Chii chekuita nerukova rusingaperi rwemarara epurasitiki kana tisingadi kuti ibatire pamatavi emiti, kushambira mumakungwa, uye kuisa matumbu eshiri dzegungwa nehove?
Sekureva kwegwaro rakaburitswa neWorld Economic Forum, kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki kunotarisirwa kuwedzera zvakapetwa mumakore makumi maviri anotevera. Panguva imwecheteyo, inosvika makumi matatu muzana epurasitiki inodzokororwa muEurope, 20% chete muU.
Muna Ndira 2019, mubatanidzwa wemakambani epetrochemical uye zvigadzirwa zvevatengi anonzi Alliance to Fight Plastic Waste akazvipira kushandisa madhora bhiriyoni imwe neshanu kugadzirisa dambudziko iri kwemakore mashanu. Chinangwa chavo ndechekutsigira zvimwe zvinhu uye masisitimu ekutumira, kukurudzira zvirongwa zvekudzokorodza, uye - zvakanyanya kukakavara - kukurudzira matekinoroji anoshandura plastiki kuita mafuta kana simba.
Zvirimwa zvinopisa mapurasitiki nemamwe tsvina zvinogona kuburitsa kupisa uye chiutsi chakakwana kuti zvigone kugonesa masisitimu enzvimbo. European Union, iyo inorambidza kuzara kwemarara, yave kutopisa ingangoita 42% yemarara ayo; IUS inopisa 12,5%. Sekureva kweWorld Energy Council, network yakatenderwa neUS inomiririra huwandu hwemasimba emagetsi uye matekinoroji, chikamu chepurojekiti yekurasa-kune-simba chingangove nekukura kwakasimba mumakore anotevera, kunyanya mudunhu reAsia-Pacific. KuChina kwatove nezvivakwa zvinosvika mazana matatu zvekushandisa patsva, nemazana akati wandei ari kuvandudzwa.
"Sezvo nyika dzakaita seChina dzinovhara mikova yadzo yekuunza marara kubva kune dzimwe nyika, uye sezvo maindasitiri akaremerwa anotadza kugadzirisa dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, kupisa kuchawedzera kusimudzirwa seimwe nzira iri nyore," anodaro mutauriri weGreenpeace, John Hochevar.
Asi ipfungwa yakanaka here?
Pfungwa yekupisa tsvina yepurasitiki kugadzira simba inonzwika: mushure mezvose, plastiki inogadzirwa kubva kumahydrocarbons, semafuta, uye yakaoma kupfuura marasha. Asi kuwedzera kwekupisa marara kunogona kudziviswa nemamwe manuances.
Ngatitangei nenyaya yekuti nzvimbo yemabhizinesi emarara-kune-simba yakaoma: hapana anoda kugara padyo nechirimwa, padhuze pachava nekurasira marara uye mazana emarori emarara pazuva. Kazhinji, mafekitari aya ari pedyo nenharaunda dzine mari shoma. MuUS, imwe chete nyowani yekupisa moto yakavakwa kubvira 1997.
Mafekitari makuru anogadzira magetsi akakwana kuti ape simba makumi ezviuru edzimba. Asi tsvakiridzo yakaratidza kuti kudzokorodza marara epurasitiki kunochengetedza simba rakawanda nekudzikisira kudiwa kwekubvisa mafuta efossil kugadzira purasitiki nyowani.
Chekupedzisira, marara-kune-simba zvidyarwa zvinogona kuburitsa zvinosvibisa zvine muchetura senge dioxins, magasi ane acid, uye simbi inorema, kunyangwe iri yakaderera. Mafekitari emazuva ano anoshandisa masefa kuti ateye zvinhu izvi, asi sezvakataurwa neWorld Energy Council mumushumo wa2017: “Michina iyi inobatsira kana michina yekupisa moto ichishanda nemazvo uye utsi uchidzorwa.” Dzimwe nyanzvi dziri kutyira kuti nyika dzisina mitemo yezvakatipoteredza kana kuti dzisingateveri mitemo yakasimba dzingaedza kuchengetedza mari pakudzora kubudiswa kwemhepo.
