Musika webioplastics unoratidzika kunge uchakura mumakore anotevera, uye vazhinji vanotenda kuti mamwe mapurasitiki akavakirwa chirimwa achapa mhinduro yekupedzisira kuvimba nemapurasitiki anotorwa nemafuta.
Iwo anonzi mabhodhoro akadzokororwa kana kuti chirimwa-based hapana chinopfuura analogue yemabhodhoro epurasitiki akagadzirwa ne polyethylene terephthalate, umo makumi matatu kubva muzana ethanol inotsiviwa nechiyero chinowirirana chemiti-inotorwa ethanol. Izvi zvinoreva kuti bhodhoro rakadaro rinogona kushandiswa zvakare, kunyange zvazvo rakagadzirwa kubva kumiti yemiti; zvisinei, haitombooreki.
Kune marudzi emapurasitiki anoodegradable - Nhasi, plastiki yakajairika inogadzirwa kubva ku polyoxypropionic (polylactic) acid. Polylactic acid inotorwa kubva muchibage biomass inoora pasi pemamwe mamiriro, ichishanduka kuita mvura uye carbon dioxide. Nekudaro, hunyoro hwepamusoro uye tembiricha yepamusoro inodiwa kuti iparadze purasitiki yePLA, zvinoreva kuti girazi kana bhegi repolylactic acid plastiki rinongoora XNUMX% mumamiriro ecompost emaindasitiri, uye kwete mumurwi wako wakajairika mubindu rako. Uye haizowori zvachose, yakavigwa mudurunhuru, umo icharara kwemazana kana zviuru zvemakore, seimwe chidimbu chipi nechipi chemarara epurasitiki. Ehe, vatengesi havaise ruzivo urwu pamapaketi avo, uye vatengi vanovakanganisa nekuda kwezvigadzirwa zvine hushamwari.
Kana biodegradability ikabviswa munhaurirano, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwebioplastics kunogona kuve kunobatsira kukuru. - nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Chekutanga inyaya yekuti zviwanikwa zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwayo zvinodzokororwa. Zviyo zvechibage, nzimbe, algae, uye zvimwe bioplastic feedstocks hazvina magumo sekukwanisa kuzvirima, uye indasitiri yemapurasitiki inogona kupedzisira yazvirumura kubva kufossil hydrocarbons. Kukura kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira zvakare hakutungamiri kune kusaenzana kwesimba kana kuchiitwa nenzira inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza, ndiko kuti, simba rakawanda rinotorwa kubva kune zvakasvibirira kupfuura rinoshandiswa pakurima zvimwe zvirimwa. Kana iyo yakaguma bioplastic yakasimba uye inogona kushandiswa zvakare, saka iyo yese maitiro akakosha zvakanyanya.
"Mabhodhoro emiriwo" eCoca-Cola muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti bioplastics inogona kugadzirwa sei mukati mezvivakwa zvakanaka. Nekuti mabhodhoro aya achiri tekinoroji polyoxypropion, anogona kushandiswazve nguva nenguva, achibvumira mapolymer akaomarara kuchengetedzwa pane kukandwa mugomba umo asina basa uye anoora zvachose. Tichifunga kuti zvinogoneka kuvandudza iripo yekudzokorodza zvivakwa nekutsiva mapurasitiki emhandara neakasimba bioplastics, kudiwa kwese kwemhandara polima kunogona kudzikiswa zvakanyanya.
Bioplastics inogadzira matambudziko matsva atinofanira kufunga nezvawo sezvatinoenda kumberi. Chekutanga, kuedza kutsiva zvachose mapurasitiki anotorwa neoiri nezvinomera-based bioplastics zvingada makumi emamiriyoni emamwe mahekita emunda wekurima. Kusvikira taita imwe nyika inogarika ine ivhu rinorimika, kana kuderedza (zvakanyanya) mashandisiro atinoita epurasitiki, basa rakadaro rinoda kudzikiswa kwenzvimbo yevhu rakarimwa riri kutorimwa nechinangwa chekugadzira chikafu. Kudiwa kwenzvimbo yakawandisa kungatova chisakiso chekuwedzera kutemwa kwemasango kana kutsemuka kwemasango, kunyanya munharaunda yemasango anogara achinaya mvura akadai seSouth America yatova mungozi.
Kunyangwe kana matambudziko ese ari pamusoro anga asina basa, saka hatisati tave neruzivo rwakakwana rwekugadzirisa mavhoriyamu makuru ebioplastics. Semuyenzaniso, kana bhodhoro repolyoxypropion kana mudziyo ukapera mugaba remarara remutengi, unogona kusvibisa rwizi rwunoshandiswazve uye kuita kuti purasitiki yakakanganisika ishaye basa. Pamusoro pezvo, ma bioplastic anogona kudzokororwa anoramba ari fungidziro mazuva ano — isu parizvino hatina mahombe-hombe kana akajairwa bioplastic kudzoreredza masisitimu.
Bioplastic ine mukana wekuve yakagadzikana inotsiviwa yemapurasitiki anotorwa nepetroleum, asi chete kana tikaita zvakakodzera. Kunyangwe tikakwanisa kudzikamisa kutemwa kwemasango uye kutsemuka, kudzikisa kukanganisa kwekugadzirwa kwechikafu, uye kugadzira zvivakwa zvekudzokorodza, iyo chete nzira bioplastic inogona kuve yakagadzikana (uye yenguva refu) imwe nzira yemafuta-akavakirwa mapurasitiki ndeye. kana chiyero chekushandisa chinoderera zvakanyanya. Kana iri biodegradable plastiki, haizombofa yakave mhinduro yekupedzisira, kunyangwe zvikumbiro kubva kune mamwe makambani zvichipesana, zvisinei nekuti zvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa sei mumurwi wecompost. Chete muchikamu chidiki chemusika, toti, munyika dzichiri kusimukira dzine nhamba yakakura yemarara, biodegradable plastiki inonzwisisika (uyezve munguva pfupi).
