Mukati
Macronutrients zvinhu zvinobatsira zvemuviri, chiyero chezuva nezuva chevanhu chiri 200 mg.
Kushaikwa kwema macronutrients kunotungamirira kumatambudziko emagetsi, kusashanda kwenhengo dzakawanda uye masisitimu.
Pane tsumo inoti: tiri zvatinodya. Asi, hongu, kana iwe ukabvunza shamwari dzako pavakapedzisira kudya, semuenzaniso, sarufa kana chlorine, kushamisika mukupindura hakugone kudziviswa. Zvichakadaro, mumuviri wemunhu kune anenge makumi matanhatu emakemikari zvinhu, izvo zvakachengetwa izvo isu, dzimwe nguva tisingazvizivi, tinozadza kubva pakudya. Uye inenge 60% yeumwe neumwe wedu ane mazita emakemikari mana chete anomiririra boka re macronutrients. Uye izvi:
- okisijeni (kune 65% mumuviri womunhu wose);
- kabhoni (18%);
- hydrogen (10%);
- nitrogen (3%).
Zvikamu zvina zvasara ndezvimwe zvinhu zvinobva paperiodic table. Ichokwadi, ivo vashoma zvikuru uye vanomiririra rimwe boka remishonga inobatsira - microelements.
Nokuda kwemakemikari akawanda-macronutrients, itsika kushandisa izwi-zita rokuti CHON, rinoumbwa nemavara makuru emashoko: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen uye nitrogen muchiLatin (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen).
Macroelements mumuviri wemunhu, zvisikwa zvakabvisa masimba akawandisa. Zvinoenderana navo:
- kuumbwa kwe skeleton uye masero;
- muviri pH;
- kufambiswa kwakakodzera kwemanzwiro etsinga;
- kukwana kwemaitiro emakemikari.
Somugumisiro wekuedza kwakawanda, zvakaonekwa kuti zuva rega rega munhu anoda maminerari gumi nemaviri (calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zingi, selenium, mhangura, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chlorine). Asi kunyange aya gumi nemaviri haazokwanisi kutsiva mabasa ezvokudya.
Nutrient elements
Anenge ese emakemikari element anoita basa rakakura mukuvapo kwehupenyu hwese paPasi, asi makumi maviri chete ndiwo akanyanya.
Zvinhu izvi zvakakamurwa kuita:
- 6 yezvakakura zvinovaka muviri (zvinomiririrwa munenge zvinhu zvese zvipenyu paPasi uye kazhinji muhuwandu hwakakura);
- 5 midiki inovaka muviri (inowanikwa muzvinhu zvipenyu zvakawanda muhuwandu hushoma);
- trace elements (zvinhu zvakakosha zvinodiwa muhuwandu hudiki kuchengetedza maitiro ebiochemical ayo hupenyu hunoenderana nawo).
Pakati pezvinovaka muviri zvinosiyaniswa:
- macronutrients;
- trace elements.
Iwo makuru biogenic elements, kana organogens, iboka rekabhoni, haidrojeni, okisijeni, nitrogen, sarufa, uye phosphorus. Zvidiki zvekudya zvinomiririrwa ne sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine.
Okisijeni (O)
Ichi ndicho chechipiri pakurongwa kwezvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa paNyika. Icho chikamu chemvura, uye, sezvamunoziva, inenge 60 muzana yemuviri wemunhu. Muchimiro chegasi, oxygen inova chikamu chemhepo. Mune chimiro ichi, inoita basa rakasimba mukutsigira hupenyu paPasi, kukurudzira photosynthesis (muzvirimwa) uye kufema (mumhuka nevanhu).
Kabhoni (C)
Carbon inogona zvakare kutorwa seyakafanana nehupenyu: matishu ezvisikwa zvese zvepasi ane kabhoni kompani. Mukuwedzera, kuumbwa kwekabhoni mabhondi kunobatsira pakuvandudzwa kweimwe huwandu hwesimba, iyo inobata basa rinokosha pakuyerera kwemakemikari anokosha pachiyero chesero. Mishonga yakawanda ine kabhoni inobatidzwa nyore nyore, ichiburitsa kupisa uye chiedza.
