Munhoroondo yose yehupenyu panyika yedu, hapana akambotambura semhuka. Zvinoitika kumhuka dzinopfuyiwa mumapurazi eindasitiri zvimwe imhosva yakaipisisa munhoroondo. Nzira yekufambira mberi kwevanhu yakazara nemitumbi yemhuka dzakafa.
Kunyange madzitateguru edu ari kure kubva kuStone Age, akararama makumi ezviuru zvemakore apfuura, akanga atove nemhosva yezviitiko zvakawanda zvezvakatipoteredza. Vanhu vekutanga pavakasvika kuAustralia makore makumi mana nemashanu apfuura, vakakurumidza kutyaira 45% yemhuka huru dzaigaramo kusvika kumagumo ekutsakatika. Uku ndiko kwaive kuita kwekutanga kwakakosha kwakava neHomo sapiens pane ecosystem yepasi - uye kwete yekupedzisira.
Anenge makore gumi nemashanu apfuura, vanhu vakatonga nyika dzeAmerica, vachitsvaira 15% yemhuka dzayo huru mukuita. Mamwe marudzi mazhinji akanyangarika muAfrica, Eurasia, uye zvitsuwa zvakawanda zvakapoteredza mhenderekedzo dzazvo. Uchapupu hwezvokuchera matongo hunobva kunyika dzose hunotaura nyaya yakafanana inosuruvarisa.
Nhoroondo yekukura kwehupenyu paNyika yakafanana nenjodzi muzviitiko zvakawanda. Inovhura nechiitiko chinoratidza huwandu hwevanhu vakapfuma uye vakasiyana-siyana vemhuka hombe, isina kana tsananguro yeHomo Sapiens. Muchiitiko chechipiri, vanhu vanoonekwa, sezvinoratidzwa nemapfupa akapwanyika, mapfumo nemapfumo. Chiitiko chechitatu chinotevera pakarepo, umo vanhu vanopinda pakati pechikuva uye zhinji dzemhuka huru, pamwe chete nediki diki zhinji, dzakanyangarika.
Kazhinji, vanhu vakaparadza inenge 50% yemhuka dzose dzakakura dzepasi pasi kunyange vasati vadyara munda wekutanga wegorosi, vakagadzira simbi yekutanga yekushanda, vakanyora chinyorwa chekutanga uye vakagadzira mari yekutanga.
Chiitiko chikuru chakatevera muukama hwevanhu nemhuka chaive shanduko yezvekurima: nzira yatakachinja nayo kubva kuvavhimi vanotama-tama kuenda kuvarimi vanogara mumisha yekusingaperi. Somugumisiro, hupenyu hutsva hutsva hwakaonekwa paNyika: mhuka dzakachengetwa. Pakutanga, izvi zvingave zvakaita sekuchinja kuduku, sezvo vanhu vakakwanisa kupfuya zvisingasviki makumi maviri emarudzi emhuka dzinoyamwisa neshiri zvichienzaniswa nezviuru zvisingaverengeki zvakaramba zviri "musango". Zvisinei, sezvo mazana amakore akapfuura, rudzi rutsva urwu rwoupenyu rwakava rwakakurumbira zvikuru.
Nhasi, inopfuura 90% yemhuka huru dzose dzakachengetwa ("huru" - kureva, mhuka dzinorema zvishoma makirogiramu). Tora, somuenzaniso, huku. Zviuru gumi zvemakore zvakapfuura, yakanga iri shiri isingawanzowanikwi ine nzvimbo yokugara yakaganhurirwa kune tuduku tuduku muSouth Asia. Nhasi, anenge makondinendi ose nezvitsuwa, kunze kweAntarctica, kune mabhiriyoni ehuku. Huku inopfuyiwa zvichida ndiyo shiri inonyanyozivikanwa pasi rose.
