Unogona kuona vhidhiyo yemanzwiro paYouTube kubva pakuzvarwa kwaLouise Brown, akaberekwa munaChikunguru 25, 1978 kuOldham Hospital. Nguva dzekutanga dzehupenyu hwake dzakangofanana nechero mwana achangoberekwa: musikana akashambidzwa, akayera uye akaongororwa. Akazvarwa nechikamu cheKesariya, zvisinei, Louise aive manzwiro esainzi - mwana wekutanga kuzvarwa kuburikidza neIVF.
- Makore makumi mana apfuura, mwana wekutanga ane pamuviri weIVF akaberekwa
- Mumazuva iwayo, in vitro fertilization yaionekwa senzira yakaoma zvikuru. Maoocyte akazokohwewa ne laparoscopy pasi peanesthesia yakawanda. Mushure mekuvhiyiwa, mukadzi wacho aifanira kugara muchipatara kwemazuva mashomanana uye kugara achitarisirwa navanachiremba
- Maererano nenyanzvi, mumakore makumi maviri kubva pa20 kusvika ku50 muzana. vana vachave nemimba nekuda kweiyo IVF nzira
Pava nemakore 40 kubva pakazvarwa Louise. Zvakaitika munaNovember 10, 1977, mushure memakore akawanda ekutsvakurudza kwakaitwa naProf. Robert Edwards naDr. Patrick Steptoe, mapiyona oruzivo rwakapa mamiriyoni evakaroorana pasi pose mukana wokuva nevana.
Muitiro wein vitro fertilization, mumashoko akapfava, unosanganisira kubvisa zai muchubhu yemukadzi, kumubatanidza nembeu murabhoritari uye kudyara zai rakasangana - "embryo" - kudzokera muchibereko kuti iwedzere kukura. Nhasi, iyi nzira yekurapa yekushaya mbereko haisi yekunzwa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya - nekuda kwayo, vana vanopfuura mamiriyoni mashanu vakazvarwa mumakumi mana emakore apfuura. Zvisinei, pakutanga, in vitro fertilization yakakonzera kukakavara kwakawanda.
Prof. Edwards naDr. Steptoe kutsvaga nzira yekuberekesa zai remunhu murabhoritari, kunze kwemaitiro emukadzi ekubereka, uye kuunza embryo padanho re blastocyst. Muna 1968, apo Prof. Edwards akazadzisa chinangwa chake - kuhwina Mubairo weNobel muna 2010 - embryology yaive ndima ichangotanga yesainzi isina kusimudza tariro yakawanda.
Pakazopera makore mapfumbamwe amai vaLouise, Lesley Brown, vakava mukadzi wokutanga munyika kuva nepamuviri nemhaka yenzira yein vitro fertilization yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti maviri okuBritain. Muna 1980 - makore maviri mushure mekunge Louise aberekwa - Prof. Edwards naDr. Steptoe vakavhura Bourn Hall Clinic mutaundi diki reCambridgeshire, kiriniki yekutanga pasi rose yekuzvara. Kutenda kwaari, zviuru zvevana vetest-chubhu zvakazvarwa.
Kubudirira kweiyi sainzi, neimwe nzira, chibereko chekuchinja kwepabonde muGreat Britain mu60s - Mushure me60s, vakadzi vazhinji vaive ne "memento" ye fallopian tubes yakakuvadzwa nezvirwere zvepabonde senge chlamydia - anodaro. Dr. Mike Macnamee, mutungamiriri wezvino wekiriniki yeBourn Hall, akashanda ipapo naStepto naEdward kubva pakutanga kwebasa rake. - Mumazuva iwayo, 80 muzana. yevarwere vedu akanga fallopian chubhu akaparadzwa, nokuti kuenzanisa nhasi dambudziko iri 20-30 muzana. varwere vechikadzi.
Makumi mana apfuura, IVF yaive yakakomba uye yakaoma nzira yekurapa. Maoocyte akaunganidzwa achishandisa nzira ye laparoscopic pasi peanesthesia yakawanda - mukadzi wacho aiwanzogara muchipatara kwemazuva mana kana mashanu. Munguva yose yekugara muchipatara, vanachiremba vakacherechedza huwandu hwehomoni dzemurwere, nekuda kweizvi, weti yake yakaunganidzwa maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva. Kiriniki yaive nemibhedha makumi matatu, iyo yaigara yakazara - kwenguva yakareba ndiyo chete nzvimbo munyika inopa IVF kurapwa. Vashandi vakashanda siku nesikati.
Yakanga isiri kutozosvikira pakupera kwema80s apo nzira ye ultrasound-inotungamirirwa sedation yakagadzirwa iyo yakabvumira mukadzi kudzokera kumba zuva rimwe chetero. Pakutanga, huwandu hwekuzvarwa pakiriniki yeBourn Hall hwakanga hwakaderera, pa15% chete. - kuenzanisa, nhasi chiyero chenyika chinenge 30 muzana.
- Isu takanga tisiri chete pamberi penyika yesainzi, asiwo mapiyona in vitro kubva kudivi retsika. Takakunda kugamuchirwa kwenzira iyi, anodaro Dr. Macnamee. - Bob naPatrick vakaratidza kushingirira kunoshamisa munguva dzino dzakaoma. Vakahwina Mubairo weNobel mukuru vakavapomera mhosva yekuuraya vacheche, nepo vezvekurapa nevesainzi vakazvibvisa kwavari, izvo zvakanyanya kuvaomera.
Kuberekwa kwaLouise Brown kwakasimudza kutya kuti masayendisiti akanga achigadzira "vana vaFrankenstein." Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vakanyevera pamusoro pokupindira nenzira isina mufungo mugadziriro yokusika upenyu. Mushure mekunge mwanasikana wavo azvarwa, mhuri yekwaBrown yakazadzwa netsamba dzekutyisidzira. Yakanga isiri kutozosvikira pakutanga kwe90s apo mafungiro eruzhinji akatanga kuchinja.
