Common catfish ndiye mumiriri mukuru wemhuri yekatfish. Zita rechipiri rehove iEuropean catfish, iyi mhuka (Silurus glanis) inotsanangurwa semvura yakachena yemarudzi ehove, yakakura muhukuru uye isina zviyero.
Iyo genus Soma inosanganisira gumi nemana makuru emhando yemhuri yekatfish, aya ndiwo:
- Silurus glanis - Yakajairika catfish;
- Silurus soldatovi - Soldatova catfish;
- Silurus asotus - Amur catfish;
- Silurus biwaensis ;
- Silurus duanensis;
- Silurus grahamii;
- Silurus lithophilus;
- Catfish pachirebvu;
- Aristotle's catfish;
- Southern catfish;
- Silurus microdorsalis;
- Silurus biwaensis;
- Silurus lanzhouensis;
- Silurian triostegus.
Mhando yakajairika pakati pehama yaive yakajairwa catfish, uyu ndiye anonyanya kumiririra mumiriri weiyo genus - Soma.
Hunhu hwemhando zvinhu
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Muchikamu chepasi rose, ichthyologists yakarongedza genus yekatfish sekirasi yehove-rayi-finned. Maererano nekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi, vamiririri vekutanga vekirasi, ray-finned, vaigara mumvura yemvura 390 mamiriyoni emakore BC. catfish. Ichi ndicho chikwata chekare, sezvinoratidzwa neatavisms akawanda pamuviri wehove.
Kana kunyange muzana remakore rapfuura zvaikwanisika kubata rwizi catfish inorema kupfuura 350 kg nemuviri wakareba mamita anopfuura 4 pasina matambudziko, zvino nhasi mikombe iyi haisi kupfuura 30 kg, uye mavhareji emuenzaniso haawanzo kurema kupfuura 15. kg. Muenzaniso mukuru weiyo catfish yakabatwa munyika yedu yakanyorwa nehove yekuongorora yeKursk. Yakanga iri trophy catfish inorema 200 kg, yakabatwa pane chikamu cheSeim River muna 2009.
Musoro mukuru uye wakatsikirirwa mundege yakachinjika ine muromo wakapamhama uye nemeso madiki akaparadzana (zvinoenderana nekukura kwemuviri), izvi zviratidzo zvehove. Muromo wemukanwa, une mazino madiki, akaita sebhurashi, unokwanisa kumedza mhuka dzinenge saizi yese, kazhinji shiri nemhuka diki dzinouya pagomba rekudiridza dzinova mhuka.
Mapaya matatu endebvu akaiswa pamusoro wehove, maviri ekutanga uye akareba anowanikwa pashaya yepamusoro, uye maviri asara ari pazasi. Yakanga iri kuvonga kune masharubu kuti catfish yakawana zita rezita rokuti "bhiza radhiabhorosi", paiva nekutenda kuti merman, akatasva hove mukati memvura yakadzika, akachengetwa pamusoro payo, akabatirira kune maviri masharubu. Zvokwezvo zve“mutyairi wengoro yemvura” zvinoshanda sechimwe chinhu chokuwedzera.
Muvara wemuviri wehove unonyanya kuenderana nemwaka, nzvimbo yekugara, uye kusvika pamwero mukuru pane ruvara rwepasi uye zvinhu zviri pairi. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, ruvara rwakasviba uye grey, pedyo nekutema. Mumadziva ane mugero usina kudzika uye zvinomera zvakawanda, ruvara rwehove rwuri pedyo nemuorivhi kana kuti girini-grey, ine mavara ematoni akasviba akapararira pamusoro payo. Munzvimbo dzine pasi pejecha, catfish ine ruvara ine yellowness yakawanda uye dumbu rakareruka.
Zvimbi zvehove zvine toni dzakasvibira kupfuura muviri pachawo, wekumusoro (dorsal) fin haina kukura muhukuru, inenge isingaonekwe pane muviri wakatsetseka, saka zvakaoma chaizvo kuwana catfish yakarara mugomba kuzasi. . Iyo anal fin, mukupesana nedorsal, yakakura, yakatsetseka uye inosvika kureba 2/3 yemuviri wese, iri pakati peakatenderedzwa caudal uye pelvic zvimbi.
