Dysgraphia idambudziko rekunyora, rinokonzera mavara asina kunyorwa uye nzvimbo dzisina kuzadzikiswa. Uku kuchinjwa kwemutauro wakanyorwa kune chekuita nehunyanzvi hwemakinari hwakabatana nekunyora kwekutuka, kunonyanya kuzivikanwa se "kunyora kwakanamatira".

Dysgraphia inowanzokonzera kurasikirwa kwekuzvivimba uye kuderedza kubudirira mune zvidzidzo. Uye, zvisinei nekukosha kwemakomputa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunyora kunyoreka kunoramba kuri hunyanzvi hwakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kudzidza patsva kwekunyora kunogona kugadzirisa kuremara kwekudzidza uku. Imwe nzira: kushandiswa, mukirasi, kwekombuta, kubhadhara matambudziko ari mumwana ane dysgraphic. 

Tsanangudzo ye dysgraphia

Tsananguro yakapihwa neFrench neuropsychiatrist Julian de Ajuriaguerra yedysgraphia yakakwana zvakakwana: "Dysgraphic mwana ane hunyoro hwekunyora husina kukwana kana pasina kushomeka kwetsinga kana kwenjere kunogona kutsanangura kushomeka uku."

Dysgraphia saka idambudziko rinoramba riri mukuita kweiyo graphic gesture, inokanganisa chimiro chekunyora, asiwo kumhanya kwayo kwekuita.

Inogona kunyanya kuve chikamu chezviratidzo zveproprioception kusagadzikana: kugona kuona nzvimbo yezvikamu zvemuviri, pamwe neamplitude kana kutungamira kwekufamba kwayo, pasina tsigiro yekuona kana yekunzwa.

Zvikonzero zve dysgraphia

• Intrinsic factors:

Basa rekunyora rakaoma uye rinosanganisira hunyanzvi hwakawanda. Mukuita kwekunyora, hunyanzvi hwakadai seakanaka mota control, biterality, visuospatial kubatanidzwa, kana kunyange kuronga kufamba kuri panjodzi. Zvakare zvinokanganisa kunaka kwekubata kwemaoko, izvo zvekuona kwekuona uye proprioception, zvatotaurwa, pamwe nekugona kwekutarisisa kwakasimba. Iyo faculty yekunzwa kweminwe inoitawo basa guru.

Dysgraphia inogona kutsanangurwa nekukundikana kweimwe kana kupfuura yeunyanzvi uhwu, hunonzi intrinsic factors.

• Extrinsic factors:

Extrinsic zvinhu, zvechimiro chebiomechanical, kana zvine chekuita nenharaunda zvinogona zvakare kubatanidzwa: rudzi rwepeni kana bepa rinoshandiswa, kureba pakati pechigaro nedhesiki, huwandu hwekunyora hunodiwa, nezvimwe. 

Kuongororwa kweDysgraphia: hunhu uye huwandu hwezvinhu

Kuongororwa kwedysgraphia kunobatanidza maturusi anoshanda uye akamisikidzwa neasina kurongeka, senge anogona kuitwa mukirasi nemudzidzisi.

• Kuongorora kunaka kwekunyora, iyo BHK dysgraphia mamakisi, yakagadzwa muna 2002, inofunga nezvemhando yekudhirowa, iyo yekudhirowa kwetsamba, senge saizi, chimiro kana chiyero, uye kutevedzana mavara pakati pavo, kuchengeta. mutsetse, kana sangano riri papeji… 
• Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwekunyora kunotemerwawo neBHK, kana nekumhanya kwekunyora kwaLespargot, kwakavambwa muna 1981 uye kwakadzokororwa muna 2008. Miedzo iyi ichaita kuti mwana ave nezera nezera rake kana zera. chikoro, kutarisa kusimba kwekutsauka kwayo kubva pane zvakajairwa. Kuneta, kutsungirira kwakaderera kana kuderera kwehuwandu hwekunyora nekufamba kwenguva kunogona kuonekwa.
• Uye zvakare, iyo inonzi Ajuriaguerra's inodaidzwa kunyora kukurumidza bvunzo inoongorora dhigirii re automation, iyo inobvumira kana isingabvumire kukurumidza kweiyo rhythm yekunyora. Kuita kwakaderera, kwakafanana nekusakwana otomatiki, saka kunoda yakakwira yekutarisisa mutoro.

Aya manyongano emutauro wakanyorwa, achikanganisa kuverenga asiwo kumhanya kwekunyora, anoongororwa kuburikidza nekutaura kurapa ongororo, iyo inobatsira mukuongororwa kwedysgraphia, ichinongedza marejista anobvisa. Pakupedzisira, kuongororwa uku kunoda maonero echiremba, kazhinji neuropediatrician, anofunga nezvekuongorora kwose kunoitwa nenyanzvi: psychologist, ophthalmologist, orthoptist, mutauriri wekutaura, psychomotor therapist, nezvimwewo.

