Zvingaita sekuti munguva pfupi yapfuura nyika yakarumbidza kuwanikwa kwaAlexander Fleming. Makore asingasviki zana apfuura kubva chipo che "humambo" kune nyika yose inorwara, kutanga penicillin, uyezve multivariate series yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Zvadaro, muna 1929, zvaiita sokuti zvino - zvino vanhu vachakunda zvirwere zvinotambudza. Uye pakanga pane chimwe chinhu chokunetseka pamusoro pacho. Cholera, typhus, tibhii, mabayo akarwisa zvisina tsitsi uye akatakurwa nehutsinye hwakafanana vese vanoshanda nesimba, uye pfungwa dzakajeka dzesainzi yepamusoro, uye maartist akakwidziridzwa ... Nhoroondo yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. A. Fleming akawana mashandiro emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya efungi uye, achienderera mberi nekutsvakurudza, akaisa hwaro hwenguva inonzi "mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya". Mazana emasayendisiti uye vanachiremba vakatora baton, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwekutanga kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inowanikwa kumishonga "yakajairika". Yakanga iri 1939. Streptocide production yakatangwa paAKRIKHIN plant. Uye, ndinofanira kutaura, zvinoshamisa nenguva. Nguva dzakaipa dzeHondo Yenyika II dzakanga dziri mberi. Zvadaro, muzvipatara zvemauto, nokuda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, hapana upenyu hwechiuru chimwe chete hwakaponeswa. Hongu, mhirizhonga yedenda yakagadziriswa muhupenyu hwevanhuwo zvavo. Mune izwi, vanhu vakatanga kurara zvakanyanya kudzikama - zvirinani muvengi webhakitiriya akakundwa. Zvadaro akawanda maantibioti achabudiswa. Sezvazvakazoitika, pasinei nemafungiro emufananidzo wekliniki, mishonga ine minus yakajeka - inorega kuita nekufamba kwenguva. Nyanzvi dzinodaidza ichi chiitiko kuti bhakitiriya kuramba, kana kungopindwa muropa. Kunyange A. Fleming akanga akangwarira panyaya iyi, nekufamba kwenguva achicherechedza mumachubhu ake ekuedza kuwedzera kunoramba kuchiwedzera kwehuwandu hwekupona kwebhakitiriya mukambani yepenicillin. Zvisinei, kwakanga kwave kunyanyo kurumidza kunetseka. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakadhindwa, zvizvarwa zvitsva zvakagadzirwa, zvine hukasha, zvisingaite… Uye nyika yakanga isisina kugadzirira kudzokera kumafungu edenda rekare. Zvakadaro muchivanze chezana ramakore reXX - munhu ari kuongorora nzvimbo! Nguva yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakawedzera kusimba, ichisundira parutivi zvirwere zvinotyisa - mabhakitiriya haana kurara, akachinja uye akawana kudzivirirwa kwakawanda kune vavengi vavo, akavharirwa mumapoules nemapiritsi. Mukati menguva ye“mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya,” zvakava pachena kuti ichi chitubu chakaorera, nhamo, hachisi chisingagumi. Iye zvino masayendisiti anomanikidzwa kudanidzira pamusoro pekushaya simba kwavo kwava pedyo. Chizvarwa chekupedzisira chemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakagadzirwa uye ichiri kushanda - yakasimba, inokwanisa kukunda zvirwere zvakaoma zvikuru. Hapana chikonzero chekutaura pamusoro pemigumisiro yechirwere - iyi haisi basa rekupira rinokurukurwa. Vanamazvikokota vemishonga vanoita sevakapedza simba ravo rose, uye zvingazoitika kuti mishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya inenge isisina kwekuonekwa. Chizvarwa chekupedzisira chemishonga chakazvarwa kumashure kwe70s yezana ramakore rapfuura, uye iko zvino kuedza kwese kugadzira chimwe chinhu chitsva mitambo ine kurongwazve kwemazwi. Uye ane mukurumbira. Uye izvo zvisingazivikanwi, zvinoratidzika, hazvisisipo. Pamusangano wesainzi uye unoshanda "Kudzivirirwa Kwakachengeteka Kwevana kubva Kutachiona" waChikumi 4, 2012, apo vanotungamira varapi, microbiologists uye vamiriri veindasitiri yemishonga vakatora chikamu, kuchema kwakakandirwa kuti pakanga pasina nguva yasara yekugara pane