Pakupedzisira, marara anopisa anoburitsa magasi egreenhouse. Muna 2016, US incinerators yakagadzira 12 miriyoni matani ecarbon dioxide, inopfuura hafu yacho yakabva mukupisa kwepurasitiki.
Pane imwe nzira yakachengetedzeka yekupisa marara here?
Imwe nzira yekushandura marara kuita simba igasification, maitiro ayo mapurasitiki anonyungudutswa pakupisa kwakanyanya mukusavapo kweokisijeni (zvinoreva kuti chepfu senge dioxins uye furan haina kuumbwa). Asi gasification parizvino haina kukwikwidza nekuda kwemitengo yakaderera yegasi.
Imwe tekinoroji inoyevedza ndeye pyrolysis, umo plastiki inonyungudutswa uye yakanyungudutswa pane yakaderera tembiricha pane gasification uye kushandisa kunyange shoma oxygen. Kupisa kunopwanya mapolymer epurasitiki kuita mahydrocarbon madiki anogona kugadzirwa kuita dhiziri uye kunyange mamwe petrochemicals, kusanganisira mapurasitiki matsva.
Parizvino kune zvirimwa zvinomwe zvidiki zvepyrolysis zvinoshanda muUS, zvimwe zvichiri muchikamu chekuratidzira, uye tekinoroji iri kuwedzera pasi rose nekuvhurwa kwezvivakwa muEurope, China, India, Indonesia nePhilippine. IAmerican Council on Chemistry inofungidzira kuti 600 pyrolysis zvidyarwa zvinogona kuvhurwa muUS, kugadzira makumi matatu ematani epurasitiki pazuva, kwehuwandu hunosvika 30 miriyoni matani pagore - pasi pechikamu chimwe chete chechishanu chemamiriyoni makumi matatu nemazana mashanu ematani. yemarara epurasitiki ave kugadzirwa nenyika.
Pyrolysis tekinoroji inokwanisa kubata mafirimu, mabhegi uye akawanda-layer zvinhu izvo mazhinji mechanical processing technologies haagone kubata. Pamusoro pezvo, haiburitse zvinosvibisa zvinokuvadza kunze kwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi kadikidiki.
Kune rimwe divi, vatsoropodzi vanotsanangura pyrolysis seyakadhura uye immature tekinoroji. Parizvino zvichiri zvakachipa kugadzira dhiziri kubva mumafuta emafuta pane kubva mumarara epurasitiki.
Asi isimba rinogonekazve here?
Mafuta epurasitiki chinhu chinogona kuvandudzwa here? MuEuropean Union, biogenic tsvina yemumba chete ndiyo inonzi inogona kudzokororwa. MuUS, gumi nenhanhatu dzinofunga marara akasimba ekanzuru, kusanganisira mapurasitiki, kuve simba rinogonekazve. Asi plastiki haidzokerike nenzira imwechete sehuni, bepa kana donje. Plastiki haikure kubva kuchiedza chezuva: tinoigadzira kubva mumafuta ezvicherwa anobviswa pasi, uye nhanho yega yega mukuita izvi inogona kutungamirira mukusvibiswa.
“Paunobvisa mafuta ezvicherwa pasi, wogadzira mapurasitiki kubva pazviri, wopisa mapurasitiki iwayo kuti awane simba, zvinova pachena kuti iyi haisi denderedzwa, asi mutsara,” anodaro Rob Opsomer weEllen MacArthur Foundation, uyo anokurudzira. hupfumi hwedenderedzwa. kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa. Anowedzera kuti: "Pyrolysis inogona kutorwa sechikamu chehupfumi hwedenderedzwa kana mabudiro ayo akashandiswa seyakagadziriswa yezvinhu zvitsva zvemhando yepamusoro, kusanganisira mapurasitiki akasimba."
Vatsigiri vesangano rakatenderera vanonetsekana kuti chero nzira yekushandura tsvina yepurasitiki kuita simba haina zvishoma kuderedza kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvitsva, kunyanya kuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. "Kuisa pfungwa pamaitiro aya ndiko kusiyana nemhinduro chaidzo," anodaro Claire Arkin, nhengo yeGlobal Alliance yeWaste Incineration Alternatives, iyo inopa mhinduro dzemashandisirwo epurasitiki shoma, kuishandisa zvakare, uye kugadziridza zvimwe.