Munyori ndi SL Bratchenko, Associate Purofesa weDhipatimendi rePsychology, Russian State Pedagogical University. Herzen, mumiriri we psychology. Sayenzi. Chinyorwa chekutanga chakaburitswa muPsychological Newspaper N 01 (16) 1997.
… Tiri vanhu vapenyu, uye naizvozvo, kusvika pamwero wakati, tose tiri vanhu vanodavira zviripo.
J. Bugental, R. Kleiner
The existential-humanistic maitiro haasi pakati peakareruka. Matambudziko anotanga nezita pacharo. Kubata neizvi, nhoroondo shoma.
Iyo iripo kutungamira mune psychology yakasimuka muEurope muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX panosangana maitiro maviri: kune rimwe divi, kwaive kusagutsikana kwevazhinji vepfungwa uye varapi vane maonero akasimba ekupedzisira uye kutarisisa kune chinangwa, kuongorora kwesayenzi kwemunhu; nerumwe rutivi, kusimudzira kwakasimba kwehuzivi hwehupenyu, hwakaratidza kufarira kukuru mune zvepfungwa uye zvepfungwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maitiro matsva akaonekwa mune zvepfungwa - iyo iripo, inomiririrwa nemazita akadai saKarl Jaspers, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, Viktor Frankl nevamwe.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti pesvedzero yekuvapo kweruzivo rwepfungwa haina kuganhurirwa pakubuda kweiyo chaiyo kutungamira - zvikoro zvakawanda zvepfungwa zvakatora pfungwa idzi kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe. Vavariro dziripo dzakanyanya kusimba muE. Fromm, F. Perls, K. Horney, SL weshtein, etc. Izvi zvinotibvumira kutaura nezvemhuri yese yeexistentially oriented approaches uye kusiyanisa pakati peexistential psychology (therapy) nenzira yakafara uye nhete. . Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, maonero ehupenyu hwemunhu anoita seanonyatsozivikanwa uye anogara achiitwa ane nheyo. Pakutanga, iyi chaiyo iripo maitiro (mupfungwa nhete) yainzi existential-phenomenological kana existential-analytical uye yaiva chiitiko cheEurope chete. Asi mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, nzira iripo yakapararira muUnited States. Uyezve, pakati pevamiriri vayo vakatanhamara vaive vamwe vatungamiriri vechitatu, humanistic revolution mune psychology (iyo, zvakare, yaive yakavakirwa papfungwa dzekuvapo): Rollo MAY, James BUGENTAL uye nezvimwe.
Sezviri pachena, saka, vamwe vavo, kunyanya, J. BUGENTHAL vanosarudza kutaura pamusoro peiyo iripo-humanistic nzira. Zvinoita sekuti songaniro yakadaro ine mufungo zvikuru uye ine revo yakadzama. Existentialism uye humanism zvirokwazvo hazvisi chinhu chimwe chete; uye zita rokuti existential-humanistic rinotora kwete chete kusazivikanwa kwavo, asiwo kuwirirana kwavo kwakakosha, iyo inosanganisira kunyanya kuziva rusununguko rwemunhu rwekuvaka hupenyu hwake uye kukwanisa kuita kudaro.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, chikamu chekuvapo-humanistic therapy chakasikwa muSt. Petersburg Association for Training and Psychotherapy. Zvingave zvakanyatsojeka kutaura kuti boka revanyanzvi vepfungwa nevarapi vakagamuchira chinzvimbo chepamutemo, vachishanda munzira iyi kubvira 1992, apo muMoscow, mukati mehurongwa hweInternational Conference on Humanistic Psychology, takasangana naDeborah RAHILLY, mudzidzi uye. muteveri waJ. Bugental. Ipapo Deborah nevamwe vake Robert NEYDER, Padma KATEL, Lanier KLANCY nevamwe vakaita panguva ya1992-1995. muSt. Petersburg masemina ekudzidzisa matatu paEGP. Mukati menguva pakati pemawekishopu, boka rakakurukura ruzivo rwakawanikwa, pfungwa huru uye nzira dzemaitiro ebasa munzira iyi. Nokudaro, sechinhu chekutanga (asi kwete chega) chikamu chevaporential-humanistic therapy, nzira yacho yakasarudzwa J. Bugentala, ane mazano makuru ndeaya anotevera. (Asi kutanga, mashoko mashomanana pamusoro pedambudziko redu renguva refu: chii chatinofanira kuvadana? Vazhinji vanozivikanwa vanozivikanwa vepfungwa dzepfungwa mumutauro weRussian transcript havangogamuchire kududzirwa kwakanyanyisa, semuenzaniso, Abraham MASLOW, mumwe wevakuru vepfungwa dzepfungwa. 3th century, inozivikanwa kwatiri saAbraham Maslow, kunyangwe, ukatarisa mudzi, ndiye Abram Maslov, uye kana ukatarisa muduramazwi, ipapo Abraham Maslow, asi vanowana mazita akati wandei kamwechete, semuenzaniso, Ronald. LAING, aka LANG. Kunyanya asina rombo rakanaka James BUGENTAL - anonzi matatu kana anopfuura sarudzo; Ndinofunga kuti zvakanaka kuzvitaura nenzira yaanozviita - BUGENTAL.)
