Tsika yetsinga dzevanhu, yekuoma kunzwisisa kwakanyanya, inoumbwa neaneuron angangoita mabhiriyoni zana, anonziwo masero etsinga. Maneuroni ari muuropi anogona kutaurirana kuburikidza nemasynapses anofambisa chiratidzo chetsinga kubva kune imwe neuron kuenda kune imwe.

MaDendrites mapfupi, ane matavi ekuwedzera eiyo neuroni. Zvechokwadi, dendrites inoumba chikamu chekugamuchira cheneuron: inowanzomirirwa semhando yemuti unobuda kubva kune neuronal cell body. Muchokwadi, basa rine musoro remadendrites rinozosanganisira kuunganidza ruzivo pamwero weiyo synapses inovafukidza, isati yaaendesa kune cell body ye neuron. 

Masero etsinga akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mamwe masero ari mumuviri wemunhu: kune rumwe rutivi, morphology yavo yakanyanya uye kune rumwe rutivi, inoshanda nemagetsi. Izwi rokuti dendrite rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki Dendron, zvinoreva kuti “muti”.

Zvikamu zvitatu zvinoumba neuron

Dendrites ndiwo makuru ekugamuchira zvikamu zve neuron, inonziwo nerve cell. Muchokwadi, mazhinji neuroni anoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:

• Sero muviri;
• marudzi maviri emasero ekuwedzera anonzi dendrites;
• axons. 

Sero body ye neuron, inonziwo soma, ine nucleus pamwe nemamwe organelles. Iyo axon ndeye imwe chete, yakatetepa, cylindrical yekuwedzera iyo inotungamira tsinga yekumanikidza kune imwe neuron kana kune mamwe marudzi ematishu. Muchokwadi, iro chete rine musoro basa reaxon kutyaira, kubva kune imwe nzvimbo muuropi kuenda kune imwe, meseji yakavharidzirwa muchimiro chekutevedzana kwezvinogona kuita.

Zvakadini nezve dendrites zvakanyanya?

Chimiro chemuti chinobuda kubva musero muviri

Aya ma dendrites mapfupi, akarembera, uye ane matavi akawedzera, achigadzira rudzi rwemuti unobuda kubva musero neuronal body.

Iyo dendrites zvechokwadi zvikamu zvekugamuchira neuron: chokwadi, iyo plasma membrane ye dendrites ine akawanda receptor nzvimbo dzekusungirirwa kwemakemikari vatumwa kubva kune mamwe maseru. Radius yemuti wedendritic inofungidzirwa pamillimita imwe. Pakupedzisira, mabhatani mazhinji esynaptic anowanikwa pane dendrites munzvimbo dziri kure nesero body.

Zvikonzero zve dendrites

Imwe neimwe dendrite inobuda kubva mu soma nekoni inoenda kune cylindrical formation. Nekuchimbidza, inozopatsanurwa kuita davi-mwanasikana. Dhayamita yadzo idiki pane yebazi remubereki.

Ipapo, imwe neimwe yema ramifications saka yakawana kupatsanura, zvakare, kuita mamwe maviri, akanyanya kunaka. Zvikamu izvi zvinoenderera mberi: ichi ndicho chikonzero nei neurophysiologists vachiburitsa "dendritic muti weneuron".

Basa remadendrites nderokuunganidza ruzivo pamwero we synapses (nzvimbo dziri pakati pemaneuron maviri) anoafukidza. Ipapo aya madendrite anozotakura ruzivo urwu kune neuron's cell body.

MaNeuroni anonzwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokurudzira, izvo zvavanoshandura kuita masaini emagetsi (anonzi tsinga dzekuita zvinogona), asati atumira izvi zvinogona kuitika kune dzimwe neuroni, mhasuru tishu kana kunyange kumatumbu. Uye zvechokwadi, nepo muaxon, simba remagetsi rinosiya soma, mune dendrite, iyi simba remagetsi rinopararira kune soma.

Ongororo yesainzi yakaita kuti zvikwanisike, nekuda kwemagetsi madikidiki akadyarwa mumaneuron, kuongorora basa rine madendrites mukufambiswa kwetsinga mameseji. Zvinoitika kuti, kure nekungove kungowedzera chete, zvimiro izvi zvinoita basa rakakura mukugadzirisa ruzivo.

Maererano neongororo iyi yakabudiswa muna muzvarirwo, ma dendrites saka angadai asiri kungove akareruka membrane ekuwedzera anobatanidzwa mukudzosera tsinga kuaxon: ivo havangave vari nyore varevereri, asi ivowo vaizogadzira ruzivo. Basa raizowedzera masimba ehuropi. 