Kana kubudirira kwerudzi kwakayerwa nehuwandu hwevanhu, huku, mombe nenguruve vaizova vatungamiri vasina kupokana. Maiwe, mhuka dzinopfuyiwa dzakabhadhara kubudirira kwadzo kusati kwamboitika pamwe nekutambura kusati kwamboitika. Mhuka dzakaziva marudzi akawanda emarwadzo uye kutambura kwemamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Zvakadaro shanduko yezvekurima yakagadzira marudzi matsva zvachose ekutambura ayo akatowedzera kuipa nekufamba kwenguva.
Pakutanga, zvingaita sokuti mhuka dzakapfuyiwa dzinorarama zviri nani zvikuru kupfuura hama dzadzo dzomusango nemadzitateguru. Nyati dzemusango dzinopedza mazuva adzo dzichitsvaga chikafu, mvura nepekugara, uye hupenyu hwadzo hunogara huchityisidzirwa neshumba, zvipembenene, mafashamo nekusanaya kwemvura. Zvipfuyo, pane zvinopesana, zvakakomberedzwa nehanya nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Vanhu vanopa zvipfuyo zvekudya, mvura nepekugara, vanorapa zvirwere zvavo uye vanodzidzivirira pazvikara nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.
Chokwadi, mhou nemhuru zhinji dzinopedzisira dzapinda mudanga nokukurumidza. Asi izvi zvinoita kuti mugumo wavo uipire kupfuura wemhuka dzomusango here? Zviri nani kudyiwa neshumba here pane kuurayiwa nemunhu? Mazino engwena manyoro here kupfuura simbi?
Asi chinoita kuti kuvepo kwemhuka dzepapurazi dzakapfuyiwa kusuruvarise zvikuru hakusi kufa kwadzinoita, asi, kupfuura zvose, mararamiro adzinoita. Zvinhu zviviri zvinokwikwidzana zvakaumba migariro yokurarama kwemhuka dzepapurazi: kune rumwe rutivi, vanhu vanoda nyama, mukaka, mazai, ganda, uye simba remhuka; nerumwe rutivi, vanhu vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokurarama kwavo kwenguva refu nokuberekana.
Mukutaura, izvi zvinofanira kudzivirira mhuka kubva kune utsinye hwakanyanya. Kana murimi akakama mhou yake asingaipe chikafu nemvura, mukaka unodzikira uye mhou inofa nokukurumidza. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa, vanhu vanogona kuparira kutambura kukuru kurima mhuka nedzimwe nzira, kunyange kuva nechokwadi chokurarama nokubereka kwadzo.
Mudzi wedambudziko ndewekuti mhuka dzakapfuyiwa dzakagara nhaka kubva kumadzitateguru adzo emusango zvakawanda zvemuviri, zvepfungwa uye zvemagariro izvo zvisingakwanisi kuwanikwa mumapurazi. Varimi vanowanzofuratira zvinodiwa izvi: vanopfigira mhuka mumakeji maduku, vocheka nyanga dzadzo nemuswe, uye vanoparadzanisa vanamai kubva pavana. Mhuka dzinotambura zvikuru, asi dzinomanikidzwa kuramba dzichirarama uye kubereka mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.
Asi izvi hazvisi izvo zvinodiwa zvisingagutsikani zvinopesana nenheyo dzinokosha dzemhindumupindu yaDarwin here? Dzidziso yemhindumupindu inotaura kuti masimba ose omuzvarirwo nezvikumbiro zvakashanduka-shanduka mukufarira kurarama nokuberekana. Kana izvi zviri izvo, kuberekana kunopfuurira kwemhuka dzepapurazi hakuratidzi here kuti zvose zvadzinoda chaizvo zvinogutswa? Mhou ingava sei ne“chido” chisinganyanyi kukosha pakurarama nekubereka?
Ichokwadi kuti hunhu hwese uye zvikumbiro zvakashanduka kuti zvisangane nedzvinyiriro yemhindumupindu yekupona nekubereka. Zvisinei, kana dzvinyiriro iyi yabviswa, masikirwo uye kurudziro yaakaumba haiputsiki ipapo ipapo. Kunyangwe ivo vasingachabatsiri mukupona uye kubereka, ivo vanoramba vachigadzira iyo subjective chiitiko chemhuka.
