Matauriro emwana mudiki: 3 misimboti inokosha

Kuwanikidzwa chaiko kwekutanga kwezana ramakore yaive ongororo yakaitwa nevanovandudza pfungwa dzepfungwa kubva kuYunivhesiti yeKansas (USA) Betty Hart naTodd Risley iyo inofanosarudzira kubudirira kwemunhu kwete nemano ekuzvarwa, kwete nemamiriro ehupfumi emhuri, kwete nedzinza. uye kwete nevarume, asi nehuwandu hwemashoko avanotaurirwa nawo mumakore ekutanga ehupenyu¹.

Hazvibatsiri kugara mwana pamberi peTV kana kuvhura bhuku rekuteerera kwemaawa akawanda: kukurukurirana nemunhu mukuru kunokosha zvikuru.

Hongu, kutaura "mira" kane mamiriyoni makumi matatu hazvibatsire mwana kukura kuva munhu mukuru akachenjera, anobereka, uye akagadzikana mupfungwa. Zvakakosha kuti kutaurirana uku kune zvakunoreva, uye kutaura ikoko kwakaoma uye kwakasiyana.

Pasina kudyidzana nevamwe, kugona kudzidza kunopera simba. “Kusiyana nejagi rinochengeta chero chaunodira mariri, uropi husina mhinduro hwakafanana nesefa,” anodaro Dana Suskind. "Mutauro haugone kudzidzwa chete, asi kuburikidza nemhinduro (zvichida yakanaka) maitiro evamwe uye kushamwaridzana."

Dr. Suskind akapfupikisa nzvero yazvino uno mundima yokukura kwokutanga ndokugadzira purogiramu yekurukurirano yomubereki nomwana iyo ichaparira kukura kwakanakisisa kwouropi hwomwana. Zano rake rine misimboti mitatu: teerera kumwana, taura naye kakawanda, gadzira nhaurirano.

Customization kumwana

Tiri kutaura nezvechido chemubereki chekucherechedza zvose zvinofadza mwana uye kutaura naye nezvenyaya iyi. Nemamwe mashoko, unofanira kutarisa nenzira yakafanana neyemwana.

Chenjerera basa rake. Somuenzaniso, munhu mukuru ane vavariro yakanaka anogara pasi nebhuku raanofarira romwana ndokumukumbira kuti ateerere. Asi mwana haaiti, achienderera mberi nekuvaka shongwe yematombo akapararira pasi. Vabereki vanofona zvakare kuti: “Uya pano, gara pasi. Tarisai iro bhuku rinonakidza. Iye zvino ndiri kukuverengera."

Zvese zvinoita kunge zvakanaka, handiti? Bhuku revakuru vane rudo. Chii chimwe chinodiwa nemwana? Zvichida chinhu chimwe chete: kutarisa kwevabereki kune basa iro mwana pachake ari kufarira iye zvino.

Kuteerera mwana kunoreva kuva nehanya pane zvaari kuita uye kubatana mumabasa ake. Izvi zvinosimbisa kusangana uye zvinobatsira kuvandudza hunyanzvi hunobatanidzwa mumutambo, uye kuburikidza nekutaura kwekutaura, kukudziridza uropi hwake.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti mwana anogona kungotarisa pane zvaanofarira. Kana ukaedza kushandura pfungwa dzake kune chimwe chiitiko, uropi hunofanira kushandisa simba rakawanda rakawedzerwa.

Zvikurukuru, nzvero dzakaratidza kuti kana mwana achifanira kuita chimwe chinhu chisingamufadzi, kashoma kuti ayeuke mashoko akashandiswa panguva iyoyo.².

Iva padanho rakafanana nemwana wako. Gara naye pasi uchitamba, mubate pamakumbo uchiverenga, gara patafura imwe chete uchidya, kana kuti simudza mwana wako kuti atarise nyika kubva paurefu hwehurefu hwako.

Rerutsa kutaura kwako. Sezvo vacheche vachikwezva ngwariro nenzwi, vabereki vanovakwezva kuti vapinde nokuchinja matauriro kana kuti inzwi renzwi ravo. Lisping inobatsirawo pfungwa dzevana kudzidza mutauro.

Ongororo yakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura yakaratidza kuti vana vane makore maviri vakanyeperwa vari pakati pemwedzi 11 ne14 vaiziva mashoko akapetwa kaviri pane akataurwa kwavari “nenzira yevanhu vakuru.”

Mashoko akapfava, anozivikanwa anokurumidza kukwevera ngwariro yomwana kune zviri kutaurwa uye kuti ndiani ari kutaura, achimukurudzira kunetsa ngwariro yake, kubatanidzwa uye kukurukura. Zvakaratidzwa nekuedza kuti vana "vanodzidza" mazwi avanonzwa kakawanda uye vanoteerera kwenguva yakareba kumanzwi avakanzwa kare.

