Mukati
Bhuku "Introduction to Psychology". Vanyori - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Pasi pemukuru wehupepeti weVP Zinchenko. 15th international edition, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.
Rudzi rwomunhu rwakaita zvikurusa mukukwanisa kuumba, kukurukura, uye kuita maererano nemifungo yakaoma. Kufunga kunosanganisira mabasa akawanda epfungwa. Tinofunga patinoedza kugadzirisa dambudziko rakapiwa mukirasi; tinofunga patinorota tichitarisira mabasa aya mukirasi. Tinofunga patinosarudza zvokutenga muchitoro, patinoronga kuenda kuzororo, patinonyora tsamba, kana kuti patinofunganya nezvazvo.:nezvehukama hwakaoma.
Concepts uye categorization: zvivakwa zvekufunga
Kufunga kunogona kuonekwa se "mutauro wepfungwa". Kutaura idi, inopfuura mimwe mitauro yakadaro inobvira. Imwe yemhando dzemafungiro inoenderana nekuyerera kwemitsara yatino "kunzwa mupfungwa dzedu"; inonzi propositional thinking nekuti inotaura zvirevo kana zvirevo. Imwe modhi - yekufananidzira kufunga - inoenderana nemifananidzo, kunyanya yekuona, yatinoona "mupfungwa dzedu. Pakupedzisira, panogona kunge paine yechitatu modhi - mota kufunga, inoenderana nenhevedzano ye "pfungwa mafambiro" (Bruner, Olver, Greenfield et al, 1966). Kunyangwe kumwe kutariswa kwakabhadharwa kukufunga kwemotokari muvana mukudzidza kwematanho ekukura kwenjere, tsvakiridzo pakufunga muvakuru yakatarisa zvakanyanya kune mamwe maitiro maviri, kunyanya kufunga kwekufungidzira. Ona →
Kukurukurirana
Patinofunga muzvirevo, kutevedzana kwemifungo kunorongwa. Dzimwe nguva kurongeka kwemifungo yedu kunotemwa nechimiro chendangariro chenguva refu. Mufungo wokudana baba vako, somuenzaniso, unotungamirira kuchirangaridzo chekurukurirano yazvino uno navo pamba pako, izvo zvinozotungamirira kumufungo wokugadzirisa denga remba mumba mako. Asi batano dzendangariro hadzisati dziri nzira bedzi dzokuronga mufungo. Zvekufarira zvakare kurongeka kwemaitiro enyaya idzodzo patinoedza kufunga. Pano nhevedzano yemifungo inowanzotora chimiro chekururamisa, umo chirevo chimwe chinomirira chirevo kana mhedziso yatinoda kutora. Mitsara yasara ndiyo zvikonzero zvechirevo ichi, kana kuti nzvimbo dzemhedziso iyi. Ona →
Kufunga kwekusika
Mukuwedzera pakufunga nenzira yezvirevo, munhu anogonawo kufunga nenzira yemifananidzo, kunyanya mifananidzo inooneka.
Vazhinji vedu tinonzwa kuti chikamu chekufunga kwedu chinoitwa nekuona. Zvinowanzoita sekuti tinobudisa maonero ekare kana kuti zvidimbu zvawo tobva tazvishandisa sokunge kuti pfungwa chaidzo. Kutenda nguva iyi, edza kupindura mibvunzo mitatu inotevera:
- Nzeve dzeGerman Shepherd dzakamira sei?
- Itsamba ipi yauchawana kana ukatenderedza capital N 90 degrees?
- Vabereki vako vane mahwindo mangani muimba yavo yekutandarira?
Mukupindura kumubvunzo wekutanga, vanhu vazhinji vanoti vanogadzira mufananidzo unooneka wemusoro weGerman Shepherd uye "tarisa" nzeve kuti vaone chimiro chavo. Pakupindura mubvunzo wechipiri, vanhu vanotaura kuti vanotanga kuumba mufananidzo weguta guru N, ipapo mupfungwa "kutenderera" 90 madhigirii uye "tarisa" pairi kuti vaone zvakaitika. Uye pakupindura mubvunzo wechitatu, vanhu vanoti vanofungidzira kamuri uye ipapo «scan» mufananidzo uyu nokuverenga mahwindo (Kosslyn, 1983; Shepard & Cooper, 1982).
