Zvinoita sekuti tsika yekuuraya zvipenyu wobva wadya haina magumo. Iwe unogona kufunga kuti mazana emamiriyoni emhuka dzinourayiwa muUK gore rega rega dzakakwana kugadzirira zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya zvinofadza kune chero munhu, asi vamwe vanhu havambogutsika nezvavanazvo uye vanogara vachitsvaga chimwe chinhu chitsva pamabiko avo. .
Nokufamba kwenguva, mhuka dzakawanda uye dzekunze dzinoonekwa pamamenu eresitorendi. Iye zvino unogona kutoona mhou, emus, zvihuta, makarwe, kangaroos, guinea shiri, bison uye kunyange nondo ipapo. Nenguva isipi pachange pave nezvose zvinogona kufamba, kukambaira, kusvetuka kana kubhururuka. Mumwe nemumwe, tinotora mhuka kubva musango todziisa mumakeji. Zvisikwa zvakadai semhou, idzo dzinogara munharaunda dzemhuri uye dzinomhanya dzakasununguka pamapani eAfrica, dzinopinzwa mumatanga maduku, ane tsvina muBritain inotonhora.
Kubva panguva iyo vanhu vanosarudza kuti vanogona kudya imwe mhuka, shanduko inotanga. Pakarepo munhu wese anotanga kufarira hupenyu hwemhuka - sei uye kupi, inodya chii, inobereka sei uye inofa sei. Uye shanduko yese ndeyekuipa. Mhedzisiro yekupindira kwevanhu inowanzova chisikwa chisina kunaka, maitiro echisikigo, ayo vanhu vakaedza kunyura uye kuparadza. Tiri kuchinja mhuka zvekuti pakupedzisira hadzichakwanisa kubereka pasina rubatsiro rwevanhu.
Kugona kwesainzi kuchinja mhuka kuri kukura zuva nezuva. Nekubatsirwa kwezvino kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi - genetic engineering, simba redu harina miganhu, tinogona kuita zvese. Genetic engineering inobata nekuchinja kweiyo biological system, mhuka nevanhu. Paunotarisa muviri wemunhu, zvingaite sezvisinganzwisisike kuti ihurongwa hwese hwakarairwa, asi chokwadi ndizvo. Rudzi rwese, nhumbu dzese, kureba, ziso uye bvudzi ruvara, nhamba yeminwe nezvigunwe, zvese chikamu chechimiro chakaoma kwazvo. (Ndinovimba kuti izvi zvakajeka. Kana boka rekuvaka rinouya kune imwe nzvimbo kuti rivake nhurikidzwa refu, haritauri kuti, “Iwe tanga pakona iyo, tichavaka pano, uye tichaona zvinoitika.” Vane mapurojekiti apo zvese zvakagadziriswa pamberi pekupedzisira screw.) Saizvozvo, nemhuka. Kunze kwekuti kune mhuka yega yega hapana chirongwa chimwe chete kana chirongwa, asi mamiriyoni.
Mhuka (nevanhuwo) dzakaumbwa nemazana emamiriyoni emasero, uye pakati pesero rega rega pane nucleus. Moyo wega wega une molecule reDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) rinotakura mashoko ane chekuita nemajini. Ndivo hurongwa chaihwo hwekusika mumwe muviri. Zvinonzi zvinokwanisika kukura mhuka kubva musero rimwe chete diki zvekuti haigone kuonekwa neziso. Sezvaunoziva, mwana wose anotanga kukura kubva musero rinoitika apo urume hunosangana nezai. Sero iri rine musanganiswa wemajini, hafu yacho iri yezai raamai, uye imwe hafu yembeu yababa. Sero rinotanga kupatsanurwa uye kukura, uye majini ane mhosva yekuonekwa kwemwana asati aberekwa - chimiro uye hukuru hwemuviri, kunyange nehuwandu hwekukura nekukura.
