Upenyu hwedu haugoni kufungidzirwa pasina chiedza chekugadzira. Kwehupenyu nebasa, vanhu vanongoda mwenje vachishandisa marambi. Pakutanga, chete akajairwa incandescent bulbs aishandiswa pane izvi.
Nheyo yekushanda kwemarambi e-incandescent inobva pakushandurwa kwesimba remagetsi rinopfuura nepakati pefilament kuva chiedza. Mune marambi e-incandescent, tungsten filament inopisa kupenya kwakajeka nekuita kwemagetsi emagetsi. Kupisa kwekushisa kwefilament kunosvika 2600-3000 degrees C. Mabhodhoro emarambi e-incandescent anobviswa kana akazara negesi inert, umo tungsten filament haina oxidized: nitrogen; argon; krypton; musanganiswa wenitrogen, argon, xenon. Mwenje weIncandescent unopisa zvakanyanya panguva yekushanda.
Gore negore, zvinodiwa nevanhu zvemagetsi zvinowedzera kuwedzera. Nekuda kwekuongororwa kwetarisiro yekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuvhenekesa, nyanzvi dzakaona kutsiviwa kwemarambi e-incandescent akapera nemarambi ekuchengetedza simba senzira inofambira mberi. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti chikonzero cheizvi ndicho hukuru hunokosha hwechizvarwa chekupedzisira chemarambi ekuchengetedza simba pamusoro pemarambi "anopisa".
Mwenje inochengetedza magetsi inonzi fluorescent mwenje, iyo inosanganisirwa muchikamu chakafara chegasi-inoburitsa magetsi masosi. Mwenje inoyerera, kusiyana nemwenje weincandescent, inoburitsa chiedza nekuda kwekubuda kwemagetsi kunopfuura nepakati pegasi rinozadza nzvimbo yemwenje: ultraviolet kupenya kwekubuda kwegasi kunoshandurwa kuve chiedza chinooneka kwatiri.
Mwenje inochengetedza magetsi inosanganisira flask yakazara nemercury vapor uye argon, uye ballast (starter). Chinhu chakakosha chinonzi phosphor chinoshandiswa mukati memukati weflask. Pasi pekuita kwepamusoro-soro mumwenje, kufamba kwema electrons kunoitika. Kudhumhana kwemaerekitironi nemaatomu emercury kunoburitsa mwaranzi isingaonekwi yeultraviolet, iyo, ichipfuura nephosphor, inoshandurwa kuita chiedza chinooneka.
Пzvikomborero zvemarambi ekuchengetedza simba
Kubatsira kukuru kwemarambi ekuchengetedza simba ndeyekupenya kwavo kwakanyanya, iyo yakapetwa kakawanda kupfuura iyo yemwenje incandescent. Chikamu chekuchengetedza simba chiri muchokwadi chekuti huwandu hwemagetsi anopiwa kune mwenje wekuchengetedza simba unoshanduka kuita mwenje, nepo mumarambi eincandescent anosvika 90% emagetsi anoshandiswa kungopisa waya wetungsten.
Imwe nzira isina mubvunzo yemarambi ekuchengetedza simba ndeye hupenyu hwavo hwebasa, iyo inotarwa nenguva kubva pa6 kusvika ku15 zviuru maawa ekuramba achipfuta. Iyi nhamba inodarika hupenyu hwesevhisi hwemarambi akajairwa incandescent kanenge ka20. Chikonzero chinonyanya kukosha chekutadza kwegirobhu ye incandescent ndeye filament yakatsva. Iyo nzira yemwenje inochengetedza simba inodzivirira dambudziko iri, kuitira kuti vave nehupenyu hurefu hwebasa.
Kubatsira kwechitatu kwemarambi ekuchengetedza simba ndiko kukwanisa kusarudza ruvara rwekupenya. Inogona kuva yemhando mitatu: masikati, zvisikwa uye kudziya. Iyo yakaderera tembiricha yeruvara, iyo iri pedyo iyo ruvara ndeyekutsvuka; iyo yakakwirira, iri pedyo nebhuruu.
