Pakupera kwaNdira, nyika yakarasikirwa nemunyori ane mukurumbira, Jerome David Salinger. Akafira kumba kwake kuNew Hampshire aine makore makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri. Munyori ane mungava weupenyu hwake hurefu hwekutarisira hutano hwake - kweanenge hupenyu hwake hwese mukuru aidya miriwo, akatanga kuvenga baba vake bhucha, uye sekureva kwake. Zvaunotenda.
Official reference
Jerome David Salinger akaberekerwa muNew York kumhuri yemuzvinabhizinesi. Akapedza kudzidza kubva kuValley Forge Military Academy muPennsylvania. Akapinda muNew York University muna 1937 uye akashanda muUS Army munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Muna 1948, akaburitsa nyaya yake yekutanga mupepanhau reNew York Times - "Zvakanaka kubata hove yebhanana." Makore matatu gare gare, The Catcher in the Rye yakabudiswa, zvichiita kuti Salinger ave munyori wemafashoni pakarepo.
Yakanyorwa mumutauro we slang, nyaya yaHolden Caulfield ane makore 16 asina kugadzikana, anokura mukati mebhuku iri, yakakatyamadza vaverengi. Holden anofanirwa kutarisana nezvinetso zvakajairika zvekuyaruka achirarama nerufu rwemunin'ina wake, akafa neleukemia.
Vatsoropodzi vakakatyamadzwa: bhuku racho rakanga riri idzva zvikuru, rakazara nomudzimu wokupandukira, kutsamwa kwepwere, kuodzwa mwoyo uye kuseka kunorwadza. Kusvika ikozvino, anenge zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emakopi einoveli anosiya masherufu gore rega.
Holden Caulfield ndomumwe weanonyanya kuzivikanwa mavara ezvinyorwa muAmerican mabhuku ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Salinger aiva noukama hwakashata zvikuru nababa vake, muridzi wechitoro chenyama wechiJudha uyo aida kuti mwanakomana wake agare nhaka chitoro chake. Mwanakomana haana kungotevedzera zano rake, asi haana kuenda kumariro ababa vake zvachose uye akazova mudyari.
Pakazosvika 1963, Salinger akange aburitsa akati wandei manyoro uye nyaya pfupi, mushure mezvo akazivisa kusada kwake kuenderera mberi nebasa rake rekunyora ndokugara muCornish, asiya "kubva mumiedzo yenyika." Salinger anotungamira hupenyu hwekusagadzikana, achiti ani nani anoda kuziva nezvake anofanira kuverenga mabhuku ake. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, akati wandei etsamba dzaSalinger dzakatengeswa paokisheni uye dzakatengwa nemumwe kunze kwaPeter Norton, aimbove CEO weSymantec; maererano neNorton, akatenga tsamba idzi kuti adzosere kuna Salinger, ane chido chekuvanzika uye "kuchengeta chero ani zvake kubva muupenyu hwake hwepachivande" akakodzera kuremekedzwa kwose.
Mumwe anofanira kufunga kuti mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura, Salinger akaverenga zvakawanda nezvake. Nyaya dzese idzi, Salinger ichi, Salinger icho. Zvinogona kupokana kuti magwaro ekufa akagadzirwa mumapepanhau makuru ose makore gumi apfuura. Romanized biographies, encyclopedic biographies, ine zvinhu zvekuferefeta uye psychoanalysis. Zvakakosha?
Murume wacho akanyora bhuku, nyaya nhatu, nyaya pfumbamwe uye akasarudza kusaudza nyika chero chimwe chinhu. Zvine musoro kufunga kuti kuti unzwisise huzivi hwake, maitiro kune vegetarianism uye maonero ehondo muIraq, unofanirwa kuverenga zvinyorwa zvake. Pane kudaro, Salinger aigara achiedza kubvunzurudzwa. Mwanasikana wake akanyora memoir yehupenyu hwose pamusoro pababa vake. Kuwedzera, Jerome Salinger akafa, achisiya (vanoti) gomo rezvinyorwa mumba, mamwe acho (anonyora) akakodzera kudhindwa.