Zvakare, zvinokwanisika kusanganisa majini eimwe mhuka uye majini eimwe kuburitsa chimwe chinhu pakati. Nechekare muna 1984, masayendisiti kuInstitute of Animal Physiology, kuUK, aigona kugadzira chimwe chinhu pakati pembudzi negwai. Zvisinei, zviri nyore kutora zvikamu zviduku zveDNA kana kuti jini kubva pamhuka imwe chete kana chirimwa wozviisa kune imwe mhuka kana chirimwa. Nzira yakadaro inoitwa pakutanga kwekutanga kwehupenyu, apo mhuka inenge isati yakura kudarika zai rakagadzirwa, uye sezvainokura, geni idzva rinova chikamu chemhuka iyi uye zvishoma nezvishoma inoshandura. Iyi nzira ye genetic engineering yave bhizinesi chairo.
Mishandirapamwe mikuru yepasirese iri kushandisa mabhiriyoni emapaunzi mukutsvaga munzvimbo iyi, kunyanya kugadzira mhando nyowani dzekudya. Chekutanga "genetically modified foods" dziri kutanga kuonekwa muzvitoro pasi rose. Muna 1996, mvumo yakapihwa kuUK yekutengeswa kwematomatisi puree, mafuta erapeseed uye mbiriso yechingwa, zvese zvigadzirwa zvakagadziridzwa. Haisi chete zvitoro zveUK zvinoda kupa ruzivo rwekuti ndezvipi zvekudya zvakagadziridzwa genetically. Saka, ne theoretically, unogona kutenga pizza ine ese matatu epamusoro ezvekudya zvinovaka muviri, uye haufe wakaziva nezvazvo.
Hauziviwo kuti mhuka dzaitambura here kuti udye zvaunoda. Mukati mekutsvaga kwemajini ekugadzirwa kwenyama, dzimwe mhuka dzinofanira kutambura, nditende. Imwe yenjodzi yekutanga inozivikanwa yegenetic engineering yaive chisikwa chisina kunaka muAmerica chinonzi Beltsville pig. Yaifanirwa kunge iri super nyama yenguruve, kuitira kuti ikure nekukurumidza uye nemafuta, masayendisiti akaunza gene rekukura kwevanhu muDNA yayo. Uye vakarera nguruve hombe, vachigara vachirwadziwa. Nguruve yeBeltsville yaive nechirwere chearthritis mumakumbo nemakumbo uye yaigona kungokambaira payaida kufamba. Akanga asingagoni kumira uye aipedza nguva yake yakawanda akarara pasi, achirwara nehosha dzakawanda.
Iyi ndiyo chete njodzi yekuedza yakajeka iyo masayendisiti akabvumira ruzhinji kuona, dzimwe nguruve dzakabatanidzwa mukuedza uku, asi dzaive mumamiriro ezvinhu anonyangadza zvokuti dzakachengetwa kuseri kwemasuo akavharwa. ОNekudaro, chidzidzo chenguruve cheBeltsville hachina kumisa zviedzo. Parizvino, masayendisiti ezve genetic akagadzira super mouse, yakapetwa kaviri saizi yegonzo rakajairika. Mushonga uyu wakagadzirwa nekuisa jena remunhu muDNA yembeva, izvo zvakakonzera kukurumidza kukura kwemasero egomarara.
Zvino masayendisiti ari kuita kuedza kumwe cheteko panguruve, asi sezvo vanhu vasingadi kudya nyama ine majini ekenza, jini racho rakazopiwa zita rokuti “gene rokukura.” Kana iri mhou yebhuruu yeBelgian, mainjiniya emajini akawana geni rinokonzeresa kuwedzera tsandanyama ndokuripeta kaviri, nokudaro richibereka mhuru hombe. Sezvineiwo, kune rimwe divi, mhou dzakazvarwa kubva mukuedza uku dzine zvidya zvitete uye nechiuno chitete pane mhou yakajairika. Hazvina kuoma kunzwisisa zviri kuitika. Mhuru hombe uye kanzira kadiki kekuzvara zvinoita kuti kuzvara kurwadze zvikuru kumombe. Zvikurukuru, mhou dzinenge dzachinja dzinza hadzichakwanisa kubereka zvachose. Mhinduro yedambudziko iri chikamu cheKesariya.
Oparesheni iyi inogona kuitwa gore rega rega, dzimwe nguva pakuzvarwa kwega kwega uye pese panochekwa mhou yakavhurwa maitiro aya anowedzera kurwadza. Pakupedzisira, banga rinocheka kwete ganda rakajairika, asi matishu, ane mavanga anotora nguva yakareba uye akaoma kupora.
