"Pasi nePoland nekutya kwechiremba wechikadzi!" chiremba anovhiya ane mukurumbira akataura nezvaDr. Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska

Kwete chete vane tarenda uye zvinoshamisa kungwara, asiwo kusindimara uye kutsunga. Akaramba kupihwa kwakavhura musuwo webasa rake repasi rose ndokuenda kuWarsaw pachinzvimbo cheTokyo. Upenyu hwake hwakanga huzere nekushanduka-shanduka. Idi rekuti akapinda basa rinotongwa nevarume zvakatemwa nekusangana kwake neTurkey Sultan. Iye zvino muPoland, 60 muzana. vanachiremba vakadzi, ndiye akatanga.

  1. Anna Tomaszewicz akaita chisarudzo chokuti aizova "mushonga" pazera remakore 15
  2. Akapedza zvidzidzo zvekurapa muZurich nerukudzo semukadzi wekutanga wechiPolish
  3. Mushure mokudzokera kunyika, akanga asingabvumirwi kudzidzira. Sangana zvakamubatsira mukuzivikanwa kwedhipuroma rake
  4. MuWarsaw, aibata nenyanzvi huru yezvirwere zvechikadzi, aitarisira nzvimbo yekudzivirira vana, uye vananyamukuta vakadzidziswa.
  5. Akatsigira zvakasimba kurwira kodzero dzakaenzana dzevakadzi, akanyora zvinyorwa, akataura, akanga ari murongi weCongress yekutanga yePolish Women.
  6. Iwe unogona kuwana rumwe ruzivo rwechizvino-zvino pane TvoiLokony peji repamba

Apo achangopedza dhigirii reFaculty of Medicine paYunivhesiti yeZurich akadzokera kunyika yake kuti atange basa rake, chiremba anovhiya ane mukurumbira, nanhasi muchengeti wezvipatara zvakawanda zvePoland, prof. Ludwik Rydygier akati: "Kure kure nePoland nekutya kwechiremba wechikadzi! Ngatirambei tichizivikanwa nokuda kwekubwinya kwevakadzi vedu, iyo mudetembi anozivisa zvakanaka ", achiperekedzwa naGabriela Zapolska, akafunga mumwe wevakadzi vekutanga vechiPolish: "Handidi vanachiremba vechikadzi, magweta kana veterinarians! Kwete nyika yevakafa! Usarasikirwa nechiremerera chako chechikadzi! ».

Mapepanhau okuPoland anoshuma nezvezvidzidzo zvake muSwitzerland pamapeji ekutanga

Anna Tomaszewicz was born in 1854 in Mława, from where the family moved to Łomża, and then to Warsaw. Her father was an officer in the military police, and her mother, Jadwiga Kołaczkowska, came from a noble family with a long patriotic tradition.

Muna 1869, Anna akapedza kudzidza aine honours kubva pamuhoro wepamusoro waMai Paszkiewicz muWarsaw. Muzvidzidzo zvake akanga atove nepfungwa yekuti aizova chiremba. Pakutanga, vabereki havana kubvuma zvirongwa zvomukomana ane makore 15 kwete bedzi nokuda kwetsika asiwo zvikonzero zvoupfumi. Vaiva nevana vatanhatu vokuriritira. Anna aifanira kunyengetedza baba vake kwenguva yakareba kuti vaite sarudzo, uye nharo yekupedzisira yakazova ... kuramwa nenzara. VaWładysław vakazokotama ndokuvhura bhokisi. Kwemakore maviri, akashandisa vadzidzisi vakazvimirira kuti vagadzirire mwanasikana wavo kuti adzidze. Vakamudzidzisa zvidzidzo zvakanga zvisina kudzidziswa muhoro – biology, physics, chemistry, French, German and Latin.

Pakupedzisira, musikana ane makore 17 okuberekwa akaenda kuZurich. Muna 1871, akapasa bvunzo dzekupinda uye akatanga zvidzidzo zvake.

