pythagoras panguva imwechete iyo chaiyo uye yengano chimiro chekare chechiGiriki. Kunyange zita rake chairo inyaya yefungidziro nekududzirwa. Shanduro yekutanga yekududzirwa kwezita rekuti Pythagoras "yakafanotaurwa naPythia", kureva kuti, muuki. Imwe, inokwikwidza sarudzo: "kunyengetedza nekutaura", nokuti Pythagoras haana kungoziva nzira yekugutsikana, asi akanga akasimba uye akasimba mukutaura kwake, seDelphic oracle.
Muzivi wacho akabva kuchitsuwa cheSamos, kwaakapedza chikamu chikuru choupenyu hwake. Pakutanga, Pythagoras anofamba zvakawanda. MuEgypt, nekuda kwerutsigiro rwafaro Amasis, Pythagoras akasangana nevapristi veMemphis. Kutenda kumatarenda ake, anozarura nzvimbo tsvene-tsvene - temberi dzeEgipita. Pythagoras anogadzwa semupristi uye anova nhengo yeboka revapristi. Zvadaro, panguva yekurwisa kwePezhiya, Pythagoras anotorwa nevaPersia.
Zvinoita sokunge kuti mugumo pachawo unomutungamirira, kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu kune mamwe, nepo hondo, madutu enzanga, zvibayiro zvinodeura ropa uye zviitiko zvinokurumidza kuita sehwaro kwaari uye hazvikanganisi, pane kudaro, zvinowedzera chido chake chokudzidza. MuBhabhironi, Pythagoras anosangana nen’anga dzePersia, uko, maererano nengano, akadzidza ruzivo rwenyeredzi nemashiripiti.
Mukukura, Pythagoras, ari mushori wezvematongerwe enyika wePolycrates weSamos, akatamira kuItaly ndokugara muguta reCrotone, uko simba pakupera kwezana remakore rechitanhatu. BC e. vaiva vevakuru vakuru. Iko pano, muCrotone, kuti muzivi anogadzira mubatanidzwa wake wakakurumbira wePythagorean. Maererano naDicaearchus, zvakatevera kuti Pythagoras akafira muMetapontus.
"Pythagoras akafa nekupotera kuTemberi yeMetapontine yeMuses, kwaakapedza mazuva makumi mana asina kudya."
Maererano nengano, Pythagoras aiva mwanakomana wamwari Hermes. Imwe ngano inoti rimwe zuva rwizi Kas, ruchimuona, rwakakwazisa muzivi nenzwi romunhu. Pythagoras akabatanidza zvimiro zvesage, mystic, masvomhu uye muporofita, muongorori akadzama wemitemo yenhamba yenyika uye mushanduri wechitendero. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vatsigiri vake vaimuremekedza somuiti wezvishamiso.
Zvisinei, muzivi aiva nokuzvininipisa kwakakwana, sezvinopupurirwa nemimwe yemirayiridzo yake: “Ita zvinhu zvikuru usingavimbisi zvinhu zvikuru”; “Nyarara kana kutaura chimwe chinhu chiri nani pane kunyarara”; “Usazviona somunhu mukuru nehukuru hwomumvuri wako pakuvira kwezuva.”
Saka, ndeapi maitiro ebasa reuzivi raPythagoras?
Pythagoras absolutized uye asinganzwisisike nhamba. Nhamba dzakasimudzwa kusvika pamwero wechinhu chaicho chezvinhu zvose uye dzakaita semusimboti mukuru wenyika. Mufananidzo wenyika wakafananidzirwa naPythagoras nerubatsiro rwemasvomhu, uye yakakurumbira "mysticism of manhamba" yakava musimboti webasa rake.
Dzimwe nhamba, maererano naPythagoras, dzinoenderana nedenga, vamwe kune zvinhu zvepanyika - kururamisira, rudo, kuroorana. Nhamba ina dzekutanga, nomwe, gumi, ndidzo "nhamba tsvene" idzo dziri pasi pezvese zviri munyika. MaPythagoreans akapatsanura nhamba kuita nhamba uye isinganzwisisike uye isinganzwisisike - chidimbu chavakaziva sehwaro hwenhamba dzese.
Heino pfupiso yemaonero aPythagoras pamusoro pekukosha kwekuve:
* Zvese inhamba. * Mavambo ezvese chinhu chimwe. Iyo sacred monad (unit) ndiye amai vevamwari, musimboti wepasirese uye hwaro hwezvinhu zvese zvakasikwa. * Izvo "zvisingagumi zviviri" zvinobva muyuniti. Zviviri ndiwo musimboti wezvipikisi, kusasimukira muzvisikwa. * Dzimwe nhamba dzese dzinobva muhunyambiri husina magumo - mapoinzi anobva kunhamba - kubva kumapoinzi - mitsetse - kubva mumitsetse - manhamba akafuratira - kubva kune akafuratira manhamba - matatu-dimensional manhamba - kubva kune matatu-dimensional manhamba anoonekwa muviri unozvarwa, umo mabhesi mana. - kufamba uye kutendeuka zvachose, vanobudisa nyika - inonzwisisika, denderedzwa, pakati payo pasi, nyika inewo denderedzwa uye inogarwa kumativi ose.