Tinoziva kuti kana mukadzi akadzokorora Kesariya (nekudaro, izvi hazviitike kakawanda), inova kuvhiyiwa kunorwadza zvakanyanya. Kunyange masayendisiti uye veterinarians vanobvumirana kuti mhou yebhuruu yeBelgian iri kurwadziwa kwakanyanya - asi kuedza kunoenderera mberi. Kunyange kuedza kwevatorwa kwakaitwa pamombe dzeSwiss brown. Zvakazoitika kuti mhou idzi dzine genetic defect inokonzera kukura kwechirwere chepfungwa mumhuka idzi. Asi zvinoshamisa, kana chirwere ichi chatanga, mhou dzinopa mukaka wakawanda. Masayendisiti paakawana jini rakakonzera chirwere, havana kushandisa ruzivo rutsva kuchirapa - vaive nechokwadi chekuti kana mhou ikabatwa nechirwere ichi, yaizoburitsa mukaka wakawanda.. Zvinotyisa, handizvo here?
MuIsrael, masayendisiti akawana muhuku geni rinokonzera kusavapo kweminhenga pamutsipa uye geni rinokonzera kuvepo kwadzo. Nokuedza kwakasiyana-siyana nemajini maviri aya, masayendisiti akapfuya shiri inenge isina minhenga. Minhenga mishoma ine shiri idzi haitombodziviriri muviri. Yechii? Kuti varimi vakwanise kusimudza shiri mugwenga reNegev, pasi pemwaranzi yezuva rinopisa, uko tembiricha inosvika 45C.
Ndeipi imwe varaidzo iri mberi? Mamwe mapurojekiti andakanzwa nezvawo anosanganisira tsvakiridzo yekupfuya nguruve dzisina mvere, kuyedza kupfuya nhiyo dzisina mapapiro dzinozvarisa kuti dzikwane dzimwe huku mukeji, uye kushanda kupfuya mombe dzisina mvere, zvichingodaro. mimwe miriwo ine majini ehove.
Vesainzi vanosimbirira pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwerudzi urwu rwekuchinja mune zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, mumuviri wemhuka huru yakadai senguruve ine mamiriyoni emajini, uye masayendisiti akadzidza anenge zana chete. Kana jini rinoshandurwa kana geni kubva kune imwe mhuka inotangwa, hazvizivikanwe kuti mamwe majeni echipenyu achaita sei, munhu anogona kungoisa fungidziro. Uye hapana anogona kutaura kuti migumisiro yekuchinja kwakadaro ichaonekwa nokukurumidza sei. (Zvakafanana nevavaki vedu venhema vanochinjanisa simbi nematanda nekuti inotaridzika zviri nani. Inogona kana kusabata chivakwa!)
Mamwe masayendisiti akafanotaura zvinotyisa pamusoro pekuti iyi sayenzi itsva inogona kutungamirira kupi. Vamwe vanoti kugadzirwa kwemajini kunogona kugadzira zvirwere zvitsva zvatisina kuzvidzivirira pazviri. Uko kugadzirwa kwemajini kwakashandiswa kuchinja marudzi ezvipembenene, pane ngozi yokuti marudzi matsva emaparasite angamuka asingagoni kudzorwa.
Makambani epasi rese ane basa rekuita tsvakurudzo yerudzi urwu. Zvinonzi semugumisiro tichava nezvokudya zvitsva, zvinonaka, zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvichida kunyange zvakachipa. Vamwe vanotopikisa kuti zvichabvira kudyisa vanhu vose vari kufa nenzara. Ichi chingori chikonzero.
Muna 1995, mushumo weWorld Health Organization wakaratidza kuti kwatova nezvokudya zvakakwana zvokudyisa vanhu vose pasi pano, uye kuti nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe, zvikonzero zvoupfumi nezvematongerwe enyika, vanhu havawani zvokudya zvakakwana. Iko hakuna vimbiso yekuti mari inoiswa mukuvandudza genetic engineering ichashandiswa kune chero chinhu kunze kwepurofiti. Genetic engineering zvigadzirwa, izvo zvatisiri kuzokurumidza kuwana, zvinogona kutungamirira kunjodzi chaiyo, asi chinhu chimwe chatinotoziva ndechekuti mhuka dziri kutotambura nekuda kwechishuwo chevanhu kugadzira nyama yakachipa sezvazvinogona.