Nyaya isiri yengano
Kare kare, munyika iri kure, kure, muchero wemashiripiti wakakura. Muchero uyu waigona kusvinwa kuita rudzi rwemafuta anokosha anoita kuti makuki ave neutano, sipo dziwedzere furo, uye machipisi awedzere kuomarara. Oiri yacho yaigona kutoita kuti lipstick ipfavise uye kuita kuti ice cream isanyunguduke. Nemhaka yeunhu uhwu hunoshamisa, vanhu vanobva kumativi ose enyika vakauya kumuchero uyu uye vakagadzira mafuta akawanda kubva nawo. Munzvimbo umo michero yaikura, vanhu vakapisa sango kuti vadyare miti yakawanda nemichero iyi, vachigadzira utsi hwakawanda uye vachidzinga zvisikwa zvose zvesango kubva mudzimba dzavo. Masango aipfuta akabudisa gasi raipisa mhepo. Zvakangomisa vamwe vanhu, asi kwete vese. Muchero wacho wakanga wanyanya kunaka.
Zvinosuruvarisa, iyi inyaya yechokwadi. Muchero weoiri palm tree ( Elaeis guineensis ), inokura munzvimbo dzinopisa, ine mafuta emiriwo anosiyana-siyana pasi rose. Iyo inogona kusadzikira kana ichinge yakabikwa uye inosanganiswa zvakanaka nemamwe mafuta. Mari yayo yakaderera yekugadzira inoita kuti ive yakachipa kupfuura mafuta ekotoni kana sunflower. Inopa furo munenge yese shampoo, sipo yemvura kana detergent. Vagadziri vezvizoro vanozvifarira kune mafuta emhuka kuti zvive nyore kushandisa uye mutengo wakaderera. Iri kuwedzera kushandiswa sechipo chakachipa chekudyisa biofuels, kunyanya muEuropean Union. Inoita sechisikigo chekuchengetedza muzvikafu zvakagadzikiswa uye inosimudza nzvimbo yekunyungudika ye ice cream. Hunde nemashizha emafuta emichindwe anogona kushandiswa mune zvese kubva plywood kusvika kune inoumbwa muviri weNational Car yeMalaysia.
Kugadzirwa kwemafuta emichindwe pasi rose kwave kuchikura zvishoma nezvishoma kwemakumi mashanu emakore. Kubva 1995 kusvika 2015, kugadzirwa kwepagore kwakawedzera zvakapetwa kane kubva pa15,2 miriyoni matani kusvika pa62,6 miriyoni yematani. Inotarisirwa kupeta kana zvakare muna 2050 kusvika pamamiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi mana ematani. Huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemafuta emichindwe hunokatyamadza: minda yekugadzirwa kwayo inoita 240% yenyika inorimwa zvachose. Nhasi, vanhu mabhiriyoni matatu munyika 10 vanoshandisa zvigadzirwa zvine mafuta emuchindwe. Pasi rose, mumwe nemumwe wedu anoshandisa avhareji ye3 kg yemafuta emichindwe pagore.
Pakati peava, 85% vari muMalaysia neIndonesia, uko kudiwa kwepasi rose kwemafuta emichindwe kwakawedzera mari, kunyanya kumaruwa, asi nemutengo wekuparadza kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza uye kunowanzo batanidza kutyorwa kwevashandi nekodzero dzevanhu. Nzvimbo huru yekubudisa gasi regreenhouse muIndonesia, nyika ine vanhu mamiriyoni 261, mwoto unonangidzirwa kubvisa masango uye kugadzira minda mitsva yemichindwe. Iko kukurudzira kwemari kugadzira mamwe mafuta emichindwe kuri kupisa pasi, uku ichiparadza iyo chete nzvimbo yekugara yeSumatran tiger, Sumatran rhinos uye orangutans, ichivasundira mukutsakatika.
Zvisinei, vatengi havawanzoziva kuti vari kushandisa chigadzirwa ichi. Tsvagiridzo yemafuta emichindwe inonyora pamusoro pe200 zvinojairwa muzvokudya uye kumba uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta zvemunhu zvine mafuta emichindwe, ingangoita gumi muzana iyo inosanganisira izwi rekuti "palm".
Zvakapinda sei muupenyu hwedu?
