achidzidza tei art, ndiye muvambi weMoscow "Tea Hut" uye mugadziri weiyo organic tii chitoro "Puerchik".
Denis: “Chirimo chinonzi mwaka wakanakisa wekuunganidza pu-erh, kana matsutso. Chokutanga pane zvose, pu-erh ndiMao Cha (coarse tea) - aya anongori mashizha akagadzirwa. Zvadaro vanomanikidzwa mu "pancakes" kana kusiyiwa vakasununguka.
Mamiriro ekugadzira ndeaya anotevera. Mashizha achangotanhwa anopinzwa mumba oradzikwa pamameti omushenjere kuti aome. Chinangwa chekusvava ndechekudzikisa zvishoma hunyoro hwemashizha kuitira kuti awedzere kushanduka uye asakanganiswa nekuenderera mberi nekugadzirisa. Kusvava kunofanira kuitwa zvakanyatsonaka kuitira kuti mashizha arege oxidize kupfuura zvakafanira. Mashizha etii anosiiwa kuti aome kwenguva yakati kunze, ozoiswa munzvimbo inofefetera zvakanaka.
Izvi zvinoteverwa nekuita kwekugocha muSha Qing cauldron uko kuravira kwemashizha kunobviswa (mamwe marudzi emiti anovava kwazvo kuti adye nekukurumidza). MuYunnan, maitiro acho achiri kuitwa nemaoko, mumawoki mahombe (chinyakare Chinese frying pans) uye pamusoro pemoto wehuni. Mushure mokugocha, mashizha anopetwa - zvakare nemaoko, achishandisa unyanzvi hunokosha (muitiro wakafanana nekukanya mukanyiwa). Izvi zvinoputsa chimiro chemasero emashizha, izvo zvinokurudzira kuwedzera oxidation uye kuvirisa. Zvadaro tei yeramangwana yakaomeswa muzuva. Izvi zvinofanira kuitwa zvakanyatsonaka kuitira kuti zvisakanganise mashizha. Kazhinji, mashizha anoomeswa mangwanani-ngwanani kana manheru, kana zuva risina kusimba. Mushure mekuoma, Mao Cha yakagadzirira. Vanobva vatanga kuipatsanura kuita mhando zvichienderana nemhando yepepa.
Izvo zviviri zvinonyanya kusiyanisa maficha ekugadzira pu-erh kugocha muSha Qing cauldron uye kuomesa muzuva. Kugocha pu-erh hakufanire kumisa oxidation, asi kuomeswa muzuva kunopa ramangwana kunwa kumwe kuravira, kugadzirwa uye kunhuhwirira. Kugadziriswa kwakadaro kunobatsira simba remakomo nesango, uko chai yakakura, kuti igare mairi kwenguva yakareba.
Pu-erh yekare uye itsva
Vazhinji vanomira mukuvhiringidzika mushure memazwi ekuti "wild puer". Muchokwadi, miti yetii yemusango zvirimwa zvekare zvakachengetedzwa zvine makore zana kana kupfuura. Vanogona kukamurwa kuva zvisikwa zvepakutanga - izvi ndezviya zvinokura zvakasikwa muzvisikwa - uye zvakasimwa nevanhu, izvo kwemazana emakore zvakamhanya uye zvakabatanidzwa nemimwe miti.
Munyika yanhasi, Pu-erh akawana mukurumbira muHong Kong, kwaakapihwa kubva kumagumo eQing Dynasty. MuChina pachayo panguva iyoyo yakanga isingafarirwe uye yainzi yakachipa coarse tii. Nekuda kwehunyoro hwepamusoro muHong Kong, pu-erh akakura nekukurumidza uye akawana vazhinji vanoziva. Kungofanana newaini, iyi tii inoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva, ichiva nani, ndosaka yakakwezva kutarisisa kwevateresi vazhinji panguva iyoyo. Nomuzvarirwo, mushure meizvozvo, masheya ekare pu-erh akatanga kuderera. Ipapo kuvandudzwa kweShu pu-erh kwakatanga (zvimwe pairi pazasi). Gare gare, muma1990, yekare pu-erh yakawana mukurumbira muTaiwan. Vanhu veTaiwan ndivo vaive vekutanga kuenda kuYunnan kunogadzira yavo pu-erh. Ivo vanoshingaira zvikuru mukudzidza kwayo uye vakatanga kudzorera mabikirwo ekare. Semuenzaniso, kubva kuma1950 kusvika kuma1990, pu-erh yainyanya kugadzirwa kubva kumakwenzi maduku - setii yakachipa uye yakaoma, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa. Iyi ndiyo nzira chaiyo pu-erh kubva kumiti yekare, yakagadzirwa nenzira yakanakisisa nevanhu vetii, yakawana mukurumbira zvakare. Kwaingova mukutanga kwema2000 apo pu-erh yakatanga kuwana simba zvakare muChina.