Mienzaniso iri pamusoro yakavakirwa pazviratidziro, asi ivo nehumwe humbowo hunoratidza kuti iwo anomiririra akafanana uye maitiro anosanganisirwa mumifananidzo sekufunga (Finke, 1985). Mifananidzo yezvinhu uye nzvimbo dzepasi dzine zvinoonekwa: tinoona mufudzi weGerman, capital N kana imba yekutandarira yevabereki vedu "muziso repfungwa". Pamusoro pezvo, mashandiro epfungwa atinoita nemifananidzo iyi sezviri pachena akafanana nemavhiya anoitwa nezvinhu zvinoonekwa chaizvo: isu tinoongorora mufananidzo wekamuri yevabereki nenzira yakafanana neyataiongorora imba chaiyo, uye tinotenderedza. mufananidzo wezita guru N nenzira imwechete yatakatenderera yaizova chinhu chaicho. Ona →
Kufunga Nekuita: Kugadzirisa Matambudziko
Kune vanhu vazhinji, kugadzirisa matambudziko kunomiririra kuzvifunga pachako. Pakugadzirisa zvinetso, tinovavarira kuva nechinangwa, tisingava nenzira yakagadzirira kuchizadzisa. Isu tinofanirwa kuputsa chinangwa kuita zvibodzwa zvidiki, uye pamwe kupatsanura zvibodzwa izvi zvishoma kusvika kune zvibodzwa zvidiki kusvika tasvika padanho rekuti tine nzira dzinodiwa (Anderson, 1990).
Aya mapfundo anogona kuenzanisirwa nomuenzaniso wechinetso chiri nyore. Ngatiti iwe unoda kugadzirisa kusanganisa kusingazivikanwe kwekiyi yedhijitari. Iwe unongoziva kuti pane 4 manhamba mumubatanidzwa uyu uye kuti paunongofona nhamba chaiyo, unonzwa kudzvanya. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekuwana musanganiswa. Panzvimbo pekuyedza manhamba mana zvisina tsarukano, vanhu vazhinji vanokamura chinangwa chese kuita 4 zvibodzwa zvidiki, imwe neimwe inoenderana nekutsvaga imwe ye4 manhamba mumubatanidzwa. Chekutanga diki-chinangwa ndechekutsvaga digit yekutanga, uye une nzira yekuizadzisa, inova yekuvhura lock zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika wanzwa kudzvanya. Chechipiri subgoal ndeyekutsvaga yechipiri digit, uye nzira imwechete inogona kushandiswa kune iyi, uye zvichingodaro nezvose zvakasara zvibodzwa.
Matanho ekupatsanura chinangwa kuita zvibodzwa zvidiki inyaya huru mukudzidza kugadzirisa matambudziko. Mumwe mubvunzo ndewekuti vanhu vanofunga sei mupfungwa dambudziko, sezvo nyore kugadzirisa dambudziko kunoenderana neizvi. Nyaya idzi dziri mbiri dzinotariswazve. Ona →
Pesvedzero yemafungiro pamutauro
Mutauro unotiisa muurongwa hwemamwe maonero enyika? Zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kunoshamisa kweiyo linguistic determinism hypothesis (Whorf, 1956), girama yemutauro wega wega ndiwo mufananidzo wemetaphysics. Semuenzaniso, nepo Chirungu chine mazita nezviito, Nootka anoshandisa zviito chete, nepo Hopi inokamura chokwadi kuita zvikamu zviviri: nyika inooneka uye nyika isina kujeka. Whorf anoti misiyano yemitauro yakadaro inoumba nzira yekufunga muvatauri verudzi isingagoni kunzwisiswa nevamwe. Ona →
Mutauro ungasarudza sei kufunga: hukama hwemitauro uye chirevo chemitauro
Hapana anopokana neiyo thesis yekuti mutauro uye kufunga zvine simba rakakura pane mumwe nemumwe. Zvisinei, pane gakava pamusoro pekutaura kwokuti mutauro mumwe nomumwe une zvawo pakufunga nezviito zvevanhu vanoutaura. Kune rumwe rutivi, munhu wose akadzidza mitauro miviri kana kupfuura anoshamiswa nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinosiyanisa mutauro mumwe nomumwe. Kune rumwe rutivi, tinofungidzira kuti nzira dzokuona nadzo nyika yakatipoteredza dzakafanana muvanhu vose. Ona →
Chapter 10
Iwe uri kutyaira uchidzika munzira yemahara, uchiedza kuzviita kubvunzurudzo yakakosha yebasa. Wamuka mangwanani ano, saka waifanira kusvetuka kudya kwemangwanani, uye zvino wava nenzara. Zvinoita sekuti chikwangwani chega chega chaunopfuura chinoshambadza chikafu - mazai anonaka akakweshwa, mabhega ane muto, muto wemichero unotonhorera. Dumbu rako rinorira, unoedza kufuratira, asi unokundikana. Nekiromita imwe neimwe, kunzwa kwenzara kunowedzera. Unopotsa warovera pamota iri pamberi pako uchitarisa ad yepizza. Muchidimbu, uri mukubata kwemamiriro ekukurudzira anozivikanwa senzara.
Kurudziro inzvimbo inoita uye inotungamira maitiro edu. Ona →