Imwe mukana wemarambi ekuchengetedza simba ndeyekupisa kwavo kwakadzika, izvo zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi compact fluorescent mwenje mune isina kusimba madziro marambi, mwenje uye chandeliers. Hazvibviri kushandisa marambi e-incandescent ane kupisa kwakanyanya mukati mawo, sezvo chikamu chepurasitiki che cartridge kana tambo inogona kunyunguduka.
Kubatsira kunotevera kwemarambi ekuchengetedza simba ndeyekuti chiedza chavo chinogoverwa zvinyoro, zvakaenzana kupfuura izvo zvemwenje incandescent. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mumwenje weincandescent, chiedza chinongobva kune tungsten filament, asi mwenje unochengetedza simba unopenya pamusoro penzvimbo yayo yose. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kugovera kwechiedza, marambi ekuchengetedza simba anoderedza kuneta kweziso remunhu.
Kuipa kwemarambi ekuchengetedza simba
Marambi ekuchengetedza magetsi anewo zvipingamupinyi: chikamu chavo chekudziya-up chinotora kusvika maminetsi maviri, ndiko kuti, ivo vachada imwe nguva yekuvandudza kupenya kwavo kwakanyanya. Zvakare, marambi ekuchengetedza simba anodzima.
Chimwe chinokanganisa magetsi ekuchengetedza simba ndechokuti munhu haakwanisi kuva pedyo nemasendimita makumi matatu kubva pavari. Pamusana pehupamhi hwemagetsi e-ultraviolet yemarambi ekuchengetedza simba, kana akaiswa pedyo navo, vanhu vane ganda rekunzwa zvakanyanya uye avo vanowanzoita zvirwere zvedermatological vanogona kukuvadzwa. Zvisinei, kana munhu ari chinhambwe asiri pedyo nemasendimita makumi matatu kubva pamwenje, hapana chakaipa chaakaitwa. Hazvikurudzirwiwo kushandisa marambi ekuchengetedza simba ane simba rinopfuura 30 watts munzvimbo yekugara, nokuti. izvi zvinogonawo kukanganisa vanhu vane ganda rinonyanya kuoma.
Chimwe chinokanganisa ndechekuti marambi ekuchengetedza simba haana kuchinjirwa kushanda munzvimbo yakaderera tembiricha (-15-20ºC), uye pakupisa kwakanyanya, kusimba kwekubuda kwechiedza chavo kunoderera. Upenyu hwebasa remarambi ekuchengetedza simba zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekushanda, kunyanya, ivo havafarire kugara vachidzima nekudzima. Magadzirirwo emarambi ekuchengetedza simba haabvumiri kushandiswa kwavo mune zvivheneko umo kune mwenje mwero wekutonga. Kana iyo mains voltage inodonha neinopfuura 10%, marambi ekuchengetedza simba haabatike.
Izvo zvisingabatsiri zvinosanganisira zvinyorwa zve mercury uye phosphorus, izvo, kunyange zvazvo zvishoma zvishoma, zviripo mukati memarambi ekuchengetedza simba. Izvi hazvina kukosha kana mwenje uchishanda, asi zvinogona kuva nengozi kana ukavhuniwa. Nechikonzero chimwe chete, marambi ekuchengetedza simba anogona kuverengerwa seanokuvadza zvakatipoteredza, uye nekudaro anoda kuraswa kwakakosha (haagone kukandwa mugomba remarara uye marara emumugwagwa).
Chimwe chinokanganisa magetsi ekuchengetedza simba kana achienzaniswa nemarambi echinyakare incandescent mutengo wavo wakakwira.
Matanho ekuchengetedza magetsi eEuropean Union
Muna Zvita 2005, EU yakapa chirevo chaisungira nyika dzese dziri nhengo dzayo kuti dzigadzirise zvirongwa zvesimba zvesimba renyika (EEAPs - Energie-Effizienz-Actions-Plane). Zvinoenderana neEEAPs, mumakore 9 anotevera (kubva 2008 kusvika 2017), imwe neimwe yenyika makumi maviri nenomwe dzeEU inofanirwa kuwana kanenge 27% pagore mukuchengetedza magetsi muzvikamu zvese zvekushandisa kwayo.