Cosmology.
* Kufamba kwemitumbi yomudenga kunoteerera hukama hwemasvomhu hunozivikanwa, huchiumba “kuwirirana kwemativi”. * Zvisikwa zvinoumba muviri (zvitatu), zvichiva utatu hwepakutanga uye mativi awo anopokanidzana. * Zvina - mufananidzo wezvinhu zvina zvezvisikwa. * Gumi ndiro "makore gumi anoyera", hwaro hwekuverenga uye kusanzwisisika kwese kwenhamba, iwo mufananidzo wepasirese, unosanganisira gumi rematenga edenga ane gumi mwenje.
Cognition.
* Kuziva nyika maererano naPythagoras zvinoreva kuziva nhamba dzinoitonga. * Pythagoras aiona kuratidzwa kwakachena (sophia) serudzi rwepamusoro-soro rweruzivo. * Inobvumidzwa zvemashiripiti uye zvisinganzwisisike nzira dzekuziva.
Nharaunda.
* Pythagoras akanga ari mushori mukuru wedemocracy, mukufunga kwake, madhemoni anofanira kunyatsoteerera vatongi. * Pythagoras aiona chitendero netsika sezvinhu zvikuru zvinoumba nzanga yakarongeka. * “Kupararira kworudzidziso” munyika yose ibasa guru romutezo uri wose womubatanidzwa wePythagoras.
Maitiro.
Ethical concepts muPythagoreanism pane dzimwe nzvimbo pane zvisinganzwisisiki. Semuenzaniso, kururamisira kunotsanangurwa se "nhamba yakapetwa pachayo". Zvisinei, nheyo huru yehutsika haisi yechisimba (ahimsa), kusakonzera marwadzo uye kutambura kune zvimwe zvipenyu zvose.
Mweya.
* Mweya haufi, uye miviri makuva emweya. * Mweya unopfuura nomudenderedzwa rokuberekwazve mumiviri yapasi.
Mwari.
Vamwari zvisikwa zvakafanana nevanhu, vanozviisa pasi pekupedzisira, asi vane simba uye vanorarama kwenguva refu.
Munhu.
Munhu ari pasi pevamwari zvachose.
Pakati pezvakanaka zvisina mubvunzo zvePythagoras pamberi pehuzivi, munhu anofanira kusanganisira chokwadi chekuti ndiye wekutanga munhoroondo yehuzivi hwekare kutaura mumutauro wesainzi nezve metempsychosis, kuzvarwa patsva, kushanduka kwemweya yemweya uye kutama kwavo kubva mumuviri mumwe. kune mumwe. Kutsigira kwake pfungwa yemetampsychosis dzimwe nguva kwaitora nzira dzinoshamisa: kamwe muzivi akarambidza kugumbura kambwanana nechikonzero chekuti, mumaonero ake, imbwa iyi yaive nechitarisiko chemunhu muhunhu hwayo hwekare uye yaive shamwari yaPythagoras.
Pfungwa yemetempsychosis yaizogamuchirwa nemuzivi Plato uye yakagadziridzwa naye kuita yakakosha pfungwa yehuzivi, uye pamberi paPythagoras vakakurumbira vayo nevareurura vaive Orphics. Kufanana nevatsigiri vechitendero cheOlympian, maOrphics vaive nengano dzavo "dzisinganzwisisike" nezvekwakabva nyika - semuenzaniso, zano rekuzvarwa uXNUMXbuXNUMXbits kubva kuhofori embryo-zai.
Chadenga chedu chine chimiro chezai zvakare maererano necosmogony yePuranas (zvinyorwa zvekare zveIndia, Vedic). Somuenzaniso, mu“Mahabharata” tinorava, kuti: “Munyika ino, apo yakanga yakafukidzwa nerima kumativi ose isina kujeka nechiedza, zai guru rakaoneka pakutanga kweyuga sechisakiso chechisiko, mbeu isingagumi. wezvisikwa zvose, anonzi Mahadivya (Humwari Mukuru) “.
Imwe yenguva dzinonakidza muOrphism, kubva pakuona kwekuzotevera kuumbwa kwehunyanzvi hwechiGiriki, yaive dzidziso yemetempsychosis - kutama kwemweya, izvo zvinoita kuti tsika iyi yeHellenic ienderane nemaonero echiIndia pane samsara (kutenderera kwekuzvarwa uye rufu) uye mutemo wekarma (mutemo wekuzvarwa patsva maererano nebasa) .