Mafuta emichindwe akapinda sei pamativi ese ehupenyu hwedu? Hapana hutsva hwakakonzera kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekushandiswa kwemafuta emichindwe. Pane kudaro, chaive chigadzirwa chakakwana panguva yakakodzera yeindasitiri mushure meindasitiri, imwe neimwe yaiishandisa kutsiva zvinongedzo uye haina kuzombodzoka. Panguva imwecheteyo, mafuta emichindwe anoonekwa nenyika dzinogadzira senzira yekupedza urombo, uye masangano ezvemari epasi rose anozviona seinjini yekukura kwenyika dzichiri kusimukira. IInternational Monetary Fund yakasundira Malaysia neIndonesia kuti iwedzere kugadzirwa.
Sezvo indasitiri yemichindwe yakawedzera, vanochengetedza uye mapoka ezvemhoteredzo akadai seGreenpeace vatanga kukwidza kushushikana pamusoro pekukanganisa kwayo kuburitsa kabhoni nekugara kwemhuka dzesango. Mukupindura, pave nekudzokera shure kunopesana nemafuta emichindwe, ne UK supermarket Iceland ichivimbisa muna Kubvumbi yapfuura kuti ichabvisa mafuta emuchindwe kubva kune zvese zvigadzirwa zvayo pakupera kwa 2018. Muna Zvita, Norway yakarambidza kutengwa kwebiofuels.
Asi pakasvika nguva yekuziva nezvekushanda kwemafuta emichindwe, inenge yadzika midzi muhupfumi hwevatengi zvekuti inogona kunge yanyanya kunonoka kuibvisa. Sekutaura, iyo supermarket yeIceland yakatadza kuzadzisa vimbiso yayo ye2018. Pane kudaro, kambani yakaguma yabvisa logo yayo kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvine mafuta emichindwe.
Kuona kuti ndezvipi zvigadzirwa zvine mafuta emichindwe, tisingarevi kuti zvakachengetedzeka zvakadii, zvinoda huwandu hunopfuura hwemashura hwekuziva kwevatengi. Chero zvazvingaitika, kusimudza ruzivo rwevatengi kuMadokero hakuzove nekukanganisa kwakawanda, zvichipihwa kuti Europe neUS account isingasviki 14% yezvinodiwa pasi rose. Inopfuura hafu yezvinodiwa pasi rose zvinobva kuAsia.
Yakanga iri yakanaka makore makumi maviri kubva pakatanga kunetseka nezve kutemwa kwemasango muBrazil, apo chiito chevatengi chakanonoka, chisina kumira, kuparadzwa. Nemafuta emichindwe, “chokwadi ndechekuti nyika dzekumadokero chikamu chidiki chevatengi, uye nyika yese haina basa. Saka hapana zvakawanda zvinokurudzira kuchinja, "akadaro Neil Blomquist, maneja director weColorado Natural Habitat, iyo inogadzira mafuta emichindwe muEcuador neSierra Leone ine chitupa chepamusoro chekusimudzira.
Kutonga kwepasi rose kwemafuta emichindwe imhaka yezvinhu zvishanu: kutanga, yakatsiva mafuta mashoma ane utano muzvokudya kuMadokero; chechipiri, vagadziri vanoomerera pakuchengeta mitengo yakaderera; chechitatu, yakatsiva mafuta anodhura muzvigadzirwa zvepamba uye zvekuchengeta munhu; chechina, nekuda kwekuchipa kwayo, yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya semafuta anodyiwa munyika dzeAsia; Pakupedzisira, sezvo nyika dzeAsia dzinowedzera kupfuma, dzinotanga kudya mafuta akawanda, kunyanya muchimiro chemafuta emichindwe.
Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemafuta emichindwe kwakatanga nezvokudya zvakagadzirwa. Muma1960, masayendisiti akatanga kunyevera kuti mafuta akawanda akazara anogona kuwedzera njodzi yechirwere chemwoyo. Vagadziri vezvekudya, kusanganisira iyo Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever, vatanga kuitsiva nemajarini akagadzirwa nemafuta emuriwo uye akaderera mumafuta akazara. Zvisinei, nekutanga kwema1990, zvakava pachena kuti margarine yekugadzira bhotela, inozivikanwa sechidimbu hydrogenation, yakanyatsogadzira rudzi rwakasiyana rwemafuta, mafuta emafuta, ayo akazova asina kunaka kupfuura mafuta akazara. Dare revatungamiriri veUnilever rakaona kuumbwa kwekubvumirana kwesainzi kurwisa mafuta ekutengesa uye vakafunga kuzvibvisa. "Unilever yagara ichiziva zvakanyanya nezvehutano hwevatengi vezvigadzirwa zvayo," akadaro James W Kinnear, nhengo yebhodhi reUnilever panguva iyoyo.