Zvinodikanwa zvomuviri, zvemirangariro, uye zvenzanga zvemhou dzazvino uno, imbwa, uye vanhu hazviratidzi mugariro wavo wazvino uno, asi panzvimbo pezvo dzvinyiriro dzemhindumupindu idzo madzitateguru avo akatarisana nadzo makumi ezviuru zvamakore apfuura. Sei vanhu vachida masiwiti zvakanyanya? Kwete nokuti mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi70 tinofanira kudya ice cream uye chokoreti kuti tirarame, asi nokuti apo madzitateguru edu eStone Age akasangana nemichero inotapira, yakaibva, zvine musoro kuti tidye zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Sei vechidiki vachizvibata zvisina tsarukano, kupinda muhondo dzechisimba uye kubira mawebhusaiti akavanzika? Nemhaka yokuti vanoteerera mirairo yekare yemavara okugara nhaka. Makore 000 apfuura, muvhimi wechidiki akaisa hupenyu hwake pangozi achidzingirira mammoth aizokunda vese vakwikwidzi vake uye kuwana ruoko rwerunako rwenzvimbo - uye majini ake akapfuudzwa kwatiri.
Chaizvo dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka inoumba hupenyu hwemhou nemhuru pamapurazi edu efekitori. Madzitateguru avo ekare aive mhuka dzemagariro. Kuti vararame uye vabereke, vaifanira kutaurirana zvinobudirira, kushandira pamwe uye kukwikwidzana.
Kufanana nemhuka dzose dzinoyamwisa munzanga, mombe dzomusango dzakawana unyanzvi hwokushamwaridzana hunodiwa kuburikidza nekutamba. Mhuru, katsi, mhuru uye vana vanofarira kutamba nekuti mhindumupindu yakapinza iyi chido mavari. Musango, mhuka dzaifanira kutamba—dai dzaisadaro, dzaisazodzidza unyanzvi hwokushamwaridzana hunokosha kuti dzirarame nokuberekana. Nenzira yakafanana, dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka yakaita kuti mambwanana, katsi, mhuru, uye vana vave nechido chisingarambiki chokuva pedyo navanaamai vavo.
Chii chinoitika kana varimi zvino votora mhuru duku kubva kuna mai vayo, voiisa mudenderedzwa duku, vobaya majekiseni ezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, voipa zvokudya nemvura, uye kana mhuru yacho yava mhou huru, voiisa nourume zvisina kufanira? Mukuona kwechinangwa, mhuru iyi haichadi zvisungo zvaamai kana kuti mukwanyina kuti irarame nekubereka. Vanhu vanochengeta zvese zvinodiwa nemhuka. Asi kubva pakuona kwemaonero, mhuru ichine chido chakasimba chekuva naamai vayo uye kutamba nedzimwe mhuru. Kana zvishuwo izvi zvikasagutsikana, mhuru inotambura zvikuru.
Ichi ndicho chidzidzo chekutanga cheevolutionary psychology: kudiwa kwakaumbwa zviuru zvezvizvarwa zvakapfuura zvinoramba zvichinzwika sezvizvi, kunyangwe zvisisadiwe kurarama uye kubereka panguva ino. Nehurombo, shanduko yezvekurima yakapa vanhu mukana wekuve nechokwadi chekurarama nekuberekana kwemhuka dzinopfuyiwa, uku vachiregeredza zvavanoda. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mhuka dzakapfuyiwa ndidzo dzakabudirira kwazvo kubereka mhuka, asi panguva imwe chete, mhuka dzinosiririsa dzakambovapo.