The first woman was admitted to medical studies there in 1864. The Polish woman was the fifteenth student. Before her, six women, four German women, two English women and one American entered medicine. Women studying at the medical faculty were called medics. Men – lecturers and colleagues – often questioned their suitability for the profession. There were rumors that female candidates for doctors were doing badly, so when enrolling for the first year, they were asked for a certificate of morality.

Zvakangodaro, mapepanhau eWarsaw akashuma pamapeji ekutanga: “Muna Gunyana 1871, Anna Tomaszewiczówna akabva Warsaw achienda Zurich kunodzidza mushonga kuyunivhesiti ikoko”. Chakanga chisati chamboitika.

Anna akazova mudzidzi ane tarenda. Kubva mugore rechitatu akapinda mukutsvaga, uye mugore rechishanu akava mubatsiri kuna prof. Edward Hitzing, chiremba wetsinga uye chiremba wepfungwa. Akapotsa abhadhara mubatsiri uyu anobhadharwa noupenyu hwake, nokuti panguva yebasa rake akabatwa netyphus, iyo yaakasangana nayo zvakaoma zvikuru.

Muna 1877 akapiwa dhigirii rechiremba uye musiyano wezvinyorwa zvake zvakanzi "Mupiro kune physiology yelabyrinth yekuongorora". Akabva apiwa kuti awedzere rubatsiro rwake uye aende kuJapan. Zvisinei, akadzoserwa kunyika yake, Anna akaramba uye akaenda Warsaw.

Dr. Tomaszewicz akakurumidza kudemba chisarudzo chake

Kumba, mapepanhau airatidza vanachiremba vechikadzi sevanhu vakanga vasina hanya vasina hunhu hwekuita basa iri. Vaaishanda navo vaimuzvidzawo. Pakarepo mushure mekudzoka kwake, akamutora chiito, pakati pezvimwe, ane mukurumbira Prof. Rydygier.

Dr. Tomaszewicz akasarudza kuti aizoparadza kuramba kwevaaishanda navo, zvichiratidza ruzivo rwake nounyanzvi. Akanyorera kuWarsaw Medical Society. Basa rake, rakanyorerwa bhuku rezvokurapa reGermany rine mukurumbira, rakanga ratove muraibhurari yesosaiti. Zvino atuma mamwe maviri ikoko. Mutungamiri Henryk Hoyer akavaongorora zvakanyanya, achinyora kuti mumiriri ane "mano makuru" uye "kunyatsoziva zvinangwa uye nzira dzekurapa", asi hazvina kugutsikana nedzimwe nhengo dzenzanga. Humiriri hwake hwakarasika muvhoti yakavanzika.

Aleksander Świętochowski naBolesław Prus vakamudzivirira mumapepanhau. Prus akanyora kuti: "Isu tinofunga kuti tsaona iyi chiratidzo chakareruka chekuvenga zvinhu zvinoshamisa, chiitiko chakajairika munyika zvekuti kunyange shiri duku dzinobaya canary nekuti yero".

Zvinosuruvarisa, chiremba wechidiki haana kubvumirwa kusimbisa diploma yake uye saka akatanga kushanda mubasa racho. “Przegląd Lekarski” yakashuma, kuti: “Zvinosuruvarisa kubvuma kuti Miss T., pakutanga chaipo, vanongosangana bedzi nezvinhu zvisingafadzi mubasa ravo. Aida kutora bvunzo pano ndokuenda kumutarisiri wedunhu resainzi, uyo akamutumira kugurukota, uye mushumiri akaramba kuita kudaro. Uyezve, akapa masevhisi ake kuRed Cross Society, asi yakaramba chipo chake ".

Red Cross Society yakapembedza kuramba kushandisa chiremba nekushaya kodzero yekudzidzira uye denderedzwa rakavharwa.

Onawo: Sir Frederick Grant Banting - chiremba wemapfupa akaponesa hupenyu hwechirwere cheshuga

Chiremba ari kuedza muSt

Seeing that her efforts to obtain recognition of her Swiss diploma in Warsaw are fruitless, Dr. Tomaszewicz leaves for St. Petersburg. It is not easy there either, because the doctors present the following arguments: «vakadzi havagone kuva vanachiremba nekuti… havana ndebvu!".