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Muviri mukuru wehove wakatenderedzwa muchimiro, painosimuka kubva kumusoro ichienda kune caudal fin, inowedzera kumhanya, yakamanikidzwa mundege yakatwasuka. Iyo caudal chikamu chemuviri, senge mbichana pachayo, yakarebesa, ine simba, asi nekuda kwehuremu hwemunhu, haikwanise kugadzira hove yekumhanyisa kubva mukupfurwa kwakaoma.
Chimiro uye chakasiyana cheEuropean catfish ndiko kusavapo kwezviyero, basa iri rinoitwa nemararamiro, ayo anozovhara muviri nehutu hwekudzivirira.
Habitat
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Yakajairwa catfish yakagamuchira pekugara muchikamu cheEurope cheAmailand yedu, kwayakazova chinhu chekuberekesa, mumabheseni emakungwa:
- Nhema;
- Caspian;
- Azov;
- Baltic.
Nekuda kwekupisa-kuda hunhu hwehove, mumvura yeBaltic, kubatwa kwayo kuri kusarudzika, uye zvakaoma kudaidza iyo yakabatwa specimens trophy.
Silurus glanis inowanzowanikwa munzizi dzakawanda dzeEurope:
- Dnieper;
- Kuban;
- Volga;
- Wisla;
- Danube;
- Hay;
- Ebro;
- Kudya;
- Rhine;
- Loire.
MuPyrenees neApennines, mhuka iyi haisati yambove yekuzvarwa, yakaunzwa zvakabudirira muzana ramakore risati rapfuura mumabheseni ePo neEbro nzizi, uko yakazowedzera nhamba dzayo. Mamiriro akafanana akaitika mumabheseni enzizi:
- Dhenimaki;
- Furanzi;
- The Netherlands;
- Bherujiyamu.
Iye zvino mhuka iyi inogona kuwanikwa muEurope yose. Mukuwedzera kuEurope uye chikamu cheEurope cheRussia, Silurus glanis inogona kuwanikwa kuchamhembe kweIran neCentral Asia Minor. Muzana remakore rapfuura, simba rakawanda uye nguva yakapedzwa neichthyologists ye "Institute of Fisheries" kuwedzera huwandu hweSilurus Glanis muLake Balkhash, uko yakabudirira kuwedzera huwandu hwayo, pamwe chete mumadhamu nenzizi dzakabatanidzwa. network yebheseni rayo. Huwandu hwemusango hweSilurus glanis, kunyangwe hwakawedzera hugaro hwayo, haina kuve chinhu chekutengesa hove nekuda kwehuwandu hushoma.
Nzizi dzakazara, dzimwe nguva dzakasvibiswa nzvimbo dzegungwa pedyo nemuromo werwizi, dzave nzvimbo inofarira iyo catfish inonzwa yakasununguka.
Mazhinji emhando dzeSoma genus, kuwedzera kuEurope, dzakagamuchira mamiriro akanaka ekuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu mumvura inodziya yerwizi mabheseni:
- China;
- Korea;
- Japani
- India;
- America;
- Indonezhiya;
- Africa.
Kana tikafunga nzvimbo dzinodiwa dzekatfish mukati mehove, zvino iyi ichava nzvimbo yakadzika ine gomba rakadzika. Nekudonha kwekushisa kwemvura, achapa zvakasarudzwa kune gomba pakati pemvura yakashambidzwa uye yakashambidzwa midzi yemiti, iyo "muridzi" wake, kunyange panguva yekuvhima, anofamba asingadi uye kwenguva pfupi.
Iyo nguva yekugara munzvimbo yakasarudzwa yekatfish inogona kugara kwehupenyu hwayo, chete mamiriro akanyanya muchimiro chekushomeka kwechikafu, kuderera kwemhando yemvura kunogona kuimanikidza kusiya imba yayo. Mubvunzo unomuka pakarepo, rudzi urwu runokwanisa kurarama kwenguva yakareba sei? Silurus glanis, maererano ne ichthyologists, inogona kurarama hupenyu hwemakore 30-60, asi kune chokwadi chakasimbiswa chokuti vanhu vane makore 70-80 vakabatwa.