Pamirairo yeEuropean Commission, chirongwa cheEEAPs chekushandisa chakagadzirwa neWuppertal Institute (Germany). Kubva muna 2011, nyika dzese dzeEU dzinosungirwa kunyatsotevedzera zvisungo izvi. Kuvandudzwa nekutariswa kwekushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvekuvandudza simba remagetsi emagetsi ekugadzira magetsi kunopihwa kune boka rinoshanda rakagadzirwa - ROMS (Roll Out Member States). Yakaumbwa mukutanga kwe2007 neEuropean Union yeMheni Vagadziri uye Zvikamu (CELMA) uye European Union yeChiedza Source Vagadziri (ELC). Maererano nefungidziro inofungidzirwa yenyanzvi kubva kumasangano aya, nyika dzose makumi maviri nenomwe dzeEU, kuburikidza nekuiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi ekugadzirisa magetsi uye masisitimu, vane mikana chaiyo yekuderedza zvachose kubudiswa kwe CO27 neanenge mamiriyoni 2 matani / gore, izvo: 40 miriyoni matani / gore reCO20 - munharaunda yakazvimirira; 2 miriyoni matani / gore reCO8,0 - muzvivakwa zveveruzhinji nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana uye muchikamu chebasa; 2 mamiriyoni ematani / gore reCO8,0 - muzvivako zvemaindasitiri nemaindasitiri madiki; 2 miriyoni matani / gore reCO3,5 - mune zvekunze magetsi ekuisa mumaguta. Kuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi kunozofambiswa zvakare nekuunzwa mutsika yekugadzira magadzirirwo emagetsi matsva eEuropean mwenje miyero: EN 2-12464 (Mheni yenzvimbo dzemukati dzebasa); EN 1-12464 (Kuvhenekera kwenzvimbo dzekunze dzebasa); TS EN 2-15193 Kuongorora kwesimba rezvivakwa - Simba rinodiwa pakuvhenekesa - kuongorora kwesimba rinodiwa pakuvhenekesa.
Zvinoenderana neChikamu 12 cheESD Directive (Energy Services Directive), European Commission yakapa basa kuEuropean Committee for Standardization in Electrical Engineering (CENELEC) simba rekugadzira mamwe maitiro ekuchengetedza simba. Aya zviyero zvinofanirwa kupa nzira dzakaenderana dzekuverenga maitiro esimba ezvivakwa zvakazara uye zvigadzirwa zvega, kuisirwa uye masisitimu mune yakaoma yeinjiniya michina.
Sangano reEnergy Action Plan rakaunzwa neEuropean Commission muna Gumiguru 2006 rakaisa mwero wakaomesesa wekushandisa simba kumapoka gumi nemana ezvigadzirwa. Rondedzero yezvigadzirwa izvi yakawedzera kusvika pazvigaro makumi maviri pakutanga kwegore ra14. Midziyo yekuvhenekesa yemigwagwa, hofisi uye yekushandiswa kwemba yakarongerwa sezvinhu zviri pasi pekutonga kwakakosha kwekuchengetedza simba.
Muna Chikumi 2007, vagadziri vemwenje vekuEurope vakaburitsa ruzivo nezve kubviswa kwemagirobhu asingashande zvakanaka kuti ashandiswe mudzimba uye kubuda kwavo zvachose kubva kumusika weEuropean panosvika 2015. Maererano nekuverenga, chirongwa ichi chichakonzera kudzikiswa kwe60% mukuburitswa kwe CO2. (ne23 megatons pagore) kubva mumwenje wemba, kuchengetedza mabhiriyoni manomwe emaeuro kana 7 gigawatt-maawa emagetsi pagore.
EU Commissioner weEnergy Affairs Andris Piebalgs akaratidza kugutsikana nedanho rakaiswa nevagadziri vemidziyo yekuvhenekesa. Muna Zvita 2008, European Commission yakasarudza kubvisa magirobhu emwenje. Zvinoenderana nechisarudzo chakagamuchirwa, zviedza zvinoshandisa magetsi akawanda zvichatsiviwa neanochengetedza simba zvishoma nezvishoma:
Gunyana 2009 - mwenje yechando uye yakajeka incandescent pamusoro pe100 W inorambidzwa;
September 2010 - mwenje weincandescent wakajeka pamusoro pe75 W haubvumirwi;
September 2011 - mwenje weincandescent wakajeka pamusoro pe60 W unorambidzwa;
September 2012 - kurambidzwa kwemarambi e-incandescent akajeka pamusoro pe40 uye 25 W inotangwa;
Gunyana 2013 - zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zve compact fluorescent mwenje uye LED luminaires zvinotangwa;
Gunyana 2016 - zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvemarambi ehalogen zvinounzwa.