Zvisinei, Annie akauya kuzonunura netsaona. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mumwe Sultan akanga achishanyira St. Aive nezvakawanda zvaidiwa nekuti mukwikwidzi aifanira kunge achigona kutaura , chiGerman neChirungu. Dr. Tomaszewicz vakasangana nemamiriro ezvinhu ose aya. Akapinzwa basa, uye izvi zvakamubvumira kuti asimbise diploma yake. Akapasa bvunzo payunivhesiti yeSt. Petersburg, achiwana kodzero yekudzidzira muNyika Yedu yese.

Muna 1880, Anna anodzokera kuPoland uye anotanga kudzidzira kwake muWarsaw munaJune. Haaite ne physiology, iyo yaive nyanzvi yake. Anoshanda paNiecała Street, achinyanya kubata vakadzi nevana. Sarudzo iyi yakamanikidzwa zvakanyanya nemamiriro ezvinhu, sezvo varume vashoma vaizoda kumubvunza panguva iyoyo.

Kwapera gore, hupenyu hwake hwega hunochinjawo. Anoroora waanoshanda naye - nyanzvi yeENT Konrad Dobrski, waaine mwanakomana mumwe chete, Ignacy.

Muna 1882, Dr. Tomaszewicz-Dobrska akanyora imwe diki budiriro yehunyanzvi. Anotanga kushanda mumusha wevakadzi paProsta Street. Zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuti awane basa racho sezvo aitofanira kukunda varume vaaikwikwidzana navo. Zvisinei, akawana tsigiro yakasimba kubva kumurume wake, pamwe chete naBolesław Prus naAleksander Świętochowski.

Wekutanga wechiPolish gynecologist

Imba yekuberekesa kwaanoshanda yakavambwa padanho remubhengi ane mukurumbira uye philanthropist Stanisław Kronenberg. Akagovera mari yekuvhura zvivakwa zvishanu zvakafanana mushure mekuputika kwechirwere chepuerperal muWarsaw.

Kutanga kwebasa raDr. Tomaszewicz-Dobrska kwakanga kwakaoma zvikuru. Imba yekare yokugara muna Prosta Street yakanga isina pombi dzemvura, isina zvimbudzi, uye chitofu chekare, chakatsemuka chaipfungaira. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, chiremba akashandisa mitemo yekurapa antiseptic. Akagadzirawo mitemo yekutanga yehutsanana, yaakadana kuti "Mhiko dzeKuchena". Vashandi vese vaifanira kunyatsovatevera.

Mhiko dzekuchena:
  1. Rega basa rako richenese mhiko yako yekuzvibata.
  2. Usave nekutenda kunze kwebhakitiriya, hapana zvishuwo kunze kwekubvisa tsvina, hapana chimwe chakanakira kunze kwekubereka.
  3. Pika kumudzimu wenguva yacho kuti usaumhure nenzira ipi neipi, zvikurukuru kuzvitutumadza uye kuzvitutumadza zvisina maturo pamusoro pedzihwa, kudyisa, kutya, kubvongodza, kurova uropi nechikafu, kana kuti chipi nechipi chinyengeri chinopesana nechimiro chinotapukira chefivha.
  4. Kwenguva dzisingaperi uye nekutongwa kusingaperi, mafuta ekutuka, chipanje, rabha, girisi, uye zvese zvinovenga moto kana kusazviziva, nekuti zvine utachiona.
  5. Iva nguva dzose uchiziva uye uchiziva kuti muvengi asingaoneki ari kuvandira kwese kwese, pavari, pauri, pauri, uye mukati mako pedyo nepamuviri, mukushanda, vanachiremba, maziso evana uye guvhu.
  6. Usazvibata, kunyange nekudanidzira uye kugomera kwekubatsira kwako, kusvikira wapfeka nguo chena kubva kumusoro kusvika kutsoka, uye usazora maoko ako asina kupfeka uye maoko kana miviri yavo nesipo yakawanda, kana bactericidal simba.
  7. Yekutanga bvunzo yemukati inorairwa kwauri, yechipiri inotenderwa, yechitatu inofanira kuregererwa, yechina inogona kuregererwa, yechishanu ichapomerwa kwauri mhosva.
  8. Rega mhepo inononoka uye tembiricha yakaderera rive iro zita repamusoro rekubwinya kwauri.

