Lobotomy, kurapwa kwekuvhiya kwezvirwere zvepfungwa, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Iko zvino yakasiiwa zvachose munyika zhinji dzepasi, kusanganisira France. 

Lobotomy kuvhiyiwa kwehuropi kunoparadza zvishoma prefrontal dunhu rehuropi. Kubatana (nerve fibers) pakati peprefrontal cortex uye humwe huropi hunodimburwa.

Nzira yelobotomy yakagadzirwa nachiremba wepfungwa wechiPutukezi, E. Moniz, mushure mekudzidza paSecond International Congress yeNeurology muna 1935 kuti masayendisiti maviri ekuAmerica akanga abvisa ziso repamberi rechimpanzi yakashatirwa iyo yakanga yakanyarara mushure mekuita uku. Kufungidzira kwake? Iyo yepamberi lobes, inodiwa pakugadzirisa magariro, inovhiringidzika muvanhu vane zvirwere zvepfungwa. Nekubvisa zvishoma aya epamberi lobes kubva kuhuropi hwese, munhu angave ari nani kugarisana. 

Akaita yekutanga lobotomy munzvimbo yekupotera muLisbon munaNovember 12, 1935 pane aimbove pfambi ane makore makumi matanhatu nematatu ekuzvarwa ainetsekana uye achirwara nekuora mwoyo. Iyi nzira yakamuwanira Mubairo weNobel wemushonga muna 63. 

MuUnited States, yekutanga lobotomy yakaitwa munaGunyana 14, 1936 nevaviri vekuAmerican neuropsychiatrists. Vakagadzira yakajairwa prefrontal lobotomy tekinoroji. MuFrance, lobotomy yakaitwa pashure pa 1945. Uku kuvhiya pfungwa kwakapararira munyika yose pashure peHondo Yenyika II. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mukati memakore 1945-1955 100 vanhu pasi rose vakaita lobotomy. 

Ko lobotomy kana leukotomy inoitwa sei? 

Mushure mekubvunda (kuita maburi muhuwandu hwecranium yehunyanzvi hweMoniz), malobe epamberi anoparadzaniswa kubva kune yese yehuropi uchishandisa chiridzwa chakakosha, iyo leucotome. 

Transorbital lobotomy inoitwa sei?

The American Walter Freeman akaita transorbital lobotomies nesimbi tip kana ice pick pashure. Tip yesimbi kana kuti ice pick inosairirwa nepakati pe orbital lobes (yakavhurika eyelids) imwe mushure meimwe, kuti ipinde muuropi. Chiridzwa chinobva chatenderedzwa nemativi kuti chivhare zvinokochekera kubva kurobe remberi kusvika kune yese yehuropi.  

Tsanangudzo yekuti marobhotomi aya akaitwa nechando pikicha akaitwa pasina kutindivadza kana neanotindivadza zvishoma (yenzvimbo kana tsinga asi isina simba) kana kunyange mushure memusangano we electroshock (izvo zvakatungamirira kumaminitsi mashoma ekufenda). 

Lobotomy yakaitwa semushonga wepfungwa "kuvhunduka" kusati kwabuda kwemishonga neuroleptic. Ive lobotomized schizophrenics, yakaora mwoyo zvakanyanya nekusazviuraya, vanhu vanotambura ne-obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), obsessive psychosis, hutsinye. Lobotomy yakaitwa zvakare muvanhu vanotambura nemarwadzo akanyanya anoramba kurapwa. Eva Perón, mudzimai wemutungamiri weArgentina Juan Perón, angadai akaiswa lobotomized muna 1952 kuderedza marwadzo nekuda kwekenza yechibereko che metastasized. 

Lobotomies yakaitwa nechinangwa chekurapa zvirwere zvepfungwa. Muchokwadi, nzira iyi yakauraya 14% yevarwere vakavhiyiwa, uye yakasiya vamwe vazhinji vaine matambudziko ekutaura, vasina basa, kunyangwe vari mumiti uye / kana kuremara kwehupenyu hwavo hwese. Hanzvadzi yaJF Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy, muenzaniso unosuwisa uye une mukurumbira. Lobotomized pamakore makumi maviri nematatu, akabva aremara zvakaipisisa uye akaiswa muchikoro kwehupenyu hwake hwose. 

Lobotomy yakashoropodzwa zvikuru kubva kuma1950s, vanachiremba vachishora tsika yehutsinye uye isingadzokeki. Russia yakairambidza kubva kuma1950. 

Mushure mekubudirira kukuru kwema1950s, lobotomy yakasiiwa yakadarikidza zvakanyanya mushure mekuonekwa kweneuroleptics (1952 muFrance, 1956 muU.SA) uye kuvandudzwa kweelectroshock, marapirwo maviri anodzoreredzwa, uye akanyangarika zvachose muma1980s.