Saka data rese rinoita serinochinja: dendrites haaite, asi ari, neimwe nzira, minicomputer muuropi.

Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemadendrites kunogona kuve kwakabatana nekusashanda zvine chekuita neiyo neurotransmitters iyo inovafadza kana, pane kudaro, inovadzivisa.

Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeiyi neurotransmitters ndeye dopamine, serotonin kana kunyange GABA. Aya ndiwo maitiro ekusagadzikana kwekuvanzika kwavo, iyo yakanyanya kukwirira kana zvinopesana yakaderera zvakanyanya, kana kunyange yakavharwa, izvo zvinogona kuva chikonzero cheanomalies.

The pathologies kunokonzerwa nekukundikana mune neurotransmitters, kunyanya, zvirwere zvepfungwa, zvakadai sekuora mwoyo, bipolar disorder kana schizophrenia.

Kukundikana kwePsychic kwakabatana nekushaya kurongeka kwemaurotransmitters uye nekudaro, kudzika, kune kushanda kwemadendrites, iko zvino kuri kuwedzera kurapwa. Kazhinji, mhedzisiro inobatsira papfungwa pathologies ichawanikwa nekubatana pakati pekurapa kwezvinodhaka uye psychotherapeutic mhando yekutarisa.

Mhando dzakati wandei dze psychotherapeutic currents dziripo: chokwadi, murwere anogona kusarudza nyanzvi yaanonzwa kuvimba nayo, inoteererwa uye nzira inomukodzera zvinoenderana nekare, ruzivo rwake, uye zvaanoda.

Kune kunyanya kurapa kwekuziva-maitiro, kurapa kwevanhu kana kunyange psychotherapies yakabatana neiyo psychoanalytic ikozvino.

Kuongororwa kwechirwere chepfungwa, icho saka chinopindirana nekukundikana kwehurongwa hwemitsipa umo dendrites inobata basa rinokosha, ichaitwa nechiremba wepfungwa. Zvinowanzotora nguva yakati rebei kuita chirwere.

Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kuziva kuti murwere haafanire kunzwa akavharirwa mu "label" iyo yaizomuratidza, asi kuti anoramba ari munhu akazara, anozongofanira kudzidza kudzora hunhu hwake. Nyanzvi, vanachiremba vepfungwa uye vepfungwa, vachakwanisa kumubatsira munzira iyi.

Zuva rekuiswa kwezwi rekuti "neuron" rakaiswa muna 1891. Iyi dhizaini, inonyanya kutaridzika kwekutanga, yakabuda kunyanya nekuda kweruvara rutema rwesero iyi, yakaitwa naCamillo Golgi. Asi, iyi epic yesainzi, iri kure nekungotarisa chete pane zvimiro zvechiwanikwa ichi, zvishoma nezvishoma yakaita kuti zvikwanise kubata neuron sesero riri chigaro chemagetsi emagetsi. Zvakabva zvaita sekuti aya akadzora mareflexes, pamwe nemabasa ehuropi akaoma.

Yakanga iri kunyanya kubva kuma1950 iyo yakawanda yakaomesesa biophysical zviridzwa zvakashandiswa pakudzidza neuron, painfra-cellular uyezve nhanho yemamolecular. Saka, iyo electron microscopy yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuratidza nzvimbo ye synaptic cleft, pamwe ne exocytosis ye neurotransmitter vesicles pa synapses. Zvakabva zvaita kuti tidzidze zviri mukati meaya mavhesi.

Zvadaro, nzira inonzi "patch-clamp" yakaita kuti zvikwanisike, kubva kuma1980, kudzidza misiyano yazvino kuburikidza neiyo ion chiteshi. Takazokwanisa kutsanangura maitiro emukati emukati meuron. Pakati pavo: kumashure-kuparidzirwa kwezvinogona kuitika mumiti ye dendrite.

Pakupedzisira, kuna Jean-Gaël Barbara, nyanzvi yezveuropi uye munyori wenhoroondo dzesainzi, “zvishoma nezvishoma, neuron inova chinhu chezvinomiririra zvitsva, senge sero yakakosha pakati pevamwe, ichisiyana nekuoma kunzwisisa kwezvinoreva maitiro emaitiro ayo.".

Masayendisiti Golgi naRamon y Cajal vakapihwa mubairo weNobel muna 1906 nekuda kwebasa ravo rine chekuita nepfungwa yeneurons.