Kuchinja kwakaitika kamwe kamwe. Muna 1994, maneja wekunatsa weUnilever Gerrit Van Dijn akagamuchira runhare kubva kuRotterdam. Makumi maviri emiti yeUnilever munyika gumi neshanu aifanira kubvisa mafuta ane hydrogenated kubva pa15 mafuta akasanganiswa uye otsiva iwo nezvimwe zvikamu.
Iyo purojekiti, nezvikonzero Van Dein haakwanise kutsanangura, yakanzi "Paddington". Chekutanga, aifanira kufunga kuti chii chaigona kutsiva trans mafuta achiri kuchengetedza zvinhu zvawo zvakanaka, sekugara wakasimba patembiricha yekamuri. Pakupedzisira, paingova nechisarudzo chimwe chete: mafuta omuchindwe oiri, kana kuti mafuta omuchindwe akabudiswa muchero wawo, kana kuti mafuta omuchindwe kubva kumbeu. Hapana mamwe mafuta anogona kunatswa kune kuenderana kunodiwa kune akasiyana majarini eUnilever akasanganiswa uye zvakabikwa zvinhu pasina kugadzirwa kwemafuta ekufambisa. Yakanga iri yega imwe nzira kune imwe hydrogenated oiri, Van Dein akadaro. Mafuta emuchindwe aivewo nemafuta mashoma.
Kuchinja pachirimwa chimwe nechimwe kwaifanira kuitika panguva imwe chete. Mitsetse yekugadzira haina kukwanisa kubata musanganiswa wemafuta ekare uye matsva. "Nerimwe zuva, matangi ese aya aifanira kucheneswa zvinhu zvinotakura uye kuzadzwa nezvimwe zvinhu. Kubva pakuona kwemaitiro, kwaive kutyisa,” akadaro Van Dein.
Nekuti Unilever yakamboshandisa mafuta emichindwe munguva yakapfuura, cheni yekugovera yaive yatosimuka uye ichimhanya. Asi zvakatora mavhiki matanhatu kuendesa zvigadzirwa kubva kuMalaysia kuenda kuEurope. Van Dein akatanga kutenga oiri yemuchindwe yakawanda uye yakawanda, achironga kutumira kumafekitari akasiyana-siyana panguva yakarongwa. Zvino rimwe zuva muna 6, marori paakamira kunze kwemafekitari eUnilever muEurope, zvakaitika.
Iyi yaive nguva yakachinja indasitiri yechikafu nekusingaperi. Unilever ndiye aiva piyona. Mushure mekunge Van Deijn aronga shanduko yekambani kuenda kumafuta emichindwe, ingangoita imwe neimwe kambani yechikafu yakatevera. Muna 2001, American Heart Association yakaburitsa chirevo ichiti "chikafu chakakwana chekudzikisa njodzi yechirwere chisingaperi ndechekuti saturated fatty acids inoderedzwa uye trans-fatty acids inobviswa kubva mumafuta anogadzirwa." Nhasi, zvinopfuura zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvemafuta emichindwe zvinoshandiswa pakudya. Kushandiswa muEU kune kanopfuura katatu kubva purogiramu yePaddington kusvika 2015. Gore iroro, US Food and Drug Administration yakapa vagadziri vezvokudya 3 makore kuti vabvise mafuta ose emafuta kubva kumajarini ose, cookie, keke, pie, popcorn, pizza yakaoma, donut necookie zvinotengeswa kuUS. Anenge ose zvino atsiviwa nemafuta emichindwe.