Saka, iyo inonyanya kukosha gadziriro yenzira J. Bugentala, iyo iye pachake anodana hupenyu hunochinja kurapa.
- Seri kwemamwe matambudziko epfungwa muhupenyu hwemunhu akadzama (uye kwete nguva dzose akaziva zvakajeka) matambudziko aripo edambudziko rerusununguko rwekusarudza uye mutoro, kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kubatana nevamwe vanhu, kutsvaga zvinoreva hupenyu uye mhinduro kumibvunzo Chii. ndini here? Nyika ino chii? etc. In the existential-humanistic approach, murapi anoratidza inokosha existential kunzwa, izvo zvinomubvumira kubata izvi zvakavanzika existential matambudziko uye zvikumbiro shure façade akataura matambudziko uye zvichemo mutengi. Iyi ndiyo poindi yekurapa-kuchinja kwehupenyu: mutengi uye murapi vanoshanda pamwechete kubatsira vekare kuti vanzwisise nzira yavakapindura nayo mibvunzo iripo yehupenyu hwavo, uye nekudzokorora dzimwe dzemhinduro nenzira dzinoita kuti hupenyu hwemutengi huve hwechokwadi uye hwechokwadi. kuzadzisa.
- Iyo iripo-humanistic maitiro anobva pakuzivikanwa kwemunhu mumunhu wese uye kuremekedzwa kwekutanga kwekusiyana kwake uye kuzvitonga. Zvinorevawo kuziva kwemurapi kuti munhu ari mukatikati mehunhu hwake haafungidzirike zvine hutsinye uye haagone kuzivikanwa zvizere, nekuti iye pachake anogona kuita sosi yekuchinja muhupenyu hwake, achiparadza kufanotaura kwechinangwa uye zvinotarisirwa mhedzisiro.
- Chinonyanya kukosha chemurapi, kushanda mune imwe nzira ye-existential-humanistic, ndiko kuzviisa pasi kwemunhu, kuti, sezvaanotaura J. Bugenthal, iyo yemukati inozvimiririra uye yepedyo chokwadi yatinogara mairi nemwoyo wose. Kuzviisa pasi ndizvo zvatinosangana nazvo, zvishuvo, pfungwa, kuzvidya mwoyo ... zvese zvinoitika mukati medu uye zvinotarisa zvatinoita kunze, uye zvakanyanya kukosha - zvatinoita kubva pane zvinoitika kwatiri ikoko. Kuzviisa pasi kwemutengi ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekushandiswa kwekuedza kwemurapi, uye kuzviisa pasi kwake ndiyo nzira huru yekubatsira mutengi.
- Pasina kuramba kukosha kukuru kwekare uye remangwana, iyo existential-humanistic nzira inopa inotungamira basa rekushanda panguva ino neinonyatso kurarama mukuzviisa pasi pemunhu panguva ino, iyo yakakosha pano uye ikozvino. Iri mukuita kwehupenyu hwakananga, kusanganisira zviitiko zvekare kana ramangwana, kuti matambudziko aripo anogona kunzwika uye kunyatsozadzikiswa.
- The existential-humanistic maitiro pane kuisa imwe nhungamiro, nzvimbo yekunzwisisa nemurapi wezviri kuitika mukurapa, pane imwe seti yemaitiro nemirairo. Nezve chero mamiriro ezvinhu, munhu anogona kutora (kana kusatora) chinzvimbo chiripo. Nokudaro, nzira iyi inosiyaniswa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye hupfumi hwema psychotechniques anoshandiswa, kusanganisira zviito zvakadai sezvisingarapi sezano, chido, kuraira, nezvimwewo. shanda ne subjectivity; Hunyanzvi hwemurapi hwakarara chaizvo mukukwanisa kushandisa zvakakwana pfuti yese yehondo pasina kuenda kune yekunyengedza. Yakanga iri yekuumbwa kwehunyanzvi uhu hwe psychotherapist iyo Bugental yakatsanangura 13 mikuru paramita yebasa rekurapa uye akagadzira nzira yekugadzira imwe neimwe yadzo. Sekuona kwangu, dzimwe nzira hadzigone kuzvitutumadza nekudzika kwakadai uye kunyatsoita mukugadzira chirongwa chekuwedzera mikana yekuzvimiririra yemurapi.
Zvirongwa zvechikamu cheexistential-humanistic therapy zvinosanganisira kuwedzera kudzidza uye kusimudzira kunoshanda kwehupfumi hwese hwe theoretical uye methodological arsenal yeexpoential-humanistic approach. Tinokoka munhu wese anoda kutora chinzvimbo mune psychology uye muhupenyu kuti vabatane uye vatore chikamu mubasa rechikamu.