Vanhu vanobatwa nedysgraphia

10 kusvika ku30% yevana vezera rechikoro vanobatwa nedysgraphia. Vakomana vanobatwa zvakanyanya kupfuura vasikana. Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa muvana vane makore manomwe nepamusoro zvakaratidza, zvichienzaniswa, kuderera kukuru kwehutano uye kukurumidza kwekunyora muvakomana.

Dambudziko reDysgraphia: prematurity kana hyperactivity

Vana vanozvarwa nguva isati yakwana vanowanzoita dysgraphia kupfuura vana vanozvarwa panguva. Kunyanya, kuderera kwehutano hwavo hwekunzwa pamwero weminwe. Chimwe chinokonzera njodzi: hyperactivity. Inenge 50% yevana vane hyperactive vane kushaya hanya vane matambudziko nekubatana kwakanaka kwemota.

Runyoro uye kushanda kwayo kunoongororwa zvichienderana nemaitiro matatu: kumhanya, kuverenga, uye cognitive mutengo.

Cognitive mutengo we dysgraphia: zviratidzo zvikuru

Dysgraphia nokudaro inogadzira mutengo wakakosha wekuziva, izvo zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvinogona kuongororwa kunyangwe nenzira isina kurongeka, senge:

• hypertonia, kuwedzera kwakanyanyisa musimba toni. Uku kukakavara mumhasuru pakuzorora dzimwe nguva kunobatanidzwawo nemarwadzo.
• Synkinesias inogona kucherechedzwa: kuputika kusingaite kwemhasuru, kunobatanidza nekufamba kwemamwe mamhasuru, kuzvidira kana kufungidzira.
• Kuneta kusina kujairika, pamwe nekuderera kwekunyora kwemaoko pamusoro pebasa kunowanzoonekwa.

Zvimwe zviratidzo

Mukuwedzera, zviratidzo zvepfungwa, kunyanya kushaya chivimbo kana kuzviremekedza, zvinowanzoonekwa. Dysgraphia inogonawo kuratidza kuoma mukubvuma kumanikidzirwa, kana kuti mukuzvitaura.

Nzira dzinoverengeka dzinogona kusanganiswa mukurapa dysgraphia.

Kurapa kukuru kwedysgraphia: kunyora kudzorera

Graphotherapy sessions, inoitwa nenyanzvi yekutaura, psychomotor therapist kana graphopedagogue, inobvumira mwana kuti adzidzise zvakare kunyora kwake. Chiitiko chekunyora kuunganidza mabasa ese emota uye mabasa epfungwa, graphotherapy inovavarira kuvandudza kunyora kwake uye, panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro emwana.

• Panguva yezvirongwa izvi, kuzorora kunogona kuperekedza maitiro ekunyora uye magirafu.
• Aya maekisesaizi achaitwa nenzira yekunakidza.
• Mamiriro ekugadzirisa maitiro achabatanidzwa, achivandudza rondedzero yakaitwa nemwana nekuda kwekuiswa kwemuviri wake.
• Motricity maekisesaizi inobvumira basa pakumisa tsandanyama uye nekugadzirisa zvinhu.
• Yakasiyana-siyana pre-graphic maekisesaizi anozobatsira mwana kuwana kusununguka uye fluidity yekufamba.
• Scryptographic maekisesaizi anozotarisa panhengo yekunyora, kuburikidza nekuzadzikiswa kwezvimiro, mitsara inoenderera, sinusoids, garlands ...
• Chekupedzisira, calligraphy maekisesaizi inobvumira mwana kudzidza kunyora nemazvo, nekutamba pazvinhu zvakaita senzira yekunyora, zviridzwa, uye nekupa maekisesaizi ekunyora: rhythmic kana mapofu kunyora, kusiyanisa kwehukuru hwetsamba, nezvimwe.

Mhinduro pamusoro pe dysgraphia mukirasi

Mukirasi, mudzidzisi anogona kuronga mudzidzi ane dysgraphic, akadai se:

• Ipa mafotokopi uye zvinyorwa zvisina chinhu, kuti utore manotsi chaiwo. 
• Gadzirisa maturusi ekunyora uchishandisa mitsetse ine mavara, mabhuku ekunyorera ane nzvimbo huru.
• Tsigira kubereka kwejometri manhamba.
• Ita shuwa yekuvandudza kunakidzwa kwekunyora ...
• Pakupedzisira, mwana anogona kupiwa kushandisa kombiyuta.

