"Murume ari pasi!" - kuchema kwakadaro kunogona kuvhundutsa chero munhu ari muchikepe. Zvinoreva kuti iwe unofanirwa kusiya basa rako uye nekukurumidza chengetedza shamwari yako iri kufa. Asi kuna Jacques-Yves Cousteau, mutemo uyu hauna kushanda. Uyu murume-ngano akapedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake "pamusoro". Murairo wekupedzisira waCousteau, uyo pasina airatidzika kunge akambonzwa, yakanga iri kudana kwete kungonyura mugungwa, asi kugara mariri.
Uzivi hunoyerera
Makore zana apfuura, June 11, 1910, muongorori akakurumbira weWorld Ocean, munyori wemafirimu akawanda pamusoro pegungwa, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, akaberekerwa muFrance. Jacques-Yves mudiki akatanga kunyura mumvura yakadzika yebhuruu kumashure mumakore makumi maviri ezana ramakore rapfuura. Akakurumidza kupindwa muropa nekubata hove. Uye muna 1943, pamwe chete nemugadziri akangwara wemidziyo yepasi pemvura, Emil Gagnan, akagadzira nhanho imwe-yemhepo yekugovera dhizaini yerutsigiro rwehupenyu hwemudhivha (chaizvoizvo, aive munin'ina weazvino-matanho maviri ekutanga). Izvi zvinoreva kuti, Cousteau akatipa giya re scuba, sezvatinoziva iye zvino - nzira yakachengeteka yekunyura kusvika pakadzika.
Pamusoro pezvo, Jacques Cousteau, mutori wemifananidzo uye mutungamiriri, akamira pamavambo ekutorwa kwemifananidzo nemavhidhiyo pasi pemvura. Akagadzira uye akayedza pakadzika kwemamita makumi maviri ekutanga 35 mm vhidhiyo kamera muimba isina mvura yekudhirowa pasi pemvura. Akagadzira midziyo yekuvhenekesa yakakosha yaibvumira kupfura zvakadzama (uye panguva iyoyo kunzwisiswa kwemufirimu kwaingosvika gumi chete ISO mayunitsi), akagadzira yekutanga terevhizheni yepasi pemvura ... Uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
Shanduko yechokwadi yaive Diving Saucer mini-submarine (yekutanga modhi, 1957) yakagadzirwa pasi pehutungamiriri hwake uye yakaita soso rinobhururuka. Chigadzirwa chacho chakazova mumiririri akabudirira zvikuru wekirasi yake. Cousteau aifarira kuzvidaidza kuti "oceanographic technician", iyo, chokwadika, inongoratidzira tarenda rake.
Uye, hongu, Jacques-Yves akagadzira akawanda emafirimu ane mukurumbira esainzi anoshamisa muhupenyu hwake hurefu hunobudirira. Yekutanga, yakagadzirirwa vateereri vazhinji, firimu reuyu asiri nyanzvi yemutungamiriri uye upstart oceanologist (sekudaidzwa kwaakaitwa nemasayendisiti anoremekedzwa) - "Nyika Yekunyarara" (1956) yakagamuchira "Oscar" uye "Palm Branch" Cannes Film Festival (yaive, nenzira, yekutanga isiri-fiction firimu kuhwina Palme d'Or. Yechipiri firimu ("Nyaya yeHove Dzvuku", 1958) yakagamuchirawo Oscar, zvichiratidza kuti Oscar wekutanga aive. kwete tsaona...
Munyika yedu, muongorori akakunda rudo rwevanhu nekuda kweterevhizheni Cousteau's Underwater Odyssey. Nekudaro, iyo pfungwa yekuti mukuziva kwevanhu vakawanda Cousteau akasara chete semugadziri weakateedzana mafirimu anozivikanwa (uye muvambi wemazuva ano scuba gear) haasi echokwadi.