Maererano nenyanzvi, semugumisiro wekuchinja kune magetsi ekuchengetedza magetsi, kushandiswa kwemagetsi munyika dzeEurope kunoderera ne3-4%. Gurukota rezvemagetsi reFrance Jean-Louis Borlo akafungidzira mukana wekuchengetedza simba pa40 terawatt-maawa pagore. Inenge yakaenzana mari yakachengetwa ichauya kubva kusarudzo yakatorwa kare neEuropean Commission yekudzima marambi echinyakare incandescent mumahofisi, mafekitori uye mumigwagwa.
Nzira dzekuchengetedza magetsi muRussia
Muna 1996, Mutemo we "On Energy Saving" wakagamuchirwa muRussia, iyo, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, haina kushanda. MunaNovember 2008, State Duma yakagamuchira mukutanga kuverenga mutemo wekunyora "Pane Kuchengetedza Kwemagetsi uye Kuwedzera Kubudirira Kwesimba", iyo inopa kuiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa simba kune zvigadzirwa zvine simba rinopfuura 3 kW.
Chinangwa chekuunza zviga zvakapihwa nemutemo wekunyorwa ndezvekuwedzera simba rekushandisa uye kukurudzira kuchengetedza kwesimba muRussian Federation. Zvinoenderana nemutemo wakanyorwa, matanho emitemo yenyika mumunda wekuchengetedza simba uye kushanda kwesimba kunoitwa nekutanga: runyoro rwezviratidzo zvekuongorora kushanda kwemabasa evakuru vezviremera zvezvikamu zvinomiririra zveRussian Federation uye hurumende dzenharaunda mu. munda wekuchengetedza simba uye kushandiswa kwesimba; zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa uye kutenderera kwemidziyo yemagetsi; zvirambidzo (kurambidza) mumunda wekugadzira nechinangwa chekutengesa munharaunda yeRussian Federation uye kutenderera muRussian Federation yemagetsi zvishandiso zvinobvumira kushandiswa kusingabereki kwezviwanikwa zvesimba; zvinodiwa pakuverengera kugadzirwa, kutapurirana uye kushandiswa kwesimba zviwanikwa; zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa simba kwezvivakwa, zvivakwa uye zvimiro; zvinodiwa zvemukati uye nguva yezviyero zvekuchengetedza simba mumidziyo yedzimba, kusanganisira yevagari - varidzi vedzimba muzvivakwa zvefurati; zvinodiwa pakuparidzirwa kunosungirwa kwemashoko mumunda wekuchengetedza simba uye kushandiswa kwesimba; zvinodiwa pakuitwa kweruzivo uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo mumunda wekuchengetedza simba uye kugona kwesimba.
Musi waChikunguru 2, 2009, Mutungamiriri weRussia Dmitry Medvedev, achitaura pamusangano wePresidium yeHurumende yeHurumende pamusoro pekuvandudza kushandiswa kwesimba rehupfumi hweRussia, haana kubvisa kuti muRussia, kuitira kuti kuwedzere kushandiswa kwesimba, kurambidzwa kwesimba. kutenderera kwemarambi eincandescent kwaizosumwa.
Zvakare, Mutungamiriri weEconomic Development Elvira Nabiullina, achitevera musangano wePresidium yeState Council yeRussian Federation, akazivisa kuti kurambidzwa kwekugadzirwa uye kutenderera kwemwenje weincandescent ine simba rinopfuura 100 W inogona kuiswa kubva muna Ndira. 1, 2011. Maererano naNabiullina, zviyero zvinowirirana zvinotaridzirwa nemutemo wekunyora pamusoro pekugadzirisa simba, iyo iri kugadzirirwa kuverenga kwechipiri.