Hupenyu husina pamutemo
Saka zvakawanda sei zvatinoziva nezvaJerome Salinger? Zvichida hongu, asi zvinyorwa chete. Mashoko anonakidza ari mubhuku raMargaret Salinger, uyo akasarudza "kupa baba zvizere nokuda kwehuduku hwavo hunofadza." Rusvingo rwe rye rwakaparadzaniswa zvishoma, asi chinhu chikuru chakaramba chakavanzika, kusanganisira hama dzemunyori.
Semukomana, airota ari matsi uye mbeveve, achigara mukamba kumucheto kwesango uye achikurukura nemudzimai wake matsi uye mbeveve kuburikidza nezvinyorwa. Murume akwegura, mumwe angati, akazadzisa kurota kwake: iye akwegura, matsi, anogara munzvimbo ine matanda, asi haanzwi achida zvinyorwa, sezvo achiri kutaura zvishoma nemudzimai wake. Imba yave nhare yake, uye munhu asingawanzo rombo anokwanisa kupinda mukati memadziro ayo.
Zita remukomana uyu anonzi Holden Caulfield, uye anogara munyaya ichiri kunamatwa nemamiriyoni evachiri kuyaruka "vasinganzwisisike" - "The Catcher in the Rye." Murume wekare ndiye munyori webhuku iri, Jerome David, kana, mumutauro weAmerica, wakadimburirwa nemavara ekutanga, JD, Salinger. Mukutanga kwema2000, ari mumakore ake makumi masere uye anogara muCornish, New Hampshire. Haasati aburitsa chero chinhu chitsva kubva 80, anopa kubvunzurudza kune chero munhu, uye zvakadaro anoramba ari munyori anofarira kukurumbira kukuru uye kutarisisa kusingatarisirwe, uye kwete muUnited States chete.
Dzimwe nguva, asi zvinoitika kuti munyori anotanga kurarama kuguma kwechimiro chake, achiteerera pfungwa dzake, achidzokorora uye achienderera mberi nenzira yake, achiuya kumugumisiro wechisikigo. Ichi hachisi chiyero chepamusoro-soro cheuchokwadi hwebasa rekunyora here? Zvichida, vazhinji vangada kuziva zvechokwadi izvo mupanduki Holden akava mumakore ake ekuderera. Asi munyori, achirarama pakuguma kwemukomana akwegura, haabvumiri munhu kuvhara, achivanza mumba umo pasina mweya mumwe chete unorarama makiromita akawanda.
Chokwadi, kune vaenzi nguva yedu iri kure neyakanakisisa. Kuda kuziva kwevanhu kunopindawo nemavhavha akavharwa zvakasimba. Kunyanya kana hama neshamwari dzekare dzinogara dzichiva shamwari yevanobvunza. Imwe kuchema-kuzarurwa pamusoro pekuguma kwaJD Salinger, yakaoma uye inokakavadzana, yaiva memoirs yemwanasikana wake Margaret (Peg) Salinger, yakabudiswa muna 2000 pasi pezita rokuti "Chasing the Dream".
Kune avo vanofarira chaizvo basa raSalinger uye biography, hapana mutauri wengano ari nani. Pegi akakurira nababa vake murenje reCornish, uye, sekutaura kwaanoita, hudiki hwake hwakanga hwakaita sengano inotyisa. Kuvapo kwaJerome Salinger kwaive kure nekusungwa kwekuzvidira, zvisinei, maererano nemwanasikana wake, kumwe kufungidzira kunotyisa kwaive pahupenyu hwake. Kwagara kuine hunyambiri hunosiririsa mumurume uyu.