Hydrogen (H)
Ichi ndicho chinhu chakareruka uye chinonyanyozivikanwa muChadenga (kunyanya, muchimiro cheiyo maviri-atomic gasi H2). Hydrogen chinhu chinoshanda uye chinopisa. Neokisijeni inogadzira misanganiswa inoputika. Iine 3 isotope.
Nitrogen (N)
Chinhu chine nhamba yeatomu yechinomwe ndiyo gasi guru riri mumhepo yePasi. Nitrogen chikamu chemamorekuru akawanda, anosanganisira amino acids, ari chikamu chemapuroteni uye nucleic acids anoumba DNA. Inenge yese nitrogen inogadzirwa muchadenga - iyo inonzi planetary nebulae yakagadzirwa nenyeredzi dzakura inopfumisa Universe neiyi macro element.
Mamwe macronutrients
Potassium (K)
Potassium (0,25%) chinhu chakakosha chinokonzera maitiro e electrolyte mumuviri. Nemashoko akareruka: kutakura mutero kuburikidza nezvinwiwa. Izvi zvinobatsira kudzora kurova kwemoyo uye kutumira mafungiro ehurongwa hwetsinga. Uyewo inobatanidzwa mu homeostasis. Kushaikwa kwechinhu kunotungamirira kumatambudziko nemoyo, kusvika pakumira kwayo.
Karusiyamu (Ca)
Calcium (1,5%) ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa mumuviri wemunhu - inenge yese matura echinhu ichi akaiswa mumatishu emazino nemapfupa. Calcium ndiyo inokonzera kukanganisa kwemhasuru uye hurongwa hweprotein. Asi muviri "uchadya" chinhu ichi kubva mumapfupa (izvo zvine ngozi nekuvandudzwa kweosteoporosis), kana ichinzwa kushayikwa kwayo mukudya kwezuva nezuva.
Inodiwa nemiti pakugadzirwa kwemasero membranes. Mhuka nevanhu vanoda iyi macronutrient kuchengetedza mapfupa nemazino ane hutano. Mukuwedzera, calcium inobata basa re "moderator" yemaitiro mu cytoplasm yemasero. Muzvisikwa, zvinomiririrwa mukuumbwa kwematombo akawanda (choko, limestone).
Calcium muvanhu:
- inokanganisa neuromuscular excitability - inobatanidzwa mukurwisana kwemhasuru (hypocalcemia inotungamirira kukudengenyeka);
- inodzora glycogenolysis (kuparara kweglycogen kusvika kumamiriro eglucose) mumhasuru uye gluconeogenesis (kuumbwa kweglucose kubva kune isiri-carbohydrate maitiro) muitsvo uye chiropa;
- inoderedza kupera kwemasvingo e-capillary uye membrane yesero, zvichiita kuti iwedzere anti-inflammatory uye anti-allergic effects;
- inokurudzira kugwamba kweropa.
Calcium ions yakakosha intracellular messenger inobata insulin uye digestive enzymes mudumbu diki.
Ca absorption inobva pane zviri mukati phosphorus mumuviri. Kutsinhana kwecalcium nephosphate kunodzorwa nehomoni. Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone) inoburitsa Ca kubva mumapfupa ichipinda muropa, uye calcitonin (thyroid hormone) inosimudzira kuiswa kwechimwe chinhu mumapfupa, izvo zvinoderedza kuwanda kwayo muropa.
Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium (0,05%) inoita basa rakakosha muchimiro che skeleton uye tsandanyama.
Iyo bato kune anopfuura mazana matatu emagetsi maitiro. Typical intracellular cation, chikamu chakakosha che chlorophyll. Inowanikwa mune skeleton (300% yehuwandu) uye mumasumbu. Chikamu chakakosha chematishu uye mvura yemuviri.
Mumuviri wemunhu, magnesium inokonzeresa kuzorora kwemhasuru, kuburitsa chepfu, uye kuvandudzwa kwekuyerera kweropa kumoyo. Kushaikwa kwechinhu kunokanganisa kugaya uye kunonoka kukura, zvichiita kuti kukurumidza kuneta, tachycardia, kushaya hope, PMS inowedzera muvakadzi. Asi kuwanda kwe macro kunenge nguva dzose kukura kweurolithiasis.
