Mazana emarudzi emhuka anogona kurara muchando. Muyero wemetabolism muzvipenyu zvavo unoderedzwa zvakapetwa kagumi. Havagoni kudya uye kutadza kufema. Chimiro ichi chinoramba chiri chimwe chezvakavanzika zvikuru zvesainzi. Kuzvigadzirisa zvinogona kutungamirira kune mabhindauko munzvimbo dzakawanda, kubva kuoncology kuenda kundege yemuchadenga. Vesainzi vanoda kuita kuti munhu avhare.
“Ndakashanda muSweden kwegore uye handina kukwanisa kuita kuti vanamati vechikoro varare kwegore,” anobvuma kudaro Lyudmila Kramarova, munzveri mukuru paInstitute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushchino).
Kumadokero, kodzero dzemhuka dzerabhoritari dzakatsanangurwa - Declaration of Human Rights iri kuzorora. Asi zviedzo pakudzidza kwehubernation hazvigone kuitwa.
- Mubvunzo ndewokuti, sei vachifanira kurara kana ichidziya muimba yegoferi uye ichidyiswa kubva mudumbu? Gophers havasi mapenzi. Muno murabhoritari yedu, vaikurumidza kurara neni!
Munyoro Lyudmila Ivanovna anorovera munwe wake patafura uye anotaura nezve gopher yerabhoritari yaigara panzvimbo yake. “Susya!” akadaro ari pamusiwo. “Pay-pay!” - yakapindura gopher, iyo isingawanzo pingudzwa. Uyu Susya haana kurara kana kamwe chete mumakore matatu kumba. Muchando, pakwainyanya kutonhora mufurati, aikwira pasi pe radiator ndokudziya musoro wake. "Sei?" anobvunza Lyudmila Ivanovna. Zvichida nzvimbo yekutonga ye hibernation iri pane imwe nzvimbo muuropi? Vesainzi havasati vaziva. Hunhu hwehibernation ndechimwe chematambudziko makuru mubiology yemazuva ano.
Rufu rwenguva pfupi
Kutenda kuMicrosoft, mutauro wedu wakafumiswa neimwe buzzword - hibernation. Iri ndiro zita reiyo mode iyo Windows Vista inopinda mukombuta kuitira kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Muchina unoratidzika kunge wakadzimwa, asi data rese rinochengetwa panguva imwe chete: Ndakadzvanya bhatani - uye zvese zvakashanda sekunge hapana chakaitika. Ndizvo zvinoitikawo kuzvinhu zvipenyu. Zviuru zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana - kubva kumabhakitiriya ekutanga kusvika kune epamusoro-lemurs - anokwanisa "kufa" kwenguva pfupi, iyo inonzi nesayenzi hibernation, kana hypobiosis.
Muenzaniso wekare ndeye gophers. Chii chaunoziva nezve gophers? Normal makonzo akadai kubva kumhuri squirrel. Vanochera minks yavo, vanodya uswa, vanobereka. Kana chando chasvika, gophers dzinoenda pasi pevhu. Apa ndipo apo, kubva pakuona kwesainzi, chinhu chinonyanya kufadza chinoitika. Gopher hibernation inogona kugara kusvika kumwedzi 8. Pamusoro, chando dzimwe nguva chinosvika -50, gomba rinodzika kusvika -5. Zvadaro kutonhora kwemakumbo emhuka kunodonha kusvika -2, uye nhengo dzomukati kusvika -2,9 degrees. Nenzira, munguva yechando, gopher inorara mumutsara kwemavhiki matatu chete. Ipapo inobuda muhubernation kwemaawa mashoma, uye yobva yarara zvakare. Pasina kupinda mune biochemical details, ngatitii anomuka kuti aite weti nekutambanudza.
Squirrel yakaomeswa nechando inogara mukufamba zvishoma: kurova kwemoyo wayo kunodonha kubva pa200-300 kusvika 1-4 kurova paminiti, episodic kufema - 5-10 kufema, uye ipapo kusavapo kwavo kwakakwana kweawa. Ropa rinopiwa kuuropi rinoderedzwa nechikamu che90%. Munhuwo zvake haagone kurarama chero chinhu chiri padyo neizvi. Haatombokwanisi kuita sebheya, ine tembiricha inodonha zvishoma panguva yekurara - kubva pa37 kusvika 34-31 madhigirii. Aya madhigirii matatu kusvika mashanu angadai akatikwanira: muviri ungadai wakarwira kodzero yekuchengetedza kurova kwemwoyo, kufema mutinhimira uye kudzoreredza tembiricha yemuviri kwemaawa akati wandei, asi kana zviwanikwa zvesimba zvapera, rufu hachidzivisiki.
mbatatisi ine mvere
Unoziva kuti gofero rinoita sei kana rakarara? anobvunza Zarif Amirkhanov, muongorori mukuru paInstitute of Cell Biophysics. “Sembatatisi dzabva kuseri kwemba. Zvakaoma uye kutonhora. Furry chete.
