Ngatitangei kutaura kuti cocaine (pamwe neamphetamines) inoiswa pakati pevamiririri vanonzi central nervous system stimulants. Nepo ruzivo rwakawanda rwuri kutaurwa pano rwunoshandawo pakutsamira padoro nemimwe zvinodhaka, pane humbowo hunechekuita nemhuri iyi yemakemikari.

Isu tinotaura nezvekushandisa zvinodhaka kana mushandisi achiramba achitadza kuzadzisa zvisungo zvake kubasa, kuchikoro kana kumba. Kana kuti anoshandisa chinhu kunyangwe njodzi yemuviri, matambudziko emutemo, kana kuti zvinotungamira kumatambudziko emagariro kana evamwe.

Kutsamira kunoratidzwa nekushivirira, kureva kuti huwandu hwechigadzirwa hunodiwa kuti uwane mhedzisiro yakafanana inowedzera; zviratidzo zvekurega kana uchimisa kunwa, kuwedzera kwehuwandu uye kuwanda kwekushandiswa. Mushandisi anopa nguva yake yakawanda kuzviitiko zvine chekuita nekushandisa, uye anoenderera mberi kunyangwe zvakakomba zvakashata.

Kupindwa muropa chiito chekumanikidzira kutsvaga kushandisa chinhu pasina hanya nemhedzisiro yakaipa (yemagariro, yepfungwa uye yepanyama) yekushandiswa uku. Kupindwa muropa kunoratidzika kuva kunokura kana kushandiswa kudzokororwa kwechinhu kuchichinja mamwe masero etsinga (nerve cells) muuropi. Isu tinoziva kuti neurons inoburitsa neurotransmitters (akasiyana makemikari) kuti ataurirane; neuron imwe neimwe inogona kusunungura uye kugamuchira neurotransmitters (kuburikidza nema receptors). Zvinotendwa kuti izvi zvinokurudzira zvinokonzeresa gadziriso yemuviri yemamwe ma receptors mumaneuron, zvichikanganisa kushanda kwavo kwese. Izvi zvinogona kusambopora zvizere, kunyangwe kana wamisa kunwa. Uye zvakare, yepakati tsinga system stimulants (kusanganisira cocaine) inowedzera mazinga matatu neurotransmitters muuropi: Dopamine norepinephrine uye Serotonin.

Dopamine. Iyo inowanzo kuburitswa nemaneuroni kuti iite kugutsikana uye mubairo reflexes. Dopamine inoratidzika seyoyo huru yeurotransmitter yakabatana nedambudziko rekupindwa muropa, nekuti kugutsikana reflexes hakuchakonzereki kazhinji muuropi muvashandisi vecocaine.

The norépinéphrine. Kazhinji inoburitswa mukupindura kushushikana, inokonzera kurova kwemoyo kuwedzera, kukwira kweropa, uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvehypertension. Nyaya yacho inosangana nekuwedzera kwekuita kwemotokari, nekudengenyeka kuduku mumagumo.

Serotonin. Serotonin inobatsira kugadzirisa mafungiro, chido uye kurara. Iine chiito chekudzikamisa pamuviri.

Kutsvakurudza kuchangobva kuitwa kunoratidza kuti zvinodhaka zvinopinda muropa zvinochinja kushanda kweuropi nenzira inopfuurira kana munhu arega kushandisa. Zvinetso zvehutano, zvemagariro uye zvebasa zvinowanzoenderana nekushungurudzwa kwezvinhu izvi hazviregi kupera kana kushandiswa kwakamira. Vanamazvikokota vanoona kupindwa muropa sechinetso chisingaperi. Cocaine inoratidzika semushonga une njodzi huru yekupindwa muropa, nekuda kwesimba rayo reuphoric mhedzisiro uye nekukurumidza kwekuita.

Kwakabva cocaine

Mashizha e ErythroxylonCoke, chirimwa chakaberekerwa kuPeru neBolivia, chaitsengwa nezvizvarwa zvokuAmerica uye conquistadors uyo akakoshesa maitiro ayo e tonic. Chirimwa ichi chakabatsirawo kuderedza kunzwa kwenzara nenyota. Yakanga isiri kusvika pakati peXIX^e muzana remakore rekuti cocaine yakachena yakatorwa kubva muchirimwa ichi. Panguva iyoyo, vanachiremba vakaishandisa sechinhu che tonic mumishonga yakawanda. Migumisiro inokuvadza haina kuzivikanwa. Thomas Edison naSigmund Freud ndivo vashandisi vaviri vane mukurumbira. Kuvapo kwayo sechinhu chinowanikwa mune yekutanga "coca-cola" chinwiwa chingangove chinonyanya kuzivikanwa (chinwiwa chave chichisunungurwa kubva mairi kwemakore akati wandei).

Mafomu ecocaine

Vanhu vanoshandisa cocaine zvisina kunaka vanoishandisa mune imwe yeanotevera makemikari mafomu: cocaine hydrochloride uye crack.vakasununguka) Cocaine hydrochloride ihupfu chena hunogona kukwizwa, kuputa, kana kunyungudutswa mumvura yozobayiwa nejekiseni. Crack inowanikwa nekemikari shanduko yecocaine hydrochloride kuti iwane yakaoma paste inogona kuputa.

Kuwanda kwekupindwa muropa

US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) inoti nhamba yese yevanoshandisa cocaine nevanoshandisa crack yakadzikira mumakore gumi apfuura.¹. Cocaine overdose ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekupinzwa muzvipatara zvine chekuita nemishonga muUnited States neEurope. Maererano neCanada ongororo data, kuwanda kwekushandiswa kwecocaine pakati pevagari veCanada muna 1997 yaive 0,7%², mwero wakafanana newokuUnited States. Uku kuderera kubva pachiyero che3% muna 1985, icho chaive chiyero chikuru chakashumwa. Maererano neongororo imwe chete iyi, varume vane mukana wakapetwa kaviri wekutaura vachishandisa cocaine kupfuura vakadzi.