“Basa redu paBourn Hall rakanga riri rokudzidzisa nokuita kuti vanhu vafarire,” anodaro Dr. Macnamee. - Tagara takasununguka uye takatendeseka.
Zvinosuruvarisa, nekubudirira kwakaderera kwakadaro kune vakawanda vakaroorana, kurapa kwakaguma mukuora mwoyo. Asi kwaivawo nevaya vakaomesa musoro vasina kukanda mapfumo pasi. Mumwe wevarwere vekiriniki akaedza ka17 asati asununguka mwanakomana.
"Chishuwo chekuva nemwana chikuru, kunyanya kana iwe usingakwanise kubata pamuviri, zvekuti vanhu vakagadzirira kuita kuzvipira kwakawanda," Dr Macnamee anoti. - Ibasa redu kujekesa zvinotarisirwa nevaviri vasati vatanga kurapwa.
Chokwadi, hazvisi nyore nguva dzose kuita. "Vaviri havasi kutaurwa kuti IVF ichakundikana," anodaro Susan Seenan, director weFertility Network UK. - Asi munhu wese anokwanisa kuwana manhamba.
Havasi vese vanokodzera kurapwa. Sekurudziro ya2013 yeNational Institutes of Health and Care (NICE) muEngland neWales, vakadzi vari pasi pemakore makumi mana vane kodzero yekupihwa katatu IVF cycles vachibhadhariswa neNational Health Service, chero vakaedza vasina kubudirira kwemakore maviri, kana gumi nemaviri. kuedza kuisirwa urume zvisina kufanira. Vakadzi vane makore 40 kusvika ku12 vane kodzero yekudzorerwa kamwe chete. Nekudaro, sarudzo yekupedzisira yekuti ndiani ane kodzero yemahara IVF munzvimbo yakapihwa inogadzirwa nemakomisheni ekondirakiti yebasa rekurapa, ayo asingawanzo kupa madhigirii akawanda sezvakakurudzirwa neNICE.
Naizvozvo, kune vakaroorana vekuBritain vari kukumbira mwana, zvikwaniriso zvemuitiro uyu irotari yekero. - Zvinoitikawo kuti vaviri vakaroorana vanogara mumugwagwa mumwechete asi vakagoverwa kune maGP akasiyana-siyana vane kodzero yenhamba yakasiyana yemahara eIVF, nokuti vanachiremba vavo vari pasi pemakomiti akasiyana - anotsanangura Seenan. - Parizvino, makomiti manomwe haadzoreri in vitro maitiro zvachose.
Nemumwe muvatanhatu vakaroorana vane dambudziko rekuve nemimba muUK, indasitiri yekurapa mbereko iri kuwedzera. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti parizvino yakakosha £ 600m (tichifunga imwe yakabhadharwa IVF kutenderera inodhura £ XNUMX kusvika pa£ XNUMX).
“Vakadzi vakawanda vanokundikana kubata pamuviri pashure penguva imwe chete yeIVF,” anodaro Seenan. - Kechipiri kutenderera, mukana wakakura, asi vamwe vanova nepamuviri mushure mechikamu chechina, chechishanu, kana kunyange chechitanhatu. Mukadzi muduku, anowedzera mikana yekubudirira.
Pasinei nezera - maererano naSeenan, inhema kuti vazhinji vevarwere vakadzi vakambomira kuva amai kwenguva yakareba uye ikozvino, nekuda kwekukura kwavo, havakwanisi kubata pamuviri zvakasikwa - IVF inzira yakaoma. Chekutanga pane zvese, zvinoda nguva uye kushanya kwakawanda kune nyanzvi. Mukadzi anofanira kutora mishonga yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira. kudzikamisa mwero wehomoni.
“Zvinodhaka zvinogona kukupinza muchimiro chinoratidzika sokumira kumwedzi, uye vakadzi vazhinji havazvigoni zvakanaka,” Seenan anotsanangura kudaro. Varwere vanopiwawo mishonga inokurudzira basa revhavha - inopiwa nenzira yejekiseni. Panguva ino, mamiriro evhavha anofanira kugara achiongororwa kuitira kuti arege kunyanya kukurudzirwa.
Panguva yekurapa zvinodhaka, vakadzi vanonzwa kuneta, kuzvimba uye kushanduka-shanduka. Kune vamwe, zvisinei, chinhu chinonyanya kuoma ndechekumirira kwemavhiki maviri kwekuiswa kwe embryo uye kuongororwa kwepamuviri.
Ndosaka masayendisiti ari munzvimbo dzekutsvagisa pasirese ari kuramba achiedza kuvandudza nzira ye in vitro fertilization. Rabhoritari itsva ichangobva kuumbwa muBourn Hall kuti iongorore kuti sei mamwe mazai asingakure zvakanaka, izvo zvinowanzokonzera kupfupfudzika nekushaya mbereko pakati pevakadzi vakuru. Ndiyo rabhoritari yekutanga muEurope ine maikorosikopu yemazuva ano inobvumira mhenyu kutarisa kukura kwemasero ezai.
Dr. Macnamee anofanotaura kuti mumakore 20 mwero wokubereka uchava pakati pe50 ne60 muzana. Sekuona kwake, masayendisiti angangokwanisawo kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwema embryos. Mafungiro eruzhinji achafanira zvakare kuwirirana nekufambira mberi kwesainzi.
'Panofanira kutove nekukakavadzana kwakanyanya pamusoro pekuti tingasvikepi,' anowedzera Dr Macnamee.