Calligraphy: mitsetse yehupenyu

Tapotsa takanganwa kunyora nepeni - zviri nyore kutaipa uye kugadzirisa chero zvinyorwa pakombuta. Iyo unhurried epistolary genre haigone kukwikwidza neinotonhora uye isina chiso, asi inoshanda uye yakanakira e-mail. Zvakadaro hunyanzvi hwekare uye husingaite hwecalligraphy huri kusangana nekuvandudzwa chaiko.

Iwe unoda here kushandura rhythm, kumira, kutarisa iwe pachako, mweya wako, manzwiro ako emukati? Tora calligraphy. Iwe unogona kufungisisa nekunyora mitsetse ine mutsetse wakakwana. Uye iwe unogona kuramba sampuli. "Kwete kuedza kuita basa reunyanzvi, asi kusvika kune pepa nechishuwo chisina kujeka - kuita chiratidzo," anodaro munyori uye calligrapher Yevgeny Dobrovinsky. "Haisi mhedzisiro inowanikwa, asi maitiro acho ndiwo akakosha."

Calligraphy haingori "runyoro runyoro", kwete chinyorwa chakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi, asi hunyanzvi hunobatanidza hunyanzvi hwatenzi uye hunhu hwake, maonero enyika uye kuravira kwehunyanzvi. Sezvo mune chero unyanzvi, gungano rinotonga pano. Chero chero nzvimbo iyo calligraphic text ndeye - chitendero, uzivi, nhetembo, chinhu chikuru mairi hachisi ruzivo rwemukati, asi kupenya uye kutaura. Zviri muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva kuti kunyora kwemaoko kunonyanya kudiwa kuti kuve kwakajeka uye kunyoreka - mu calligraphy, nyore kuverenga kuri kure nechinhu chinonyanya kukosha.

Munyori mukuru wekuChina anonzi Wang Xizhi (303–361) akatsanangura musiyano uyu neiyi nzira: “Chinyorwawo zvacho chinoda zviri mukati; calligraphy inodzidzisa mweya uye manzwiro, chinhu chikuru mairi chimiro uye masaini. "

Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kuChinese calligraphy (inoshandiswawo muJapan neKorea) uye chiArabic, iyo, pasina kuwedzeredza, inogonawo kunzi maitiro emweya. Izvi zvinoshanda kune zvishoma kuLatin calligraphy.

Mamongi emuMiddle Ages avo vakakopa Bhaibheri vakawana unyanzvi hukuru muunyanzvi hwokugadzira magwaro, asi kufambira mberi kwokudhinda uye kukunda kwemaonero enyika okudisa zvenyika kwakamanikidzira kunyorwa kwemavara kubva kuMadokero. Nhasi, chiLatin uye Slavic calligraphy yakabuda kubva mairi iri padyo nehunyanzvi hwekushongedza. “Latin calligraphy i90 muzana yerunako nechimiro,” anotsanangura kudaro Yevgeny Bakulin, mudzidzisi weChinese calligraphy paMoscow Tea Culture Club. "ChiChinese ndizvo chaizvo zvehupenyu." Kune maChinese, kunzwisisa kwe "unyanzvi hwekurohwa" inzira yekuwana uchenjeri. MuchiArab budiriro, iyo "unyanzvi hwemutsara" inoyera chose: chinyorwa chinonzi nzira inoenda kuna Allah. Kufamba kweruoko rwe calligrapher kunobatanidza munhu ane revo yepamusoro, yehumwari.

Chinese calligraphy: hupenyu hunouya pekutanga

Chinese hieroglyphs (kubva muchiGiriki hieroglyphoi, "zvinyorwa zvitsvene padombo") mifananidzo yakarongwa, nekuda kwekuti mazano pamusoro pezvinhu uye zviitiko zvakakosha kumunhu wemazuva ano akauya kwatiri kubva kare. Iyo Chinese calligrapher haibate neabstract letters, asi nemazano akaiswa. Saka, kubva mumitsetse inofananidzira hova dzemvura, hieroglyph "mvura" inoumbwa. Mazita okuti “murume” uye “muti” pamwechete zvinoreva “kuzorora”.

"Usati wanyora" bamboo, unoda kukura mukati mako," akadzidzisa mudetembi uye calligrapher Su Shi (1036-1101). Mushure mezvose, iyi inyanzvi isina mifananidzo uye mukana wekugadzirisa: kuedza kwekutanga kuchava kwekupedzisira panguva imwe chete. Uku ndiko kuratidzwa kwepamusoro kwesimba renguva ino. Kufamba kwakazvarwa nekufungisisa, kufemerwa nekudzikamisa pfungwa.

Tsika yekugadzirira inobatsira kunyura mauri. “Ndinoteerera nokuwaridza ingi, ndichisarudza mabhurashi nemapepa,” anodaro munyori wemifananidzo François Cheng. Sezvimwe mune mamwe maitiro echiChinese echinyakare, kudzidzira calligraphy, unofanirwa kunzwa kuti yakakosha sei simba chi inotenderera nemuviri kuitira kuti imwaze pabepa.

Chimiro che calligrapher chinobatsira kufamba kusingadzivirirwe kwesimba: tsoka dziri pasi, mabvi ari kure zvishoma, musana wakarurama haubata shure kwechigaro, dumbu harigari pamucheto wetafura, Ruoko rworuboshwe rwakarara pasi pepepa, ruoko rwerudyi rwakabata peni yakatwasuka.

Mubhuku rekunyora "Uye kufema kunova chiratidzo"* Francois Chen anotsanangura hukama pakati pe qi, muviri uye mutsara: "Zvakakosha kubata nguva yekuenzanisa pakati pekunetseka uye kuzorora, kana nekufemesa kufamba kunotenderera mune imwe. wave kubva padiaphragm pamusoro pepfudzi kusvika paruoko uye inotsvedza kubva pamuromo webhurashi: saka kufamba uye sensuality yemitsara.

Mune calligraphy, zvakakosha kuti usagadzire chinyorwa chine aesthetically chinokanganisa, asi kunzwa mutinhimira wekunyora uye kufema hupenyu mubepa jena. Asati asvika makore makumi matatu, zvinenge zvisingabviri kuva calligrapher ane ruzivo. Iyi haisi "hunyanzvi nekuda kwehunyanzvi", asi nzira yekungwara. Chete nezera remakore makumi mashanu, asvika pakukura kwemweya, munhu anogona kuziva zvarinoreva. “Nokudzidzira, unoita kuti pfungwa dzako dzikwane. Chishuvo chokupfuura mukunyora munhu ari pamusoro pako mumudzimu chinoshurikidzirwa kukundika,” Su Shi anodzidzisa.

Arabic calligraphy: tenzi mweya

Ngatisudurukai kubva mumavara ekunyora tichienda kuarufabheti yechiArab, shandura bhurasho kuti rive kalam (reed pen), chiTao kuenda kuchiIslam. Kunyange zvazvo manyorero echiArab akabuda muporofita asati auya, ane chikwereti chekubudirira kwawo mukuparadzirwa kweQur'an. Nemhaka yokurambwa kwemifananidzo ipi neipi yaMwari sorudzi rwokunamata zvidhori, rugwaro rwakanyorwa noruoko rwaMagwaro Matsvene rwakava muenzanisi warwo unooneka, ruchiita basa romurevereri pakati paMwari navanhu, chimiro icho munhu anonzwisisa kupfurikidza nacho umwari. Surah The Clot (1-5) inoti: “Verenga muzita raShe wako … uyo akapa ruzivo rwetsanga yokunyora. Akapa ruzivo kumunhu pamusoro pezvaasina ruzivo nazvo.

Calligraphy chikoro chakanakisisa chekuteerera, apo nheyo yekuteerera kune kuda kwa Allah, uye naizvozvo Shoko raMwari rinoratidzwa mutsamba, rinotorwa sehwaro. Kudzidza unyanzvi uhwu inzira yakareba uye yakaoma. Mugore rekutanga, vadzidzi havabati kalam, asi tarisa mudzidzisi chete. Zvadaro, nekufamba kwemwedzi, vanobudisa "alif", iyo yakaenzana netsamba yedu "a", iyo iri vertical bar. Kureba kwayo kunoshanda sehwaro hwekudhirowa chikamu, pasina icho kunyora chinyorwa hazvifungidzike.

Alphabet yechiArabic inongova mavara makumi maviri nemasere. Kusarudzika kwechiArabic calligraphy kuri mumanyoro ezvinyorwa, kana masitayera akawanda. Kusvika muzana ramakore rechi28, iyo geometric style "Kufi", yakagamuchirwa pakunyora suras yeKoran, inotonga. Zvakaoma "naskh" uye kutuka "rika" zvino zvakakurumbira.

“Danho rokutanga nderokudzidza kubata mativi omukati, asingaoneki, kufamba kwakavanzwa murugwaro,” anotsanangura kudaro Hassan Massoudy, munyori wemifananidzo ane mukurumbira wokuEurope. Muviri wese unobatanidzwa mukusikwa kwechinyorwa. Asi kukwanisa kufema kunonyanya kukosha: calligrapher haazozvibvumira kutora mweya kusvikira apedza tsamba kana kupedza mutsara. Kalam, iyo inobatwa zvakasununguka, inofanira kusanganiswa neruoko, kuva kuenderera kwayo. Inonzi saizvozvo - "mutauro weruoko", uye pakubata kunoda kuoma uye panguva imwechete kushanduka kweruoko.

Asati ashanda nemashoko eKorani kana kuti basa renhetembo, munyori wekunyora anozadzwa nezvirimo. Anodzidza zvinyorwa nemoyo, uye asati atora peni, anosunungura nzvimbo yakamupoteredza, achiwana manzwiro ekuti "zvose zvakapoteredza zvakanyangarika," anodaro Massoudi. “Anonyanya kuisa pfungwa dzake paari, achizvifungidzira ari mukati menzvimbo yakatenderera. Kufemerwa kwehumwari kunomubata kana azviwana ari pakati: panguva ino anoshanyirwa nenjere, muviri unoshaya huremu, ruoko runokwira zvakasununguka, uye anokwanisa kusanganisa zvinorehwa zvakaziviswa kwaari mutsamba.