Jacques-Yves akanga akaita sei chaizvo ndipiyona.
planet captain
Comrades akadana Cousteau mutambi uye showman nokuda kwechikonzero. Aive akanaka zvinoshamisa pakutsvaga vatsigiri uye aigara achiwana zvaaida. Semuenzaniso, akawana ngarava yake "Calypso" nguva refu isati yatorwa, ichimutevera (pamwe nemhuri yake) kwemakore akati wandei, kwese kwaaifamba ... uye, pakupedzisira, akagamuchira chikepe sechipo kubva kuIrish miriyoni Guinness. Mupfumi wedoro, afadzwa nezvakaitwa naCousteau, muna 1950 akapa mari zhinji yaidiwa kutenga “Calypso” yaidiwa zvikuru kubva kuBritish Navy (uyu aimbova mucheri wezvimbambaira), uye akahaya Cousteau kwenguva isina muganhu nokuda kweimwe yekufananidzira franc. pagore…
"Kaputeni" - iyi ndiyo nzira yaanodanwa nayo muFrance, dzimwe nguva inonzi "Captain of the Planet." Uye shamwari dzake dzakamudana nyore - "Mambo". Aiziva nzira yekukwevera vanhu kwaari, kutapukira nekufarira kwake uye rudo pakadzika kwegungwa, kuronga uye kuungana muboka, kukurudzira kutsvaga kumuganhu pane chimwe chinhu. Uye zvino tungamirira chikwata ichi mukukunda.
Cousteau akanga asiri gamba rimwechete, akashandisa matarenda evanhu vakamupoteredza nechido: tarenda reinjiniya raE. Gagnan uye gare gare A. Laban, chipo chekunyora chemunyori pamwe naye webhuku rake rakakurumbira "The World of Silence. ” F. Dumas, chiitiko chaProfessor Edgerton - muvambi wemagetsi emwenje - uye pesvedzero yatezvara vake mukambani Air Liquide, iyo yakagadzira michina yepasi pemvura ... Cousteau aifarira kudzokorora: "Pakudya kwemanheru, gara uchisarudza. the best oyster. Nenzira iyi, kusvika kune yekupedzisira, maoyster ese achave akanakisa. " Mubasa rake, aigara achishandisa chete michina yepamusoro, uye izvo zvakanga zvisipo, akagadzira. Aive Mukundi chaiye muAmerican pfungwa yeshoko.
Mumwe wake akatendeka Andre Laban, uyo Cousteau akatora somutyairi wengarava nenhambo yokuedzwa kwevhiki imwe uye akazofamba naye nechikepe kwemakore makumi maviri, kusvikira kumugumo chaiko, akamuenzanisa naNapoleon. Chikwata chaCousteau chaida Mutungamiriri wavo sezvo mauto eNapoleonic chete aikwanisa kuda chifananidzo chavo. Chokwadi, Cousteau haana kurwira kutonga kwenyika. Akarwira rubatsiro rwezvirongwa zvekutsvaga pasi pemvura, zvekudzidza kweWorld Ocean, yekuwedzera miganhu kwete yekwake France chete, asi yeecumene yese, iyo inogarwa nevanhu.
Vashandi, vafambisi vezvikepe Cousteau vakanzwisisa kuti vakanga vari mungarava kupfuura vashandi vakahaiwa. Vakanga vari sahwira wake, ma comrades-in-arms, avo vaigara vakagadzirira kumutevera mumoto uye, chokwadika, mumvura, mavaishanda, dzimwe nguva kwemazuva, kazhinji mubhadharo wezita. Boka rose revashandi veCalypso - ngarava yaidiwa yaCousteau uye yega - vakanzwisisa kuti vaive maArgonauts ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri uye vaitora chikamu munhoroondo uye, neimwe nzira, rwendo rwengano, mukuwanikwa kwezana ramakore, muhondo yevanhu. mukatikati megungwa, mukukunda kurwiswa kwakadzika kwezvisingazivikanwi ...
Muporofita wepakadzika
Muhuduku hwake, Cousteau akasangana nekatyamadzo yakachinja upenyu hwake. Muna 1936, akashanda muchikepe chengarava, aifarira motokari uye kumhanya. Migumisiro yemutambo uyu ndiyo yakasuruvarisa kumurume wechidiki: akaita tsaona yakakomba yemotokari mumotokari yababa vake, akagamuchira kubviswa kwevertebrae, mbabvu dzakawanda dzakaputsika, mapapu akaputika. Maoko ake akanga aoma mitezo...
Makanga muri imomo, muchipatara, mumugariro wakaoma zvikurusa, umo Cousteau muduku akawana rudzi rwokuvhenekerwa. Sezvo Gurdjieff, mushure mekukuvadzwa kwebhoti, akaziva kusabvumirwa kwekushandisa "simba rinoshamisa", saka Cousteau, mushure mechiitiko chisina kubudirira chemujaho, akasarudza "kuuya uye kutarisa-tarisa, kutarisa zvinhu zvakajeka kubva kune imwe kona itsva. Simuka pamusoro pechipatapata utarise gungwa kekutanga…” Tsaona iyi yakaisa muchinjikwa wakakora pabasa remutyairi wendege wemauto, asi yakapa pasi rose muongorori akafemerwa, kutonyanya – rudzi rwemuporofita wemugungwa.
Kuda kunoshamisa uye kuchiva kwehupenyu zvakabvumira Cousteau kuti apore kubva mukukuvadzwa kwakanyanya uye musingasviki gore kuti amire netsoka dzake. Uye kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, hupenyu hwake hwakabatana, kazhinji, nechinhu chimwe chete - negungwa. Uye muna 1938 akasangana naPhilippe Tayet, uyo aizova godfather wake mukusununguka kwekusununguka (pasina scuba gear). Cousteau akazoyeuka kuti hupenyu hwake hwose hwakashanduka panguva iyoyo, uye akasarudza kuzvipira zvachose kunyika yepasi pemvura.
Cousteau aifarira kudzokorora kushamwari dzake: kana iwe uchida kuwana chimwe chinhu muupenyu, haufaniri kuparadzira, kufamba mune imwe nzira. Usaedza zvakanyanya, zviri nani kushandisa nhamburiko yenguva dzose, isingaregi. Uye ichi chaiva, zvichida, credo yehupenyu hwake. Akazvipira nguva yake yose nesimba kuti aongorore zvakadzika zvegungwa - kune zviyo, kudonha, kuisa zvinhu zvose pane imwe kadhi. Uye kuedza kwake kwakava kutsvene zvechokwadi mukuona kwevatsigiri.
Sekureva kwevakararama panguva iyoyo, aive nechido chemuporofita uye netsitsi dzemutsigiri. Aipenya uye akapenya nehukuru hwake, kufanana nemukurumbira weFrench "Sun King" Louis XV. Vafambidzani vakafunga kuti Kaputeni wavo haasi munhu chete - musiki we "chitendero chekunyura", mesiya wekutsvakurudza pasi pemvura. Mesiya uyu, murume asiri wenyika ino, murume ari pamusoro, kupfuura miganhu, kashoma akatarisa kumashure kune nyika - chete kana pakanga pasina mari yakakwana yepurojekiti inotevera, uye kusvikira mari iyi yaonekwa. Aiita seasina nzvimbo panyika. Mutungamiriri wepasi akatungamirira vanhu vake - vakasiyana-siyana - kusvika pakadzika kwegungwa.
Uye kunyangwe Cousteau aive asiri nyanzvi yekudhiraivha, kana nyanzvi yezvemakungwa, kana mutungamiriri ane chitupa, akaita rekodhi dive uye akavhura peji nyowani mukudzidza kwemakungwa. Akanga ari Kaputeni ane guru C, mubatsiri weChinjo, anokwanisa kutumira vanhu parwendo rukuru.
Chinangwa chake chikuru (kwaakaenda naCousteau kwehupenyu hwake hwose) ndechekuwedzera kuziva kwevanhu, uye pakupedzisira kukunda nzvimbo itsva dzekuti vanhu vararame. nzvimbo dziri pasi pemvura. “Mvura inofukidza zvikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvepasi redu,” akadaro André Laban, “uye pane nzvimbo inokwana vanhu vose.” Panyika, “kune mitemo nemirau yakawandisa, rusununguko runoparara.” Zviri pachena kuti Rabhani, achitaura mazwi aya, haana kutaura dambudziko remunhu chete, asi pfungwa yeboka rose, pfungwa yakafambisa chikwata cheCousteau mberi.
Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Cousteau akanzwisisa tarisiro yekuvandudzwa kweWorld Ocean: kuwedzera miganhu yekugara kwevanhu, kuvaka maguta pasi pemvura. Fikisheni yesainzi? Belyaev? Muzvinafundo Challenger? Pamwe. Kana kuti pamwe basa rakaitwa naCousteau rakanga risiri rakanaka. Mushure mezvose, mapurojekiti ake ekuda kudzidza kugona kwekugara kwenguva refu pasi pemvura (uye pakupedzisira hupenyu hwakazara ipapo) akashongedzwa nekubudirira kumwe. "Dzimba dzepasi pemvura", "Precontinent-1", "Precontinent-2", "Precontinent-3", "Homo aquaticus". Iwo maedzo akaitwa pakadzika kusvika 110 metres. Helium-oxygen musanganiswa wakaitwa, iwo musimboti werutsigiro rwehupenyu uye kuverenga kwedecompression modes akagadzirwa ... Kazhinji, muenzaniso wakagadzirwa.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kuedza kwaCousteau kwakanga kusiri imwe pfungwa yekupenga, isina maturo. Kuedza kwakafanana kwakaitwawo kune dzimwe nyika: muU.SA, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, uye nyika dzeEurope.
Amphibian Man
Cousteau haana kumbofunga nezve zvakadzika zvisingasviki 100 metres. Haana kungokwezvwa nemapurojekiti akareruka zvisingaenzaniswi pakadzika uye pakati pakadzika 10-40 metres, apo mhepo yakamanikidzwa kana nitrogen-oxygen misanganiswa inogona kushandiswa, iyo yakawanda yebasa repasi pemvura rinoitwa panguva dzakajairika. Sokunge akanga apukunyuka Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, akanga akamirira dambudziko rine simba repasi rose, achigadzirira chokwadi chokuti aizofanira kudzika kwenguva yakareba ... Asi aya angori fungidziro. Panguva iyoyo, zviremera zvakaramba kupfuurira kutsvakurudza, zvichiona kudhura kwazvo.
Pamwe vaityisidzirwa nedzimwe pfungwa dze "kunze", "dzinopikisa" dzaCousteau. Saka, akarota achigadzira chaiyo pulmonary-cardiac automata iyo yaizopinza oxygen muropa remunhu. Ipfungwa yechimanjemanje. Kazhinji, Cousteau aive parutivi rwekuvhiya kupindira mumuviri wemunhu kuitira kuti agadzirise iyo yehupenyu pasi pemvura. Kureva, ini ndaida pakupedzisira kugadzira "superhuman amphibian" uye kumugarisa mu "nyika yemvura" ...
Cousteau agara achikwezvwa nekudzika kwete semusikirwo kana mutambi wemitambo, asi sepiyona wehupenyu hutsva horizons. Muna 1960, akatora chikamu mukugadzirira kwenhoroondo (iyo chete yakagadzirwa nevanhu!) Dive yeSwiss oceanologist Professor Jacques Picard uye US Navy Lieutenant Donald Walsh paTrieste bathyscaphe munzvimbo yakadzika inozivikanwa yegungwa ("Challenger. Yakadzika") - iyo Mariana Trench (yakadzika 10 920 m). Muzvinafundo akanyura kune rekodhi kudzika kwemamita mazana matatu nemakumi maviri, achidzokorora muhupenyu chaihwo kushanya kwegamba remukurumbira sainzi epic Conan Doyle, hafu-anopenga Muzvinafundo Challenger kubva mubhuku rinonzi The Maracot Abyss (3200). Cousteau akapa ongororo dzepasi pemvura parwendo urwu.
Asi zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa kuti sezvo Picard naWalsh vasina kunyura nekuda kwemukurumbira, saka "Argonauts" yeCousteau yakashinga haina kushandira rekodhi, kusiyana nevamwe, ngatitii, nyanzvi. Somuenzaniso, Rabhani akadana vatambi vakadaro kuti “vanopenga.” Nenzira, Rabhani, nyanzvi yemifananidzo, pamagumo ehupenyu hwake akatanga kupenda mifananidzo yake yegungwa ... pasi pemvura. Zvinogoneka kuti "Challenger" kurota kwaCousteau kunomutambudza nhasi.
Ecology Cousteau
Sezvaunoziva, "baron ane mukurumbira kwete nekuda kwekuti akabhururuka kana kuti haana kubhururuka, asi nekuda kwekuti haarevi nhema." Cousteau haana kunyura nekuda kwekunakidzwa, kuona hove dzichishambira pakati pemakorari, uye kwete kunyange kupfura firimu rinonakidza. Asingazivi, akakwezva vateereri vakawanda (avo vari kure zvikuru nekukunda miganhu yezvinozivikanwa) kune zvigadzirwa zvenhau izvo zvino zvinotengeswa pasi peNational Geographic neBBC brands. Cousteau aive mutorwa kune zano rekugadzira mufananidzo wakanaka unofamba.
Odyssey Cousteau nhasi
Ngarava yengano inonzi Jacques-Yves, yakamushumira akatendeka, yakanyura pachiteshi chengarava cheSingapore muna 1996, ichibonderana negwa. Gore rino, mukuremekedza makore zana ekuzvarwa kwaCousteau, mudzimai wake wechipiri, Francine, akasarudza kupa murume wake mushakabvu chipo chenguva pfupi. Akataura kuti mukati megore ngarava yaizodzorerwa pakubwinya kwayo kuzere. Parizvino, ngarava iri kuzvarwa patsva, iri kudzoserwa pazviteshi zveConsarno (Brittany), uye kushandisa zvinhu zvinochengetedza zvakatipoteredza chete (semuenzaniso, chikepe chichave chakashongedzwa nehemp tow) - ngarava, zvinoenderana nefashoni. , ichava "girini" ...
Zvingaita sekuti chikonzero chekufara uye kushuva "mamita matanhatu pasi pekeel"? Nekudaro, idzi nhau dzinosiya manzwiro akapetwa: iyo Cousteau Team webhusaiti inoti ngarava ichavhuvhuta zvakare padenga rebhuruu semumiriri wekunaka uye nekutarisa kurongeka kwezvisikwa mumakungwa manomwe. Asi pane runyerekupe rwekuti, chokwadi, mushure mekudzoserwa kwechikepe, Francine ari kuenda kunoronga museum inotsigirwa neAmerica muCaribbean kubva kuCalypso. Wakanga uri chaizvoizvo muuyo wakadaro uyo Cousteau amene akashora muna 1980, achiratidzira chimiro chake nenzira yakajeka: “Ndingasarudza kuifashamira panzvimbo pokuishandura kuva miziyamu. Ini handidi kuti chikepe ichi chine mukurumbira chitengeswe, kuti vanhu vauye kuzova nepikiniki pamadheki. Zvakanaka, isu hatitore chikamu mupikiniki. Zvakakwana kuti tiyeuke hope dzaCousteau, izvo zvinokonzeresa kushushikana - murume ari pamusoro.
Tariro, senguva dzose, yechizvarwa chitsva: kana kuti, kumwanakomana waJacques-Yves, uyo kubva pauduku akanga ari kwose kwose nababa vake, akagoverana rudo rwake rwegungwa uye pasi pemvura adventures, akashambira pasi pemvura mumakungwa ose kubva kuAlaska kusvika kuCape. Nyanga, uye paakawana tarenda remugadziri mukati make, akatanga kufunga zvakadzama nezvedzimba uye kunyange maguta ese ... pasi pemvura! Akatotora matanho akati wandei akananga uku. Ichokwadi, kusvika zvino Jean-Michel, ane ndebvu dzatove grey, kunyange zvazvo maziso ake ebhuruu achiri kupisa zvakadzika segungwa nemoto, akaodzwa mwoyo mubasa rake re "Atlantis itsva". "Sei uchizvinyima chiedza chemasikati nekuzvidira uye kuomesa kutaurirana kwevanhu pakati pavo?" akapfupikisa kuedza kwake kwakakundikana kuendesa vanhu pasi pemvura.
Iye zvino Jean-Michel, uyo akatora basa rababa vake nenzira yake pachake, ari kushingaira kubatanidzwa mumapurogiramu ezvakatipoteredza, achiedza kuchengetedza zvakadzika zvegungwa uye vagari varo kubva murufu. Uye basa rake hariperi. Gore rino, Cousteau anosvitsa makore zana. Panyaya iyi, Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose rakazivisa kuti gore ra100 iGore Renyika Dzepasi Pose Rezvakasiyana-siyana Zvipenyu. Sekureva kwake, padanho rekutsakatika pasi pano kubva ku2010 kusvika ku12 muzana yezvipenyu zvinozivikanwa nesainzi ...