Kushandisa makomputa mukirasi kubhadhara dysgraphia

Komputa inogona zvechokwadi kuve nzira yekuripa muvana vane dysgraphia. Nekuti kunyangwe kudzidziswazve kwemifananidzo kuchibvumira kuti ivandudze mashandiro ayo, maererano nekuverenga pamwe nekumhanya, mutengo wekuziva unoramba uripo zvekuti unobvisa zvakanyanya kutarisisa kwemwana.

"Kuchikoro, mwana ari mumamiriro ezvinhu ekunyora kusingabatsiri anoramba akavhiringidzika nekugadzirwa kwechinyorwa chakanyorwa, uye haasisina zviwanikwa zvakakwana kuti atarise pane basa rekufunga", nyora pasi varapi vemabasa Anne-Laure Guillermin naSophie Leveque-Dupin. Vanotsanangura izvozvo "Chiitiko chekunyora chinogona kubhadharwa nekunyora pane keyboard, iyo inoramba iri nyore mota chiitiko kunyangwe ichifanirwa kuve otomatiki".

Vaviri ava varapi, avo vari varairidzi, vanosimbirira pane protocol yekumisikidza komputa chishandiso, icho "Zvinoda kuti mwana awane kumhanya kwakakwana kutaipa, uye kuti komputa yake inomubvumira kupindura kune ese mamiriro echikoro".

Pakupedzisira, pamamiriro ezvinhu ekuti haaiti zvinopesana ne-over-handicap, kombiyuta, kusunungura mwana kubva pachiito chekunyora, ichawedzera kukwanisa kwake kutarisa kune mamwe mabasa ekuziva.

Mishonga yemishonga: Bach maruva anokurudzirwa dysgraphia

Mushonga wemakwenzi, uye kunyanya maruva eBach, anogonawo kupa ruponeso mukutarisana nedambudziko remwana ane dysgraphic: izvi ndizvo zvinokurudzirwa nemupi wezano Françoise Quencez, mubhuku rake. Upenyu hwechikoro huri nani nemaruva eBach.

Kune vana vane dambudziko rekunyora, zvinotevera zvinonyanya kukurudzirwa:

• Sceleranthus (kufema), ruva remukati memoyo iro rinoita mukusaziva uye kushaikwa kwekubatana,
• Chestnut Bud, kubva muboka "kusava nehanya nezviripo", inobatsira pamatambudziko ekudzidza.

Neuroscientist Bernard Sablonnière akazvitsanangura zvakanaka: "Uropi ipurasitiki zvekuti nzira dzine chekuita nekudzidza uye kukura kwehuropi hunogona kupatsanurwa." Pane zvaanodaidza kuti mahwindo ekudzidza, ndiko kuti, “nguva dzinoita humwe hunyanzvi hwekudzidza”..

Iyi pfungwa yekugamuchira hwindo rekudzidza inowanikwa kune yakanakisa hunyanzvi hwemotokari, yakakwana pakati pemwedzi mitatu negumi nemisere: zera iro mwana anozofanira kubata, dzvanya ... Uye kurudzira hunyanzvi hwakasiyana kuburikidza nekurovedza muviri kunogona kugadzirisa chirongwa. Bernard Sablonnière anewo categorical: “Kana vana vane mwedzi mitatu yekuberekwa vakadzidziswa kuziva uye kubata zvinhu nerubatsiro rwemaekisesaizi akakodzera, vanowana hunyanzvi hwemotokari pamberi pekukura kwazvinoita kwekubatanidza mota cortex. kana kubva pazera remwedzi mishanu. “

Kubva paudiki, dzidzisa vana mumifananidzo yemhando dzemhando dzese, kudhirowa, mitambo yepurasitiki, kubata, uye kuita kuti vabate uye vatore zvinhu, vachiona nepavanogona napo kudzikamisa kuratidzwa kwavo kune zviratidziro, izvo zvinokonzeresa kushaya simba kwavo psychomotor, ese inzira dzekutevera kusimudzira zvirinani kukura kwemota muvana. Uye kumubvumira, zvichida, kuti adzivise kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nedysgraphia, zvakadai, zvichida zvichiri kakawanda, izvo zvekunzi "simbe" kana "clumsy"?

Zvikonzero zve dysgraphia, zvinobvumwa kuti zvakaoma, zvakawanda. Nekudaro, ihurema hunokurika, kana hwaonekwa uye nekuchengetwa. Kudzidziswa kunyora nemaoko zuva nezuva muchikoro chepuraimari ndiyo mutsara wekutanga wekudzivirira, uchienderera mberi uchitsigira kugona zviperengo.