Panguva ino, gopher inoratidzika segopher - inodya mbeu nemufaro. Hazvisi nyore kufungidzira kuti ichi chisikwa chinofara chinogona kamwe kamwe kuwira mukutsikirira pasina chikonzero ndokupedza nguva yakawanda yegore seizvi, uye ipapo, zvakare, pasina chikonzero zvachose, “kudonha” kubva mukutsimwaira uku.
Chimwe chezvakavanzika zve hypobiosis ndechokuti mhuka inonyatsokwanisa kugadzirisa mamiriro ayo pachayo. Shanduko yeambient tembiricha haina kudikanwa zvachose kune izvi - lemurs kubva kuMadagascar inowira mukuhibernation. Kamwe chete pagore, vanowana buri, vanovhara mukova uye vanoenda kunorara kwemwedzi minomwe, vachidzikisa tembiricha yavo kusvika +10 madhigirii. Uye mumugwagwa panguva imwe chete zvakafanana +30. Mamwe squirrels epasi, semuenzaniso, eTurkestan, anogona zvakare kurara mukupisa. Haisi yakanyanya tembiricha yakatenderedza, asi iyo metabolism mukati: iyo metabolic rate inodonha ne60-70%.
"Unoona, ichi chimiro chakasiyana chemuviri," anodaro Zarif. - Tembiricha yemuviri inodonha kwete sechikonzero, asi semhedzisiro. Imwe nzira yekudzora inogadziriswa. Basa remapuroteni akawanda anoshanduka, masero anomira kupatsanura, kazhinji, muviri unovakwazve mumaawa mashoma. Uye zvino mumaawa mashoma mashoma inovakwa zvakare. Hapana zvekunze zvinofurira.
Huni nechitofu
Iyo yakasiyana yehubernation ndeyokuti mhuka inogona kutanga yatonhorera pasi uye yobva yadziya pasina rubatsiro rwekunze. Mubvunzo ndewokuti sei?
"Zviri nyore," anodaro Lyudmila Kramarova. “Brown adipose tissue wanzwa?
Mhuka dzose dzine ropa rinodziya, kusanganisira vanhu, dzine mafuta aya asinganzwisisike ebrown. Uyezve, muvacheche zvakanyanya kudarika mumunhu mukuru. Kwenguva refu, basa rayo mumuviri rakanga risinganzwisisike. Muchokwadi, kune akajairika mafuta, nei zvakare brown?
- Saka, zvakazoitika kuti mafuta matsvuku anotamba chitofu, - anotsanangura Lyudmila, - uye mafuta machena ihuni chete.
Brown mafuta anokwanisa kudziya muviri kubva pa0 kusvika ku15 degrees. Uye zvino mamwe machira anobatanidzwa mubasa. Asi kuti tawana chitofu hazvirevi kuti tafunga kuti tochigadzira sei.
"Panofanira kunge paine chimwe chinhu chinobatidza michina iyi," anodaro Zarif. - Basa remuviri wese riri kuchinja, zvinoreva kuti pane imwe nzvimbo inodzora uye inotanga zvese izvi.
Aristotle akasiirwa kuti adzidze kurara kwechando. Hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti sayenzi yave ichiita izvozvo kubvira makore 2500. Zvakakomba dambudziko iri rakatanga kurangarirwa makore 50 chete apfuura. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewokuti: chii chiri mumuviri chinokonzera hibernation mechanism? Kana tikaiwana, tichanzwisisa kuti inoshanda sei, uye kana tikanzwisisa kuti inoshanda sei, tichadzidza nzira yekukurudzira hibernation kune vasina kurara. Zvakanaka, isu tinemi. Aya ndiwo mafungiro esainzi. Nekudaro, ne hypobiosis, zvakajairika logic hazvina kushanda.