yekare. antibacterial nzira. Uye kushandiswa kusingaverengeki kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inowanikwa nevana uye vabereki pachavo - zvinodhaka zvinotengeswa pasina chiremba uye pa "kutanga sneeze" - inoderedza nguva ino zvakanyanya. Zvinokwanisika kugadzirisa basa rakagadzirirwa nemucheto nenzira dzinenge mbiri dzakajeka - kutsvaga mikana mitsva mumunda wemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kushanda kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwekuchengetedza kwekuchengetedza, kune rumwe rutivi, uye kune rumwe rutivi, tsvaga dzimwe nzira. Uye ipapo chinhu chinoshamisa kwazvo chinobuda. Bacteriophages. Nguva pfupi isati yatanga nguva ye "antibiotic" nemigumisiro yayo yose, masayendisiti akawana revolutionary data pamusoro pekushanda kweantibacterial of phages. Muna 1917, French-Canadian musayendisiti F. D'Herelle akawana zviri pamutemo bacteriophages, asi kunyange kare, mumwe wedu NF Gamaleya muna 1898 kekutanga akacherechedza uye akatsanangura kuparadzwa mabhakitiriya anokuvadza nomumwe anopesana "mumiririri". Mune izwi, nyika yakaziva bacteriophages - tupukanana tunodya mabhakitiriya. Kurumbidza kwakawanda pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi kwakaimbwa, bacteriophages yakadada nenzvimbo mubhaibheri system, ichivhura maziso emasayendisiti pakutanga kwezana remakore kune dzakawanda dzisingazivikanwi maitiro. Vakaita ruzha rwakanyanya mumishonga. Mushure mezvose, zviri pachena kuti sezvo bacteriophages inodya mabhakitiriya, zvinoreva kuti zvirwere zvinogona kurapwa nekudyara koroni yephage mukati mehupenyu husina simba. Rega vazvifudze ivo pachavo… Saka chaizvoizvo zvaive… Kusvikira pfungwa dzesainzi dzachinja kuenda kumunda wemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakaonekwa. Kupesana kwenhau, nhamo, kumubvunzo wokuti “Nei?” haapi mhinduro. Nharaunda yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogadzirwa nekusvetuka uye miganhu uye yakafamba ichipfuura nepasi neminiti yega yega, ichisundira parutivi kufarira mune phage. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vakatanga kukanganwika, kugadzirwa kwakaderedzwa, uye zvimedu zvakasara zvemasayendisiti - vateveri - vakasekwa. Pasina madikanwa kutaura, kuMadokero, uye zvikurukuru muAmerica, umo vakanga vasina chaizvoizvo nguva yokubata nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, vakairamba nemaoko avo ose, vachitora mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Uye munyika yedu, sezvazvakaitika kanopfuura kamwe chete, vakatora muenzaniso wekunze kune chokwadi. Kutsiura: "Kana America isingaite bacteriophages, saka isu hatifanirwe kutambisa nguva" yakanzwika semitsara kune inovimbisa gwara resainzi. Ikozvino, kana dambudziko chairo rakura mukurapa uye microbiology, kutyisidzira, sekureva kweavo vakaungana pamusangano, kuti vagotikanda kwete mu "pre-antibiotic" nguva, asi mune "post-antibiotic" imwe, pane. chido chekuita zvisarudzo nekukurumidza. Mumwe anogona kungofungidzira kuti hupenyu hunotyisa sei munyika umo mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yave isina simba, nekuti nekuda kwekuwedzera kupindwa muropa kwebhakitiriya, kunyangwe zvirwere "zvakajairwa" zvino zvanyanya kuoma, uye chikumbaridzo chevazhinji vavo chidiki chisingakundike. kunetesa kudzivirirwa kwemarudzi mazhinji atove vacheche. Mutengo wekuwanikwa kwaFleming wakave wakakwirisa zvisingaite, pamwe nekufarira kwakawedzera kwezana ramakore… Nyika yedu, seimwe yeakanyanya kusimukira mumunda weiyo microbiology uye yakanyanya kusimukira mumunda wekutsvagisa bacteriophage, yakachengeta nzvimbo dzinokurudzira. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzakasimukira dzaive dzichikanganwa phages, isu neimwe nzira takachengetedza uye nekuwedzera ruzivo rwedu pamusoro pavo. Chinhu chinoda kuziva chakabuda. Bacteriophages "vanopikisa" vakasikwa vebhakitiriya. Chokwadi, zvinhu zvipenyu zvakachenjera zvakatarisira zvinhu zvipenyu zvose pakatanga mambakwedza. Bacteriophages iripo chero bedzi chikafu chavo chiripo - mabhakitiriya, uye, naizvozvo, kubva pakutanga kubva pakusikwa kwenyika. Naizvozvo, vaviri ava - phage - mabhakitiriya - vaive nenguva yekujairana uye kuunza maitiro ehupikisi huve hwakakwana. bacteriophage nzira. Kucherechedza bacteriophages, masayendisiti akawana zvinoshamisa uye nzira yekubatana uku. Bacteriophage inongonzwa chete kune bhakitiriya rayo, iro rakasiyana sezvariri. Iyi microorganism, yakafanana nedandemutande ine musoro muhombe, inomhara pamusoro pebhakitiriya, inobaya madziro ayo, inopinda mukati uye inowedzera imomo kusvika ku1000 yemabhakteriophages akafanana. Ivo mumuviri vanotsemura sero rebhakitiriya uye vanofanirwa kutsvaga mutsva. Uye zvinoitika mumaminitsi mashoma. Kana "chikafu" ichingopera, bacteriophages muhuwandu husingagumi (uye huwandu) hunosiya muviri wakachengetedza mabhakitiriya anokuvadza. Hapana mhedzisiro, hapana mhedzisiro isingatarisirwe. Yakashanda nemazvo uye mupfungwa chaiyo yepoindi yacho! Zvakanaka, kana isu zvino tichitonga zvinonzwisisika, bacteriophages masayendisiti anonyanya kuitika uye anonyanya kukosha mamwe maitiro ekuita basa remishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Vachiziva izvi, masayendisiti ari kuwedzera tsvakurudzo yavo uye kudzidza kuti vawane mamwe mabhakitiriya matsva akakodzera kune mamwe marudzi emhando dzebhakitiriya. Kusvika iye zvino, zvirwere zvakawanda zvinokonzerwa ne staphylococci, streptococci, dysentery uye Klebsiella bacilli zvinobudirira kurapwa ne bacteriophages. Iyi nzira inotora nguva shoma pane imwe nzira yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye chinonyanya kukosha, masayendisiti anosimbisa, kudzoka kune zvakasikwa. Hapana mhirizhonga pamuviri uye hutsinye "chemistry". Bacteriophages inoratidzwa kunyange kuvacheche uye amai vane pamuviri - uye vateereri ava ndivo vakanyanya kusimba. Phage inowirirana nechero "kambani" yemishonga, kusanganisira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye, nenzira, yakasiyana mumazana enguva inononoka kuramba. Hongu, uye kazhinji, "varume" ava vave vachiita basa ravo zvakanaka uye nerunyararo kwezviuru zvemakore, vachidzivirira mabhakitiriya kubva pakuparadza dumbu rose panyika yedu. Uye hazvingavi zvakaipa kuti munhu ateerere izvi. Mubvunzo wekufunga. Asi, pane zvinokanganisa munzira iyi inokurudzira. Kuparidzirwa kwehutano hwepfungwa yekushandisa bacteriophages kunokanganiswa nekuderera kwekuziva kwevanachiremba "mumunda". Nepo vagari veOlympus yesainzi vari kushandira kunaka kwehutano hwenyika, vamwe vavo vepanyika kazhinji havaroti kana mweya vanoziva nezvemikana mitsva. Mumwe munhu haadi kunyura mune itsva uye zviri nyore kutevera kare "hackneyed" marapirwo ekurapa, mumwe munhu anofarira nzvimbo yekutengesa yekupfumisa kubva mukuchinja kweanodhura maantibioti. Kushambadza kwakawanda uye kuwanikwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunosundidzira mukadzi wepakati kutenga mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya muchitoro chemishonga achipfuura hofisi yavana chiremba. Uye chinonyanya kukosha, zvakakosha here kutaura nezvemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mukuchengeta mhuka ... Zvigadzirwa zvenyama zvakaputirwa nazvo, sekeke rine mazambiringa akaomeswa. Saka, nekudya nyama yakadai, isu tinodya mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inokanganisa kusadzivirirwa kwedu pachedu uye inokanganisa kuramba kwehutachiona hwepasirese. Saka, bacteriophages - shamwari shoma - inovhura mikana inoshamisa yevanhu vanoona kure uye kuverenga. Zvisinei, kuitira kuti ive yechokwadi panacea, havafanire kudzokorora kukanganisa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya - kubuda kunze kwekutonga muhuwandu husingakwanisi. Marina Kozhevnikova.
2022-11-11