Sodium (Na)
Sodium (0,15%) chinhu chinosimudzira chiyero che electrolyte. Inobatsira kufambisa nerve impulses mumuviri, uye zvakare ine basa rekugadzirisa mwero wemvura mumuviri, kudzivirira kupera simba.
Sarufa (S)
Sulfur (0,25%) inowanikwa mu2 amino acids inoumba mapuroteni.
Phosphorus (P)
Phosphorus (1%) yakanyanyisa mumapfupa, zvichida. Asi nekuwedzera, kune ATP molecule inopa maseru ane simba. Inoratidzwa mu nucleic acids, cell membranes, mapfupa. Kufanana necalcium, inodiwa pakukura kwakakodzera uye kushanda kweiyo musculoskeletal system. Mumuviri wemunhu unoita basa rekugadzirisa.
Chlorine (Cl)
Chlorine (0,15%) inowanzowanikwa mumuviri muchimiro cheiyoni yakaipa (chloride). Mabasa ayo anosanganisira kuchengetedza kuenzana kwemvura mumuviri. Pakupisa kwekamuri, chlorine ine chepfu yakasvibira gasi. Yakasimba oxidizing agent, inopinda nyore mumakemikari maitiro, ichigadzira chlorides.
Basa remacronutrients kuvanhu
| Macro element | Benefits kumuviri | Migumisiro yekushomeka | Zvitubu zve |
|---|---|---|---|
| potassium | Chimwe chikamu che intracellular fluid, inogadzirisa kuenzana kwealkali uye acids, inosimudzira synthesis ye glycogen uye mapuroteni, inokanganisa kushanda kwemisungo. | Arthritis, zvirwere zvetsandanyama, kuoma mitezo, kukanganisa kutapurirwa kwetsinga, arrhythmia. | Mbiriso, michero yakaomeswa, mbatatisi, nyemba. |
| karusiyamu | Inosimbisa mapfupa, mazino, inosimudzira musuru elasticity, inogadzirisa kugwamba kweropa. | Osteoporosis, kugwinha, kuora kwebvudzi nezvipikiri, kubuda ropa. | Bran, nzungu, marudzi akasiyana emakabheji. |
| Magnesium | Inokanganisa carbohydrate metabolism, inoderedza cholesterol mazinga, inopa toni kumuviri. | Nervousness, kusanzwa kwemakumbo nemakumbo, kuwedzera kwekumanikidza, kurwadziwa kumashure, mutsipa, musoro. | Zviyo, bhinzi, miriwo yakasviba, nzungu, prunes, mabhanana. |
| Sodium | Inodzora iyo acid-base kuumbwa, inosimudza toni. | Disharmony yeasidhi uye alkalis mumuviri. | Maorivhi, chibage, miriwo. |
| Sulfur | Inosimudzira kugadzirwa kwesimba uye collagen, inodzora kugwamba kweropa. | Tachycardia, hypertension, kuvimbiswa, kurwadziwa mumajoini, kuora kwebvudzi. | Hanyanisi, kabichi, bhinzi, maapuro, gooseberries. |
| Phosphorus | Inotora chikamu mukuumbwa kwemasero, mahomoni, inogadzirisa metabolic maitiro uye masero ehuropi. | Kuneta, kuvhiringidza, osteoporosis, rickets, mhasuru dzemudumbu. | Zvokudya zvemugungwa, bhinzi, makabheji, nzungu. |
| Chlorine | Inokanganisa kugadzirwa kwehydrochloric acid mudumbu, inobatanidzwa mukutsinhana kwemvura. | Kuderedza gastric acidity, gastritis. | Rye chingwa, kabichi, miriwo, mabhanana. |
Zvese zvinorarama paPasi, kubva kumhuka hombe kusvika kuchipembenene diki, zvinogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana mu ecosystem yepasi. Asi, zvisinei, zvinenge zvipenyu zvose zvinogadzirwa nemakemikari kubva kune imwechete "zvigadzirwa": kabhoni, hydrogen, nitrogen, okisijeni, phosphorus, sarufa uye zvimwe zvinhu kubva patafura ye periodic. Uye chokwadi ichi chinotsanangura kuti nei zvakakosha kutarisira zvakakwana kuzadzazve macrocell anodiwa, nekuti pasina ivo hakuna hupenyu.