Kuenzaniswa nemafuta ese emichindwe ari kupedzwa muEurope nekuUS, Asia inoshandisa zvakatowanda: India, China neIndonesia inosvika 40% yevatengi vepasi rose vemafuta emichindwe. Kukura kwaikurumidza kuitika muIndia, uko hupfumi hwaikwira hwakanga huri chimwe chikonzero mukukurumbira kutsva kwemafuta emichindwe.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakajairika zvekusimudzira hupfumi pasi rose uye munhoroondo yese ndechekuti kudyiwa kwemafuta nehuwandu hwevanhu kuri kukura zvichienderana nemari yavanotambira. Kubva 1993 kusvika 2013, GDP yeIndia pamunhu yakawedzera kubva pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemasere kuenda pamadhora zana nemakumi mana nemakumi mashanu nemaviri. Munguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kwemafuta kwakawedzera ne298% mumaruwa uye 1452% mumaguta, nemafuta emichindwe chikamu chikuru chekuwedzera uku. Fair Price Shops inotsigirwa nehurumende, gadziriro yokugovera zvokudya kuvarombo, yakatanga kutengesa mafuta emuchindwe aibva kunze kwenyika muna 35, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokubikisa. Makore maviri gare gare, zvitoro 25 zvakatutunura matani 1978. Pakazosvika 290, kutengwa kwemafuta emichindwe eIndia kwakakwira kusvika kumatani anoda kusvika 000 miriyoni, kusvika pamamiriyoni e273 ne500. Mumakore iwayo, hurombo hwakaderera nehafu, uye huwandu hwevanhu hwakawedzera ne1995%.
Asi mafuta emuchindwe haasisiri kungoshandiswa pakubika kumba muIndia. Nhasi chikamu chikuru chekukura kweindasitiri yechikafu munyika. Musika wekudya nekukurumidza weIndia wakakura ne83% pakati pa2011 na2016 chete. Domino's Pizza, Subway, Pizza Hut, KFC, Mcdonald's uye Dunkin' Donuts, ese anoshandisa mafuta emichindwe, ave ne2784 zvitoro zvechikafu munyika. Munguva imwecheteyo, kutengeswa kwezvikafu zvakaputirwa kwakawedzera ne138% nekuti akawanda ezvikafu zvakaputirwa zvine mafuta emichindwe zvinogona kutengwa nemapeni.
Kusiyana-siyana kwemafuta emichindwe hakungogumiri pakudya. Kusiyana nemamwe mafuta, anogona kupatsanurwa zviri nyore uye zvisingadhuri kuita mafuta emhando dzakasiyana siyana, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe zvakare. "Iyo ine mukana mukuru nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana kwayo," akadaro Carl Beck-Nielsen, mukuru mukuru weUnited Plantations Berhad, mugadziri wemafuta emichindwe wekuMalaysia.
Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge bhizinesi rekudya rakagadziriswa rawana mashiripiti emafuta emichindwe, maindasitiri akadai sezvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta vanhu nemafuta ekufambisa akatangawo kuishandisa kutsiva mamwe mafuta.
Sezvo mafuta emichindwe ave achishandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose, akatsivawo zvigadzirwa zvemhuka mune detergents uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta zvega sesipo, shampoo, lotion, nezvimwe. Nhasi, 70% yezvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta zvemunhu zvine imwe kana anopfuura emafuta emichindwe.
Sezvakangoita Van Dein akawana kuUnilever kuti kuumbwa kwemafuta emichindwe kwaive kwakavanakira, vagadziri vachitsvaga dzimwe nzira dzemafuta emhuka vakaona kuti mafuta emichindwe ane seti yemafuta akafanana nemafuta emafuta. Hapana imwe nzira inogona kupa mabhenefiti akafanana kune akasiyana siyana ezvigadzirwa.
Signer anotenda kuti kubuda kwebovine spongiform encephalopathy mukutanga kwema1990, apo chirwere cheuropi pakati pemombe chakapararira kune vamwe vanhu vaidya nyama yemombe, yakakonzera shanduko huru mukudya. "Maonero eruzhinji, kuenzana kwemhando uye kushambadzira zvakasangana kuti zvibviswe kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvemhuka mune mamwe maindasitiri akatarisana nefashoni sekuchengeta munhu."
Munguva yakapfuura, apo mafuta aishandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvakadai sesipo, imwe yezvigadzirwa zvenyama, mafuta emhuka, yaishandiswa. Zvino, mukupindura kushuviro yevatengi yezvigadzirwa zvinoonekwa se "zvakasikwa", sipo, detergent uye vagadziri vezvizoro vakatsiva chigadzirwa chemuno neicho chinofanira kutakurwa zviuru zvemamaira uye chiri kukonzera kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza munyika kwazviri. yakagadzirwa. Kunyangwe, hongu, indasitiri yenyama inounza yayo kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza.