Chikamu che "biodegradability" chinhu chakakosha chenhaurirano iyi yese.
Kune vatengi vane hana, kunzwisisa zvinorehwa ne "biodegradability" kwakakosha, nekuti chete inovatendera kutenga zvigadzirwa zvine hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza uye kusarudza zvakakwana zvekuita nemarara. Hazvina maturo kutaura, vagadziri, vatengesi nevashambadziri vakamonyanisa chokwadi.
biodegradability criterion haisi kunyanya kunobva zvinhu sezvazviri. Nhasi, misika inotungamirirwa nepetroleum-inotorwa mapurasitiki akasimba, anowanzozivikanwa nenhamba dzepolymer kubva ku1 kusvika ku7. Kazhinji (nokuti plastiki imwe neimwe ine simba rayo uye kushaya simba kwayo), mapurasitiki aya anogadzirwa nokuda kwekusiyana-siyana uye simba, uyewo nokuti kuti vane kupikisa kwakanyanya kumamiriro emuchadenga: hunhu uhu huri kudiwa mune zvakawanda zvigadzirwa uye kurongedza. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune akawanda emapolymer anotorwa nechirimwa atinoshandisawo nhasi.
Aya maitiro anodiwa ane chekuita nepurasitiki yakakwenenzverwa, ine macheni akareba, akaomarara epolymer, anopesana zvakanyanya nekuora kwechisikigo (senge nema microorganisms). Sezvo zvakadaro mazhinji epurasitiki ari pamusika nhasi haangoite biodegradable, kunyangwe idzo mhando dzepurasitiki dzinowanikwa kubva kune inogoneka biomass.
Asi zvakadini nemhando dzepurasitiki dzinonzi nevagadziri dzinogona kuparara? Apa ndipo panouya fungidziro zhinji, sekutaurwa kwebiodegradability kazhinji hazviuye nemirayiridzo chaiyo yekuti ungaite sei kuti purasitiki riya riparare, uye hazvitsanangure kuti zviri nyore sei kuti purasitiki iore.
Semuenzaniso, polylactic (polylactic) asidhi inowanzonzi "biodegradable" bioplastic. PLA inotorwa kubva muchibage, saka zvinogona kugumiswa kuti inoora nyore semashanga echibage kana yakasara mumunda. Zviripachena, izvi hazvisizvo - zvakangoratidzwa kune yakakwira tembiricha uye humidity (sezvakaita muindasitiri composting mamiriro), inozoora nekukurumidza kuti hurongwa hwese huve hwakarurama. Izvi hazvingoitike mumurwi wakajairwa compost.
Bioplastics inowanzobatanidzwa neiyo biodegradability nekuda kwekuti inotorwa kubva kune inovandudzwa biomass. Muchokwadi, mazhinji e "girinhi" epurasitiki pamusika haakurumidzi kuomeswa. Kune chikamu chikuru, ivo vanoda kugadziriswa munzvimbo dzeindasitiri uko tembiricha, hunyoro, uye kuratidzwa kune ultraviolet mwenje inogona kudzorwa zvakasimba. Kunyangwe pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, mamwe marudzi epurasitiki inogona kuparara inogona kutora kusvika gore kuti ishandiswe zvakare.
Kuti zvive zvakajeka, kune chikamu chikuru, marudzi epurasitiki aripo iye zvino pamusika haasi biodegradable. Kuti uve unokodzera zita iri, chigadzirwa chinofanirwa kuve chinokwanisa kuora zvakasununguka kuburikidza nekuita kwe micro-organisms. Mamwe petroleum polymers anogona kusanganiswa ne biodegradable additives kana zvimwe zvinhu kuti ikurumidze kushatisa maitiro, asi anomiririra chikamu chidiki chemusika wepasi rose. Hydrocarbon-derived plastic haipo muzvisikwa, uye hapana tupukanana tusingaoneki zvakafanorongerwa kubatsira mukuora kwayo (pasina rubatsiro rwekuwedzera).
Kunyangwe kana biodegradability yebioplastics isingave dambudziko, yedu yazvino yekudzokorodza, composting uye kuunganidza marara zvivakwa hazvigone kubata huwandu hukuru hwepurasitiki inogona kuparara. Nekusa (zvakanyanya) kuwedzera kugona kwedu kudzoreredza biodegradable polymers uye biodegradable/compostable material, tinenge tichingogadzira mamwe marara emarara edu neanopisa.
Kana zvese zviri pamusoro zvaitwa, ipapo chete ndipo panozove nepurasitiki inoodegradable ine musoro - mumamiriro mashoma uye kwenguva pfupi. Chikonzero chiri nyore: sei kutambisa simba uye zviwanikwa zvichigadzira zvakacheneswa zvakanyanya biodegradable mapolima epurasitiki, kungozvibayira zvachose gare gare - kuburikidza nekompositi kana zvisikwa biodegradation? Senzira yenguva pfupi yekudzikisa tsvina mumisika seHindustan, zvine musoro. Izvo hazvina musoro senzira yenguva refu yekukunda kutsamira kwepasi kunokuvadza pamapurasitiki anotorwa nemafuta.
Kubva pane zviri pamusoro, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti mapurasitiki anoodegradable, iyo "eco-packaging" zvinhu, haisi imwe yakasarudzika yakasarudzika, kunyangwe ichiwanzo kushambadzirwa saizvozvo. Zvakare, kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekurongedza kubva kupurasitiki inoodegradable kune chekuita nekuwedzera kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.