Sei? Mhinduro, ingangoita chidimbu, inogona kuwanikwa muchikamu chekutanga chendangariro dzaMargaret Salinger, yakatsaurirwa paudiki hwababa vake. Munyori ane mukurumbira pasi rose akakurira pakati peNew York, muManhattan. Baba vake, muJudha, vakabudirira somutengesi wezvokudya. Amai vaidzivirira zvakanyanya vaiva muIrish, muKaturike. Zvisinei, achiteerera mamiriro acho ezvinhu, akanyepedzera kuva muJudha, achivanza chokwadi kunyange kumwanakomana wake. Salinger, uyo ainyanya kuzviziva pachake se "hafu-muJudha", akadzidza kubva pane zvakaitika kwaari kuti anti-Semitism chii. Ndicho chikonzero nei dingindira iri richidzokororwa uye zvakajeka chaizvo mubasa rake.
Hudiki hwake hwakawira panguva yakaoma. Mushure mokunge apedza chikoro chemauto, JD akanyangarika muhuwandu hweAmerican "GI" (vakapedza kudzidza). Sechikamu che12th Infantry Regiment ye4th Division, akapinda muHondo Yenyika II, akavhura yechipiri kumberi, achimhara pamhenderekedzo yeNormandy. Zvakanga zvisiri nyore kumberi, uye muna 1945 remangwana remabhuku eAmerica rakaiswa muchipatara nekunetsekana kwekutya.
Zvingava zvakadaro, Jerome Salinger haana kuva "munyori wepamberi", kunyange, maererano nemwanasikana wake, mumabasa ake ekutanga "musoja anoonekwa." Maonero ake kuhondo nenyika yepashure pehondo aive zvakare ... ambivalent - maiwe, zvakaoma kuwana imwe tsananguro. Semukuru weAmerican counterintelligence, JD akapinda muchirongwa cheGerman denazification. Kuva murume anovenga Nazism nemoyo wese, akambosunga musikana - mushandi wechidiki webato reNazi. Ndokumuroora. Maererano naMargaret Salinger, zita rechiGerman remudzimai wababa vake wokutanga raiva Sylvia. Pamwe chete naye, akadzokera America, uye kwenguva yakati aigara mumba vabereki vake.
Asi muchato wacho wakava wenguva pfupi. Munyori wezvinyorwa zvendangariro anotsanangura chikonzero chemukana nokupfava kukuru: “Iye akavenga vaJudha noruchiva rwakafanana rwaaivenga narwo vaNazi.” Gare gare, kuna Sylvia, Salinger akauya nezita remadunhurirwa rinozvidza “Saliva” (muChirungu, “spit”).
Mudzimai wake wechipiri aive Claire Douglas. Vakasangana muna 1950. Akanga aine makore 31 okukura, aine 16. Mumwe musikana aibva kumhuri inoremekedzwa yokuBritain akaendeswa kuyambutswa Atlantic kure nokutyisa kwehondo. Jerome Salinger naClaire Douglas vakaroorana, kunyange zvazvo akanga asara nemwedzi mishomanana kuti apedze chikoro chesekondari. Mwanasikana, akaberekwa muna 1955, Salinger aida kutumidza Phoebe - mushure mezita rehanzvadzi yaHolden Caulfield kubva munyaya yake. Asi apa mudzimai akaratidza kusimba. “Zita rake richanzi Peggy,” akadaro. Vaviri ava vakazova nemwanakomana ainzi Matthew. Salinger akazova baba vakanaka. Aitamba nevana nokuzvidira, achivafadza nengano dzake, apo “mutsetse uri pakati pefungidziro nezvokwadi wakadzimwa.”
Panguva imwecheteyo, munyori aigara achiedza kuvandudza pachake: muupenyu hwake hwose akadzidza chiHindu. Akaedzawo nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutungamira mararamiro ane hutano. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana aive mubiki wechikafu, macrobiota, asi akabva agadzika pane zvinomera. Hama dzemunyori hadzina kunzwisisa izvi, dzichigara dzichitya nezvehutano hwake. Zvisinei, nguva yakaisa zvinhu zvose panzvimbo yayo: Salinger akararama upenyu hurefu.
Vanotaura nezvevanhu vakadai kuti havambosiyi zvachose. Iyo Catcher in the Rye ichiri kutengesa makopi mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu.