Matinji ndiwo chifukidziro chekunze chemuviri. Muvanhu, iganda uye zvisungo zvaro zvakaita sematehwe: bvudzi, bvudzi, nzara. Basa guru rezvinyorwa nderokudzivirira zvisikwa kubva pakurwiswa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekunze. Tsanangudzo.

Matinji ndiwo chifukidziro chekunze chemuviri. Vanovimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwemuviri kubva pakurwisa kwakawanda kubva kunharaunda yekunze. Izvo zvinoumbwa neganda uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvimiro kana ganda appendages.

Ganda rinoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvinouya kubva muzvikamu zviviri zveembryological kwakasiyana: ectoderm uye mesoderm. Aya 3 ganda layers ndeaya:

• epidermis (inoonekwa pamusoro peganda);
• dermis (iri pasi pe epidermis);
• hypodermis (yakadzika mutsara).

Iyo yepamusoro ye integument yakakosha zvikuru, kutanga neiyo yeganda iro pamusoro pe2 m², inorema 4 kusvika ku10 kg muvakuru. Kuwanda kweganda, 2 mm paavhareji, kunosiyana kubva pa 1 mm pachiyero chemaziso kusvika ku 4 mm pamwero wezvanza zvemaoko uye pasi petsoka.

Ganda ndiro guru guru. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu: epidermis, dermis uye hypodermis.

Epidermis, pamusoro peganda

Epidermis iri pamusoro peganda. Inosanganisira epithelium uye masero anobatanidza ectodermal mavambo. Ndiyo huru yekudzivirira chimiro chemuviri. Iyo epidermis haina vascularized. Zvimwe zvimiro zvekuwedzera zvinosanganiswa nazvo, senge zvipikiri (zvipikiri, vhudzi, vhudzi, nezvimwewo) uye ganda reganda.

Pazasi pe epidermis ndiyo basal layer. Yakafukidzwa nemasero eutachiona anonzi keratinocyte (masero anogadzira keratin). Nokufamba kwenguva, kuunganidza keratin mumasero kunotungamirira kurufu rwavo. A layer yemasero akafa anonzi stratum corneum inovhara pamusoro pe epidermis. Iri denga risingapindiki rinodzivirira muviri uye rinobviswa nemaitiro e desquamation.

Pasi pe epidermal basal layer pane magumo etsinga akabatana nemasero etsinga mu epidermis kana Merckel masero.

Iyo epidermis zvakare ine melanocytes iyo inogadzira melanin tsanga inobvumira kuchengetedzwa kweUV uye kupa ganda ruvara rwayo.

Pamusoro pe basal layer pane prickly layer iyo ine Langerhans masero anoita basa rekudzivirira muviri. Pamusoro pechitubu chine minzwa pane danda regranular (rakakwiridzirwa ne stratum corneum).

Iyo dermis, inotsigira tishu

Le dermis ndiyo tsinga inotsigira epidermis. Iyo inoumbwa nekubatanidza tishu dzemesodermal mavambo. Inotaridzika yakasununguka kupfuura epidermis. Iine mareceptors epfungwa yekubata uye ganda appendages.

Icho chikafu chinopa muviri che epidermis nekuda kwe vascularization yayo: yakapihwa neropa rakawanda uye lymphatic midziyo, inovimbisa kupihwa kweokisijeni uye chikafu kune zvimiro zve integumentary system uye kudzoka kwemarara (CO.², ureas, nezvimwewo) kune nhengo dzekuchenesa (mapapu, itsvo, nezvimwewo). Inobatanidzwawo mukugadzirwa kweskeletal formations (nedermal ossification).

Iyo dermis inoumbwa nemhando mbiri dzefiber dzakabatanidzwa: collagen fibers uye elastin fibers. Collagen inotora chikamu mukunyorovesa kwedermis nepo elastin ichipa simba uye kuramba. Aya mafiber anobudiswa ne fibroblasts.

Nhepfenyuro dzetsinga dzinoyambuka dermis uye dzinobatanidza epidermis. Kune zvakare akasiyana corpuscles:

• Meissner's corpuscles (inonzwa kubatwa);
• Ruffini's corpuscles (inonzwa kupisa);
• Pacini's corpuscles (pressure sensitive).

Pakupedzisira, dermis ine marudzi akawanda epigment cell (anonzi chromatophores).

The hypodermis, yakadzika layer

L'hypoderme ine hukama hwepedyo neganda pasina kunyatsove chikamu chayo. Iyo inoumbwa neadipose inobatanidza tishu (yemesodermal mabviro) sezvairi mune mamwe matunhu emuviri. Iyi tishu yakafanana nedermis yakasununguka kupfuura epidermis.

Iyo ganda appendages iri mudermis.

Iyo pilosebaceous apparatus

Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• yebvudzi rebvudzi rinoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira bvudzi;
• iyo sebaceous gland inogadzira sebum;
• iyo suboriparous apocrine gland iyo inotakura mameseji ekunhuwa;
• yetsandanyama yepilomotor inoita kuti bvudzi ritwasanuke.

Iyo eccrine sweating apparatus

Inoburitsa dikita rinobviswa nemapores.

Chimbo chezvipikiri

Inoburitsa chipikiri.

Iyo integument inoita nhamba huru yemabasa mukati memuviri:

• Dziviriro kubva kuUV, mvura uye humidity (isina mvura layer), kukuvadzwa, hutachiona, nezvimwe;
• Basa rekufunga : manzwi anogamuchirwa muganda anobvumira kunzwa kwekupisa, kudzvinyirira, kubata, nezvimwewo;
• Kuumbwa kwevhitamini D;
• Excretion yezvinhu uye tsvina;
• Thermal mutemo (ne evaporation yedikita kuitira kudzora tembiricha yemukati, nezvimwewo).