Chinhu chimwe chete chakaitika nebiofuels - chinangwa chekudzikisa kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza kwaiva nemigumisiro isingatarisirwi. Muna 1997, mushumo weEuropean Commission wakadaidzira kuwedzera kwechikamu chekushandiswa kwesimba kubva kune zvinogonekazve. Makore matatu gare gare, akataura mabhenefiti ezvakatipoteredza emafuta ekufambisa uye muna 2009 akapasisa Renewable Energy Directive, iyo yaisanganisira 10% chinangwa chemugove wemafuta ekufambisa anobva kubiofuels panosvika 2020.
Kusiyana nechikafu, kumba uye kutarisirwa kwemunhu, uko chemistry yemafuta emichindwe inoita kuti ive imwe nzira yakanaka kana zvasvika kune biofuels, palm, soya bean, canola uye sunflower mafuta anoshanda zvakaenzana. Asi mafuta emichindwe ane mukana mukuru pane aya anokwikwidza oiri - mutengo.
Parizvino, minda yemichindwe yeoiri inotora mahekita anopfuura mamiriyoni 27 epasi. Masango nekugara kwevanhu zvakatsvairwa ndokutsiviwa ne“tsvina yakasvibirira” inenge isina kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu munzvimbo yakakura seNew Zealand.
Aftermath
Mamiriro ekunze anodziya, ane mwando enzvimbo dzinopisa anopa mamiriro ekukura akanakira emichindwe yeoiri. Zuva nezuva, masango makuru emasango anogara achinaya mvura muSoutheast Asia, Latin America neAfrica ari kupiswa kana kupiswa kuti agadzirire minda mitsva, achiburitsa huwandu hukuru hwekabhoni mumhepo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Indonesia, iyo inogadzira pasi rose yemafuta emichindwe, yakakunda US mukuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse muna 2015. Kusanganisira CO2 uye methane emissions, mafuta emichindwe-based biofuels anopeta katatu kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze emafuta echinyakare.
Sezvo nzvimbo yadzinogara musango inopera, mhuka dziri mungozi yokutsakatika dzakadai se<em>orangutan, nzou yeBornean uye dindingwe reSumatran dziri kuswedera pedyo nokutsakatika. Varimi vadiki uye vanhu veko vakagara nekuchengetedza masango kwezvizvarwa vanowanzodzingwa munyika dzavo zvine hutsinye. MuIndonesia, kukakavara kwenyika kunopfuura 700 kune chokuita nekugadzirwa kwemafuta emichindwe. Kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoitika zuva nezuva, kunyangwe paminda inonzi "inogoneka" uye "organic".
Chii chingaitwe?
Maorangutan 70 achiri kufamba mumasango eSoutheast Asia, asi mitemo yebiofuel iri kuasunda kusvika kumagumo ekutsakatika. Imwe neimwe minda mitsva muBorneo inoparadza chimwe chikamu chekugara kwavo. Kuwedzera kudzvinyirira kune vezvematongerwo enyika kwakakosha kana tichizoponesa hama dzedu dzemuti. Kunze kweizvi, zvisinei, kune zvakawanda zvatingaita muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Nakidzwa nechikafu chemumba. Bika wako woshandisa mamwe mafuta semuorivhi kana sunflower.
Verenga zvinyorwa. Mitemo yekunyora mazita inoda kuti vagadziri vezvokudya vataure zvakajeka zvinosanganiswa. Zvisinei, munyaya yezvigadzirwa zvisiri zvekudya zvakadai sezvizoro uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa, mazita akawanda emakemikari anogona achiri kushandiswa kuvanza kushandiswa kwemafuta emichindwe. Zvijairirane nemazita aya woadzivisa.
Nyora kuvagadziri. Makambani anogona kutarisisa zvakanyanya kune izvo zvinopa zvigadzirwa zvavo mukurumbira wakashata, saka kubvunza vanogadzira uye vatengesi vanogona kuita mutsauko chaiwo. Kudzvinyirirwa neveruzhinji uye kuwedzera kuziva nezvenyaya iyi kwatoita kuti vamwe varimi vasiye kushandisa mafuta emuchindwe.
Siya mota kumba. Kana zvichiita, famba kana kuchovha bhasikoro.
Gara uchiziva uye zivisa vamwe. Bhizinesi guru nehurumende dzinoda kuti titende kuti biofuel yakanaka kune mamiriro ekunze uye kuti minda yemafuta emichindwe inochengetedza. Goverana ruzivo nemhuri yako neshamwari.