Denis: “Kune marudzi makuru maviri epu-erh: sheng (girinhi) uye shu (dema). Sheng pu-erh mashizha anogadziriswa kusvika kune mao cha (coarse tea). Mushure meizvozvo, sezvatotaurwa, tei inogona kumanikidzwa mu "pancakes" kana kusara yakasununguka. Zvino, sezvainochembera zvechisikigo, inoshanduka kuita yakanakisa yekare sheng pu-erh. Shu pu-erh isheng pu-erh yakaviriswa neWo Dui. Nokuda kwekugadzirira kwayo, Mao Cha inoputirwa, inodururwa nemvura inokosha kubva mutsime uye yakafukidzwa nemucheka. Iyi nzira inotora mwedzi, panguva iyo black pu-erh inowanikwa kubva kune yakasvibirira pu-erh. Yakagadzirwa muma1970s, maitiro aya aifanirwa kudzokorora hunhu hwekare sheng pu-erh, izvo zvinotora makumi emakore kukwegura zvakasikwa. Zvechokwadi, zvakanga zvisingabviri kubereka mumwedzi izvo zvakasikwa mu 70-100 makore. Asi aya ndiwo mabudiro akaita rudzi rutsva rwepu-erh.
Kune sheng pu-erh (kusiyana ne shu), zvinhu zvekushandisa zvakakosha. A good sheng pu-erh inogadzirwa kubva kune yakanakisa mbishi zvinhu kubva kumiti yekare yakakohwewa muchirimo uye matsutso. Uye mu shu pu-erh, tekinoroji yekuvirisa inonyanya kukosha. Kazhinji, shu pu-erh inogadzirwa kubva kumakwenzi ekukohwa kwezhizha. Zvisinei, shu yakanakisisa inogadzirwa kubva mukukohwa kwechirimo.
Kune makomo akawanda uko pu-erh inokura, uye, maererano, zvakawanda zvakasiyana zvinonaka uye kunhuhwirira. Asi pane misiyano mikuru: wechidiki sheng pu-erh kazhinji ane green infusion, ruva-fruity kuravira uye kunhuhwirira. Iyo infusion ye shu pu-erh yakasviba muruvara, uye kuravira uye kunhuhwirira zvine creamy, marty uye ivhu. Shu pu-erh yakanakira kudziyisa, nepo sheng diki yakanakira kutonhora.
Kune zvakare white pu-erh - iyi sheng pu-erh, yakagadzirwa zvachose kubva kuitsvo. Uye pu-erh yepepuru ndiyo sheng pu-erh inobva pamiti yomusango ine mashizha epepuru.”
Nzira yekusarudza uye kubika?
Denis: “Ndinopa zano kutanga pane zvese kusarudza organic pu-erh. Tii iyi inorimwa pasina kushandisa fetereza yemakemikari, mishonga yezvipembenene nemishonga yesora. Pu-erh yakadaro ine Qi yakasimba (simba retii), iyo ine simba rinobatsira pamuviri. Tea inokura ne "chemistry" ine zvishoma qi uye haina hutano. Kana iwe uri wezvinomera uye uchirarama hupenyu hune hutano, zvichave nyore kwauri kuti unzwe Qi ye organic tii uye unakirwe nayo kusvika kuzere.
Zano kune vanotanga pu-erh vanoda: shu pu-erh inofanira kutengwa kubva kune vagadziri vakuru - vanogona kutenga sterility yekugadzirwa, iyo inonyanya kukosha mukugadzirwa kweiyi tii. Sheng pu-erh iri nani kutenga mumaboutique etii - izvi zvitoro zvevanoda tii zvinogadzira tii pachavo kana kutonga maitiro ekugadzira.