Kana hupenyu hwepanyika hwaHomer huchida kune hupenyu hwapashure, saka Orphics ine zvakapesana: hupenyu kutambura, mweya uri mumuviri wakaderera. Muviri iguva nejeri remweya. Chinangwa chehupenyu ndiko kusunungurwa kwemweya kubva mumuviri, kukunda mutemo usingachinji, kuputsa ketani yekuzvarwa patsva uye kusvika "kuchitsuwa chevakaropafadzwa" mushure mekufa.
Iyi yakakosha axiological (value) musimboti inoisa pasi tsika dzekuchenesa dzinoitwa nevese Orphics nePythagoras. Pythagoras akatora kubva kuOrphics mitemo yetsika-ascetic yekugadzirira "hupenyu hunofadza", akavaka dzidzo muzvikoro zvake maererano nemhando ye-monastic-order. Kurongeka kwePythagorean kwaive nehutungamiri hwayo, mhemberero dzayo dzakaoma uye hurongwa hwakasimba hwekutanga. Vakuru vehurongwa vaive masvomhu ("esoterics"). Kana vari acusmatists (“exoterics”, kana novices), chete chikamu chekunze, chakarerutswa chedzidziso yePythagorean chaivepo kwavari.
Vese nhengo dzenharaunda vaiita hupenyu hwekuzvinyima, hwaisanganisira kurambidzwa kwekudya kwakawanda, kunyanya kurambidzwa kudya chikafu chemhuka. Pythagoras aiva munhu aidya miriwo akasimba. Pamuenzaniso wehupenyu hwake, tinotanga kuona kuti ruzivo rwehuzivi hunosanganiswa sei nehunhu hwehuzivi, pakati pahwo kuzvipira uye kuzvipira kunoshanda.
Pythagoras yaizivikanwa nekusagadzikana, chinhu chomudzimu chinokosha, shamwari isingachinji youchenjeri. Nekutsoropodzwa kwese kwehutsinye kwemuzivi wekare, munhu haafanire kukanganwa kuti aive iye, mugari wechitsuwa cheSamos, uyo pane imwe nguva akatsanangura uzivi saizvozvo. Apo mudzvinyiriri Leontes wePhlius akabvunza Pythagoras kuti aiva ani, Pythagoras akapindura: "Philosopher". Izwi iri rakanga risingazivikanwi kuna Leont, uye Pythagoras aifanira kutsanangura zvinoreva neologism.
“Upenyu,” akatsinhira kudaro, “wakafanana nemitambo: vamwe vanouya kuzokwikwidza, vamwe kuzotengeserana, uye vanofara zvikurusa kuona; saizvozvowo muupenyu vamwe, savaranda, vanoberekwa vachikara kukudzwa nepfuma, nepo vazivi vanongosvika kuzvokwadi bedzi.
Mukupedzisa, ini ndichataura mbiri dzetsika dzePythagoras, dzichiratidza zvakajeka kuti mumunhu wemufungi uyu, pfungwa yechiGiriki kekutanga yakasvika pakunzwisisa kwehuchenjeri, kunyanya sehunhu hwakanakisa, ndiko kuti, kudzidzira: chitarisiko, uye munhu nezvaanoita.” "Yera zvishuwo zvako, uyera pfungwa dzako, verenga mazwi ako."
Poetic afterword:
Hazvitore zvakawanda kuti uve mudyaridzi - unongoda kutora danho rekutanga. Zvisinei, danho rokutanga rinowanzova rakaoma zvikuru. Apo tenzi akakurumbira wechiSufi Shibli akabvunzwa chikonzero nei akasarudza Nzira yokuzvinatsiridza mumudzimu, tenzi akapindura kuti akasundwa kuna ikoku nembwanana yakarasika iyo yakaona kurangarira kwake mudhamu. Tinozvibvunza kuti: sei nyaya yembwanana yakarasika uye kufungidzira kwake mugomba rakaita basa rekufananidzira mune ramangwana reSufi? Mwana wembwa akatya kurangarira kwake, uye ipapo nyota yakakurira kutya kwake, akavhara maziso ake uye, achisvetukira mudhamu, akatanga kunwa. Nenzira imwecheteyo, mumwe nomumwe wedu, kana tikasarudza kupinda munzira yekukwana, tinofanira, tine nyota, kuwira pasi kune chitubu chinopa upenyu, tichirega kushandura muviri wedu kuva sarcophagus (!) - nzvimbo yekufa , zuva nezuva tichiviga nyama yemhuka dzevarombo dzaitambudzwa mudumbu medu.
—— Sergey Dvoryanov, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Purofesa weDhipatimendi reMoscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, Mutungamiriri weEast-West Philosophical and Journalistic Club, achidzidzira mararamiro ezvinomera kwemakore gumi nemaviri (mwanakomana - 12 years old, vegetarian kubva pakuzvarwa)