Mumazana amakore mashoma apfuura, sezvo kurima kwechinyakare kwakapa nzvimbo kurima mumaindasitiri, mamiriro ezvinhu atowedzera kuipa. Mumagariro echinyakare akadai seEgypt yekare, Humambo hweRoma, kana China yepakati, vanhu vaive neruzivo rushoma rwe biochemistry, genetics, zoology, uye epidemiology - saka kugona kwavo kwekunyengera kwaive kushoma. Mumisha yeMiddle Ages, huku dzaimhanya dzakasununguka pachivanze, dzichibaya mhodzi nemakonye mumirwi yemarara, uye dzaivaka matendere mumatanga. Kana murimi ane chishuwo akaedza kuvharira huku 1000 muchikwere chehuku chakazara vanhu, denda rinouraya reflue yeshiri ringangomuka, richiparadza huku dzose, pamwe chete nevazhinji vevagari vomumusha. Hapana muprista, shaman kana n’anga angadai akadzivisa izvi. Asi apo sainzi yemazuva ano payakangoburitsa zvakavanzika zvezvisikwa zveshiri, mavhairasi nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, vanhu vakatanga kufumura mhuka kumamiriro ekurarama akanyanyisa. Nerubatsiro rwemajekiseni, zvinodhaka, mahormone, mishonga yezvipembenene, masisitimu emhepo epakati uye maotomatiki ekudyisa, zvino zvinogoneka kuvharira makumi ezviuru zvehuku mumatanga madiki ehuku uye kugadzira nyama nemazai nekubudirira kusati kwamboitika.
Mamiriro emhuka munzvimbo dzakadai semaindasitiri azova imwe yenyaya dzetsika dzinonyanya kunetsa dzenguva yedu. Parizvino, mhuka huru dzakawanda dzinogara mumapurazi emaindasitiri. Isu tinofungidzira kuti pasi redu rinogarwa zvakanyanya neshumba, nzou, whales uye penguin nedzimwe mhuka dzisina kujairika. Zvinogona kutaridzika saizvozvo mushure mekuona National Geographic, Disney mafirimu uye nyaya dzevana, asi chokwadi hachina kudaro. Kune shumba makumi mana uye nezve 40 mabhiriyoni enguruve dzinopfuyiwa munyika; nzou 000 uye 1 mabhiriyoni emombe dzakapfuyiwa; 500 miriyoni penguin uye 000 bhiriyoni huku.
Ndokusaka mubvunzo mukuru wetsika ndiwo mamiriro ekuvapo kwemhuka dzepapurazi. Inobata zvisikwa zvikuru zvePanyika: makumi emabhiriyoni ezvisikwa zvipenyu, chimwe nechimwe chine nyika yemukati yakaoma yekunzwa uye manzwiro, asi zvinorarama uye zvinofa pamutsetse wekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri.
Sayenzi yemhuka yakaita basa rinorwadza munjodzi iyi. Nharaunda yesainzi iri kushandisa ruzivo rwayo rwunokura rwemhuka kunyanya kutonga hupenyu hwadzo mukushandira indasitiri yevanhu. Nekudaro, zvinozivikanwa zvakare kubva muzvidzidzo zvimwechete izvi kuti mhuka dzepapurazi zvisingarambiki zvisikwa zvine hukama hwakaoma hwemagariro uye maitiro akaomarara epfungwa. Vanogona kunge vasina kungwara sesu, asi vanonyatsoziva kurwadziwa, kutya uye kusurukirwa. Ivowo vanogona kutambura, uye ivowo vanogona kufara.
Inguva yekufunga zvakadzama pamusoro peizvi. Simba revanhu rinoramba richikura, uye kukwanisa kwedu kukuvadza kana kubatsira dzimwe mhuka kunokura naro. Kwemakore 4 bhiriyoni, hupenyu paPasi hwave hunodzorwa nekusarudzwa kwezvisikwa. Iye zvino zviri kuramba zvichidzorwa nevavariro dzevanhu. Asi hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti pakuvandudza nyika, tinofanira kufunga nezvekugara zvakanaka kwezvisikwa zvose zvipenyu, uye kwete Homo sapiens chete.