Zvese zvakatanga kubva kumagumo. Muna 1952, muongorori weGermany Kroll akaburitsa mhedzisiro yekuedza kunofadza. Nekuunza chidimbu chehuropi hwekurara hamster, hedgehogs uye zviremwaremwa mumuviri wekati nembwa, akakonzera mamiriro e hypobiosis mumhuka dzisina kurara. Apo dambudziko rakatanga kugadziriswa zvakanyanya, zvakazoitika kuti hypobiosis factor inowanikwa kwete muuropi chete, asi kazhinji mune chero nhengo yemhuka yehubernating. Makonzo aiteerera akavharika kana akabayiwa plasma yeropa, mudumbu, uye kunyange weti yetsindi dzakarara. Kubva mugirazi regoferi weti, tsoko dzakararawo. Mhedzisiro yacho inogara ichidzokororwa. Zvisinei, inoramba zvachose kudzokororwa mukuedza kwese kuparadzanisa chimwe chinhu: weti kana ropa rinokonzera hypobiosis, asi zvikamu zvavo zvakasiyana hazviiti. Hapana squirrels pasi, kana lemurs, kana, kazhinji, chero ipi zvayo yehibernators mumuviri yakawanikwa chero chinhu chaizovasiyanisa kubva kune vamwe vose.
Kutsvaga kweiyo hypobiosis factor kwave kuenderera kwemakore makumi mashanu, asi mhedzisiro yacho inenge zero. Hapana majini ane chekuita nekurara kwechando kana kuti zvinhu zvinokonzeresa zvakawanikwa. Hazvina kujeka kuti ndeipi nhengo inokonzera chirwere ichi. Kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana kwaisanganisira adrenal glands, uye pituitary gland, uye hypothalamus, uye thyroid gland mune runyorwa rwe "vanofungidzirwa", asi nguva imwe neimwe zvakazoitika kuti vaingova vatori vechikamu mukuita, asi kwete vatangi vayo.
"Zviripachena kuti kure nehuwandu hwese hwezvinhu zviri muchikamu chakasviba ichi zvinoshanda," anodaro Lyudmila Kramarova. — Zvakanaka, kana chete nekuti isu kazhinji tinadzo zvakare. Zviuru zvemapuroteni uye peptides ane mutoro wehupenyu hwedu nevhu squirrels zvakadzidzwa. Asi hapana kana chimwe chazvo - zvakananga, zvirinani - chakabatana nehubernation.
Yakave yakanyatsosimbiswa kuti chete kusanganiswa kwezvinhu kunoshanduka mumuviri wegoferi yakarara, asi kana chimwe chinhu chitsva chakaumbwa ikoko hazvisati zvazivikanwa. Kuenderera mberi kwesainzi kufambira mberi, ndipo pavanowedzera kufunga kuti dambudziko harisi iro risinganzwisisike "chinhu chekurara".
"Zvichida, uku kutevedzana kwakaoma kwezviitiko zvebiochemical," anodaro Kramarova. - Pamwe cocktail iri kuita, ndiko kuti, musanganiswa weimwe nhamba yezvinhu mune imwe confusion. Pamwe icascade. Ndiko kuti, kupindirana kwemaitiro ehuwandu hwezvinhu. Uyezve, kazhinji, aya mapuroteni anozivikanwa kwenguva refu ane munhu wese.
Zvinoitika kuti hibernation ndeye equation nevose vanozivikanwa. Izvo zviri nyore, zvakanyanya kuoma kugadzirisa.
Complete chaos
Nekugona kuhibernate, zvisikwa zvakagadzira nyonganiso yakazara. Kudyisa vana nemukaka, kuisa mazai, kuchengetedza kupisa kwemuviri nguva dzose - unhu uhwu hwakasungirirwa zvakanaka pamatavi emuti wekushanduka. Uye hypobiosis inogona kuratidzwa zvakajeka mune imwe mhando uye panguva imwechete isipo zvachose muukama hwayo hwepedyo. Somuenzaniso, mhashu netsindi dzinobva kumhuri yetsindi dzinorara mumink yavo kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Uye squirrels pachavo havafungi kurara kunyange munguva yechando yakaoma zvikuru. Asi zvimwe zviremwaremwa (zviremwaremwa), zvipembenene (hedgehogs), ma<em>marsupial ne<em>primates (lemurs) zvinowira mukurara. Asi ivo havasi kana vazukuru vechipiri kune gophers.
Dzimwe shiri, zvinokambaira, zvipembenene zvinorara. Kazhinji, hazvina kunyatsojeka kuti ndezvipi zvisikwa zvakavasarudza, uye kwete vamwe, sevahibernators. Uye akasarudza here? Kunyange idzo mhuka dzisina kujairana nekurara muchando zvachose, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, nyore kufungidzira kuti chii. Somuenzaniso, imbwa ye<em>black-tailed prairie (mhuri yemakonzo) inorara murabhoritari kana ikanyimwa mvura nechikafu ndokuiswa mukamuri ine rima, inotonhora.
Zvinoita sekuti pfungwa yechisikigo yakavakirwa chaizvo pane izvi: kana mhuka inoda kupona mwaka wenzara kuti irarame, ine sarudzo ine hypobiosis mukuchengetedza.
"Zvinoita sekunge isu tiri kubata nemaitiro ekare ekudzora, ayo anowanikwa mune chero chisikwa chipenyu kazhinji," Zarif anofunga zvinonzwika. - Uye izvi zvinotitungamira kune imwe pfungwa inopesana: hazvishamisi kuti gophers kurara. Chinoshamisa ndechekuti isu pachedu hativharike. Zvichida isu tingave takanyatso kugona hypobiosis kana zvese mukushanduka-shanduka zvakagadziridzwa mumutsara wakatwasuka, ndiko kuti, maererano nemusimboti wekuwedzera hunhu hutsva uchichengetedza zvekare.
Zvisinei, maererano nemasayendisiti, munhu ane chokuita nokurara ari pasi haana tariro zvachose. MaAboriginal maAustralia, pearl divers, Indian yogis anogona kuderedza mabasa emuviri emuviri. Rega hunyanzvi uhu huwanikwe nekudzidziswa kwenguva refu, asi hunowanikwa! Kusvika ikozvino, hapana musayendisiti akakwanisa kuisa munhu muhubernation yakazara. Narcosis, lethargic sleep, coma inyika dziri pedyo ne hypobiosis, asi dzine hwaro hwakasiyana, uye dzinoonekwa sechirwere.
Miedzo yekupinza munhu muhubernation ichakurumidza kutanga vanachiremba vekuour country. Nzira yavakagadzira yakavakirwa pazvinhu zviviri: mwero wakakwira wecarbon dioxide mumhepo uye tembiricha yakaderera. Zvichida izvi zviedzo hazvizotibvumiri kuti tinyatsonzwisisa mamiriro ehubernation, asi zvishoma shandura hypobiosis ive yakazara-yakazara kiriniki maitiro.
Murwere akatumwa kunorara
Panguva yekurara, gopher haatyi kwete chete kutonhora, asiwo nehosha huru yegopher: ischemia, zvirwere, uye oncological zvirwere. Kubva padenda, mhuka inomuka inofa muzuva, uye kana iine utachiona muhutano hwekurara, haina hanya. Kune mikana mikuru yevanachiremba. Iyo imwechete anesthesia haisi iyo inonyanya kufadza mamiriro emuviri. Wadii waitsiva neakawanda akasikwa hibernation?
Fungidzira mamiriro acho ezvinhu: murwere ari pamucheto wehupenyu nerufu, wachi inoverenga. Uye kazhinji maawa aya haana kukwana kuita oparesheni kana kutsvaga anopa. Uye muhubernation, chinenge chero chirwere chinokura sechinononoka kufamba, uye isu hatisisiri kutaura nezvemaawa, asi nezvemazuva, kana kunyange mavhiki. Kana iwe ukapa rusununguko kumafungiro ako, unogona kufungidzira kuti varwere vasina tariro vanonyudzwa sei mumamiriro e hypobiosis mune tariro yokuti rimwe zuva nzira dzinodiwa pakurapwa kwavo dzichawanikwa. Mafemu anoita cryonics anoita chimwe chinhu chakafanana, anongoomesa munhu akafa kare, uye hazvibviri kudzorera chipenyu chakagara kwemakore gumi munitrogen yemvura.
Iyo nzira ye hibernation inogona kubatsira kunzwisisa zvakasiyana siyana zvirwere. Somuenzaniso, musayendisiti wokuBulgaria Veselin Denkov mubhuku rake rinonzi “On the Edge of Life” anokarakadza kupa ngwariro ku<em>biochemistry yebheya rakarara: “Kana masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana muchimiro chayo chakachena chimwe chinhu (zvichida hormone) chinopinda mumuviri. kubva ku hypothalamus yemabheya, nerubatsiro rwehupenyu hupi hunogadziriswa panguva yehubernation, ipapo vachakwanisa kubudirira kubata vanhu vanotambura nechirwere chetsvo.
Kusvika pari zvino, vanachiremba vane hanya nepfungwa yekushandisa hibernation. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvine ngozi kubata nechiitiko chisinganyatsonzwisiswi.