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dhayeti
Kuti uwane uremu hwakadaro, zviri pachena kuti hove dzinoda kudya zvakasimba. Kudya kweSilurus glanis kwakafanana neiyo yerwizi gourmet, inosanganisira:
- hove;
- matatya;
- shellfish;
- zvipembenene;
- bird;
- diki
- zvipembenene zvipembenene;
- makonye;
- zvinomera zviri pasi nepamahombekombe.
Padanho rekutanga rekukura, kudya kwemunhu ari kukura kunosanganisira hove fry, mhute uye madiki crustaceans. Nekuuya kwevanhu vakuru uye kuwedzera uremu, catfish haine mukana wekuvhima "chikafu" chakanangana, inonyura mumvura nemuromo wakashama, ichisefa, ichikwevera hova dzemvura ine mhuka diki mukati mayo. muromo.
Masikati, mhuka ine mustachioed inofarira kurara pasi mugomba rayo, uye kana usiku kutonhora kwasvika, inoenda kunovhima. Ndiyo ndebvu inomubatsira kuti arambe achicherechedza mamiriro acho ezvinhu uye kuswedera kwehove duku, iyo, iyo, inokwezva nemasharubu anozununguka, akafanana nehonye. Iwo maitiro ekuvhima anowedzera kungoita uye akaverengerwa parombo, chete pazera rekutanga catfish inoteedzera nyama muchimiro chehove diki, uye kunyangwe zvakadaro, kwete kwenguva refu.
Kubereka
Kubva pakuumbwa kwekugadzikana kwakanaka kwemvura tembiricha inosvika 160 Kubva panguva yekubereka kweSilurus glanis inotanga, inopindirana nenguva yaMay inotumbuka uye inogara kusvika pakati pezhizha, zvese zvinoenderana nenharaunda iyo dura riripo. Kutarisira kutanga kwenguva yekubereka, catfish inotanga kugadzirira nenzira yekuronga dendere pajecha, umo mukadzi anozoisa mazai.
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Izvo zvakaratidzwa nesainzi kuti nhamba yemazai mu clutch yakanyatso kuenzana nehuremu hwemukadzi, zvinogamuchirwa kuti kune 1 zviuru mazai pa30 kg yehuremu hwemunhu akura. Nekuda kwehunyoro hwakadaro, Silurus glanis inokwanisa kuve yerudzi rwenzvimbo yedhamu umo yakabereka kekutanga mukati menguva ye50-70 makore.
Pakupera kwekubereka, mukadzi weSilurus glanis anosiya dendere rayo, uye zvose zvinonetsa: kudzivirirwa, aeration yevana venguva yemberi, inowira pamurume. Nguva yekuchengetwa kwevarume mazai inopera kusvika kumavhiki maviri, mushure mokunge fry ichioneka, asi havasati vakwanisa kubva mudendere, sezvo vasati vakwanisa kuzvidyisa pachavo. Mhedzisiro yezvokudya kwavari ndiyo yakasara yeprotein mass mubhegi re caviar, kubva kune iyo fry yakaonekwa.
Mushure memamwe mavhiki maviri, apo fry iri mudendere, murume anotarisira vana. Chete mushure mokunge chizvarwa chinotanga kupatsanurwa mumapoka uye kuedza kuedza kuzvimirira kutsvaga zvokudya, uye "baba" vane hanya vane chivimbo musimba remwana, anomurega kuti ashambire akasununguka.
Hove hombe hadzina vavengi, vazhinji vevavengi vanowanikwa munzira yekatfish padanho rekutanga rekukura, nepo pike kana perch inogona kuvhima. Hapana anotyisidzira caviar clutch kana, nokuti inogara iri pasi pekutariswa kwemunhu mukuru. Chaizvoizvo, huwandu hwakawanda hweSilurus glanis huri kudzikira nekuda kwekutorwa kwevanhu kusingafungi, pamwe nekupindira kwevanhu mune ecosystem yedhamu.