Organic pu-erh inokohwewa kubva kumiti yekare yakakohwewa ndiyo yakanakisisa, asi shu pu-erh inogonawo kugadzirwa kubva mumakwenzi.
Yese pu-erh inobikwa nemvura inopisa (inenge 98 degrees). Ne sheng pu-erh, iwe unofanirwa kuchenjerera uye kuverenga nenzira kwayo huwandu hwayo, zvikasadaro chinwiwa chinogona kuvava. Sheng pu-erh inonyanya kunwiwa kubva mundiro. Loose sheng pu-erh inogona kuiswa mundiro (hombe ndiro) uye inongodururwa nemvura inopisa - iyi ndiyo nzira iri nyore yekunwa tii. Iyi nzira inotibatanidza nemasikirwo: ndiro chete, mashizha nemvura. Kana iyo tei yakamanikidzwa, zvino zviri nani kushandisa teapot, wozoidururira mumidziyo. Kana isu tichida kunzwa zvinyoro zvishoma uye nuances yekuravira kwepu-erh, saka inofanira kugadzirwa tichishandisa nzira yeGongfu. Gongfu ndeye Yixing yevhu teapot uye diki porcelain makapu. Kazhinji teas yakanakisisa inogadzirwa nenzira iyi - somuenzaniso, 15-30 yemakore esheng pa.
Shu pu-erh haina kunyanya kuzvikudza mukubika (chero nzira ipi zvayo yekubika ichaita), yakanaka kunyange kana yakanyanyisa. Dzimwe nguva, pakupera kwekubika, zvakanaka kuwedzera chando chrysanthemum ku shu pu-erh uye kuramba uchiinwa zvakare. Uye mabukira anobva kumiti yemusango Ya Bao anozofamba zvakanaka musheng. Pamusoro pezvo, matei aya ndiwo akanakisa pakubika. "
Mashoko Anofadza
Denis: "Kune mapoinzi mashanu anoita kuti pu-erh tii ive yakakosha:
1 nzvimbo. Yunnan Province isango remashiripiti rinodedera nehupenyu. Imba inopfuura makumi maviri neshanu muzana yemhuka dzese nembeu dzezvirimwa zvinogara muChina. Anenge ese makwenzi anoshandiswa mumutauro wechiChinese mushonga anobva kuYunnan uye, hongu, tii ndiwo mushonga wakanakisa pakati pavo. Zvose zvinomera pano zvinokura, zvakakura kudarika kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
2) Miti yekare. Muti wekare wepu-erh une makore 3500. Tei yese yakabva pamiti yakadaro. Miti yakadaro yekare ine hunde refu iyo inotora nayo simba rezuva nemwedzi. Midzi yavo mikuru, inosvika pakadzika pasi, inogona kusvika kune zvicherwa nezvinhu izvo pasina chimwe chirimwa chinogona kusvika. Zvese izvi zvicherwa uye zvinhu zvakakosha kumunhu uye zvinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza netii chete.
3) Mvura yakachena yekristaro inodzika kubva pamusoro pemakomo eHimalaya, inonamira munzira inodzika neTibetan plateau uye inowedzera kudyara miti yese yetii.
4) Rarama tii. Pu-erh ine huwandu hukuru hwetii mhenyu. Iyi itii inokura kubva kumbeu mune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, pasina kushandiswa kwekudiridza uye "chemistry". Ane nzvimbo yakakwana yekukura (dzimwe nguva makwenzi anodyarwa kumashure uye haana kwekukura). Vanhu vanogadzira tii pachavo vanoda zvisikwa uye vanowirirana nazvo.
5) Utachiona uye microorganisms dzinogara pa-pu-erh miti (uye zvakare mu "pancake" pachayo) inonyanya kukosha. Iko nerubatsiro rwavo kuti tii inoshandurwa nekufamba kwenguva kuita yakasarudzika. Ikozvino kune sheng pu-erhs vane makore anopfuura zana. Aya teas anoshamisa. Ichi chipo chikuru chezvisikwa kuvanhu! Maitiro ekuonekwa kwetii akadaro akaoma kunzwisisa, kusvika zvino chinoramba chiri chakavanzika chatinogona kungotora zvishoma. "