Kukurukurirana kwakasimba

Taura zvinonzwika zvese zvaunoita. Kutaura kwakadaro ndeimwe nzira yeku "kukomberedza" mwana nekutaura.. Haingowedzeri mazwi chete, asiwo inoratidza hukama pakati peizwi (izwi) nechiito kana chinhu charinoreva.

“Ngatipfekei manapukeni matsva…. Ichena kunze uye yebhuruu mukati. Uye kwete kunyorova. Tarisa. Yakaoma uye yakapfava." "Tora mabhurashi emazino! Zvako zvishava uye zvababa zvakasvibira. Zvino svina kunze paste, dzvanya zvishoma. Uye isu tichachenesa, kumusoro uye pasi. Ticklish?

Shandisa mhinduro dzinopfuura. Edza kwete chete kutsanangura mabasa ako, asiwo taura pamusoro pezviito zvemwana: "O, wawana makiyi amai vako. Ndapota usadziisa mumuromo mako. Havagoni kutsengwa. Ichi hachisi chikafu. Unovhura mota yako nemakiyi here? Makiyi anovhura gonhi. Ngativhure musuwo navo.

Dzivisa zvisazitasingwi. Mazita haaonekwe, kunze kwekunge achifungidzirwa, uyezve kana iwe uchiziva zvazvinoreva. Iye…iye…icho? Mwana haazive zvauri kutaura. Kwete "Ndinoifarira", asi "Ndinoda mufananidzo wako".

Wedzera, tsanangura mitsara yake. Pakudzidza mutauro, mwana anoshandisa zvikamu zvemashoko nemitsetse isina kukwana. Muchirevo chekutaurirana nemucheche, zvakakosha kuzadza mapeji akadaro nekudzokorora mitsara yakatopera. Kuwedzera kune: "Imbwa yakasuruvara" ichave: "Imbwa yako yakasuruvara."

Nokufamba kwenguva, kuoma kwekutaura kunowedzera. Panzvimbo pokuti: “Handei, ngatiti,” tinoti: “Meso ako atonamirana. Kwadoka uye wakaneta. " Kuwedzeredza, kudonongodza uye mitsara yekuvaka inobvumidza iwe kuti uve matanho akati wandei pamberi peunyanzvi hwekutaura hwemwana wako, uchimukurudzira kutaurirana kwakaoma uye kwakasiyana-siyana.

Dialogue Development

Nhaurirano inobatanidza kupanana mashoko. Uyu ndiwo mutemo wegoridhe wekutaurirana pakati pevabereki nevana, iyo inonyanya kukosha yenzira nhatu dzekugadzira uropi hudiki. Iwe unogona kuwana kudyidzana kunoshanda nekutarisa kune izvo zvinotora kutarisa kwemucheche, uye kutaura naye nezvazvo zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.

Mirira nemoyo murefu mhinduro. Munhaurirano, zvakakosha kwazvo kutevedzera kuchinjika kwemabasa. Kuzadzisa chimiro chechiso uye masaini nemashoko - kutanga anofungidzirwa, obva atevedzera uye, pakupedzisira, chaiye, mwana anogona kuzvitora kwenguva yakareba.

Kureba zvekuti amai kana baba vanoda kuzvipindura. Asi usakurumidza kuputsa nhaurirano, ipa mwana nguva yekuwana izwi rakakodzera.

Mazwi ekuti "chii" uye "chii" anodzivirira nhaurirano. "Bhora nderei?" "Mhou inoti chii?" Mibvunzo yakadaro haibatsiri kuunganidza mashoko, nokuti inokurudzira mwana kuyeuka mashoko aanotoziva.

Hongu kana kwete mibvunzo inowira muchikamu chimwe chete: haibatsire kuti hurukuro ienderere mberi uye havakudzidzisi chero chinhu chitsva. Mukupesana, mibvunzo yakadai seyokuti “sei” kana kuti “nei” inobvumira kuti apindure namashoko akasiana-siana, inobatanidza mifungo yakasiyana-siyana nemifungo.

Kumubvunzo wekuti "sei" hazvibviri kugutsurira musoro wako kana kunongedza munwe. "Sei?" uye sei?" tanga maitiro ekufunga, izvo zvinozotungamira kune hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa matambudziko.

¹ A. Weisleder, A. Fernald «Kutaura nevana nyaya: Chiitiko chemutauro wepakutanga chinosimbisa kugadzirisa uye kuvaka mazwi". Psychological Sayenzi, 2013, №24.

² G. Hollich, K. Hirsh-Pasek, uye RM Golinkoff «Kutyora chipingamupinyi chemutauro: An emergencyntist coalition model for the origin of word learning», Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 65.3, №262 (2000).