Rubatsiro ipapo rwaive rwemahara, uye rwakashandiswa nevakadzi varombo vagari vemuWarsaw. Muna 1883, vana 96 vakaberekerwa munzvimbo, uye muna 1910 - vatova 420.

Mukutonga kwaDr. Tomaszewicz-Dobrska, nhamba yenzufu yevaya vaiva muropa yakaderera kusvika pa1 muzana, izvo zvakaita kuti vayemurwe kwete chete navanachiremba vomuWarsaw. Nekuda kwekuedza kwake, muna 1889 nzvimbo yekupotera yakaendeswa kuchivakwa chitsva kuUl. Żelazna 55. Ikoko, nzvimbo uye mamiriro ehutsanana akanga ari nani zvikuru, kunyange makamuri ekuzviparadzanisa kune febrile obstetricians akagadzirwa. Ikoko, muna 1896, chiremba wacho akanga ari wokutanga muWarsaw kuita chikamu chokuvhiya.

Uyezve, Dr. Anna anodzidzisa vashandi nevarapi vezvekuzvara. Akadzidzisa vananyamukuta mazana matatu nemakumi mana nevarapi makumi maviri nevatatu. Akaburitsa akati wandei ezvinyorwa zvekurapa nezve nzira dzekurapa dzinoshandiswa munzvimbo yake, uye, semuenzaniso, pamusoro pehupenyu hwenharaunda yePoland kana ichienzaniswa nevekuEurope.

Tsananguro yake yenzvimbo yekupotera inopenya nekuseka kudiki, senge yakamanikana, kicheni isina kunaka uko kunoitwa kubika uye kuwacha, uye uko varanda vanorara uye vakamirira vashanyi, anodana "Pantheon, vachimbundikira ese machechi netsika dzese".

Chiremba akashanda mubasa kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, achiwana mukurumbira wechiremba akanaka, uye hofisi yake yakazadzwa nevakadzi vanobva kumativi ose ehupenyu. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, Dr. Tomaszewicz-Dobrska mumwe wevanachiremba vanozivikanwa zvikuru muguta guru, anoporesa varwere varombo pasina, uye kunyange kupa rubatsiro rwemari. Apo muna 30 zvipatara zviviri zvevakadzi zvakatangwa muWarsaw: St. Zofia naFr. Anna Mazowiecka, uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzakavharwa, anoramba kutora manejimendi echipatara, achikurudzira mutevedzeri wake pachinzvimbo ichi.

Pamusoro pebasa rake reunyanzvi, Dr. Anna aishandawo muWarsaw Charity Society (ndiye mutarisiri wemba yekusonesa) uye Summer Camps for Children Society, ari zvakare chiremba munzvimbo inochengeterwa vadzidzisi. Anonyora zvinyorwa zvevhiki nevhiki Kultura Polska uye anotaura nezvekodzero dzevakadzi. Ari shamwari naEliza Orzeszkowa naMaria Konopnicka. Kubva pazera re52, anga ariwo nhengo inoshingaira yePolish Culture Society. Muna 1907, akapinda musangano rekutanga Congress of Polish Women.

Dr Anna Tomszewicz-Dobrska vanofa muna 1918 nepulmonary tuberculosis, iyo yavakabata kare kare. Dzichiziva maonero ake, shamwari dzake dzakasarudza kuti panzvimbo yekutenga maruva nemaruva, vaizoshandisa mari pamusangano we "A Drop of Milk".

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