Mudskippers: tsananguro yehove ine mufananidzo, iyo inowanikwa, chii chainodya

Zvakaoma kunyange kufungidzira kuti chisikwa ichi chipenyu ndechehove, sezvo mudskipper achiratidzika sechidavado chine ziso retsikidzi rine muromo mukuru wamativi mana kana kuti dzvinyu risina makumbo okumashure.

Mudskipper tsananguro

Iyo jumper haina kuoma kuziva nemusoro wayo wakakura, izvo zvinoratidza hukama hwehove nemhuri yegoby. Mukati memhuri iyi, mudskippers inomiririra genus yavo, "Periophthalmus". Mudskipper wekuWest Africa kana kuti common mudskipper inozivikanwa neve aquarist sezvo iri iyo inonyanya kutengeswa mhando uye ndiyo hombe yerudzi rwayo. Mienzaniso yevakuru yemhando iyi ine zvimbi zviviri zvemushure, zvakashongedzwa netambo yebhuruu inopenya pamipendero yezvimbi uye inokwanisa kukura kusvika 2 nehafu makumi emasendimita.

Muzvisikwa, kunewo vamiririri vadiki vejenasi iyi. Aya ndiwo anonzi Indian kana dwarf jumpers, anosvika pakureba asingasviki 5 cm. Vanhu verudzi urwu vanosiyaniswa neyero mudhori zvimbi zvakaganhurwa nemutsara mutema, nepo zvimbi zvine mavara matsvuku-machena. Sezvo mutemo, pane yekutanga dorsal fin iwe unogona kuona nzvimbo yakakura, orange muvara.

Kuonekwa

Mudskipper chisikwa chakasiyana chinopa munhu manzwiro akavhengana. Ndeapi manzwiro anogona kumutswa nechisikwa chine maziso anoputika, iyo kona yekuona iyo inenge 180 degrees? Maziso haangotenderera senge submarine's periscope, asi anodzoserwa mumasokisi eziso nguva nenguva. Kune avo vanhu vasingazivi chinhu pamusoro pehove iyi uye vasingazivi kuti inoratidzika sei, kuonekwa kwejumper mumunda wavo wekuona kunogona kukonzera kutya. Uyezve, rudzi urwu runongova nemusoro wakakura.

Mudskipper anogona kushambira kusvika kumahombekombe uye kukwira kunze kumahombekombe, achifamba zvine hungwaru neakavimbika pectoral fins uye achibatsira nemuswe. Chinhu chekutanga chinouya mumusoro ndechekuti hove dzakaoma mitezo, sezvo chikamu chepamberi chete chemuviri chinoshanda.

Iyo refu mhedzi yemushure inobatanidzwa mukufamba kwehove muchikamu chemvura, asi zvine simba pectoral zvimbi zvinosanganisirwa pabasa repavhu. Nekuda kwemuswe une simba, uyo unobatsira jumper kufamba panyika, hove inokwanisa kusvetuka kubva mumvura kuenda kureba.

Zvinonakidza kuziva! Mudskippers akafanana zvakanyanya muchimiro uye mabasa emuviri kune amphibians. Panguva imwecheteyo, kufema nerubatsiro rwegill, pamwe nekuvapo kwefins, kunoratidza chokwadi chokuti iyi ihove.

Nekuda kwekuti mudskipper inogona kugamuchira okisijeni kuburikidza neganda, inogona kufema nyore panyika. Apo jumper inobva mumvura, gill inovhara zvakasimba, kana zvisina kudaro inogona kuoma.

Iyo volumetric chikamu chejumper inoshanda kuchengetedza imwe vhoriyamu yemvura mumuromo kwenguva yakati, iyo inobatsira kuchengetedza yaidiwa oxygen concentration. Muviri wejumper unosiyaniswa negrey-olive hue, uye dumbu rinogara rakajeka, rinenge sirivha. Muviri wakashongedzwa zvakare nemitsetse yakawanda kana madotsi, uye ganda rakapetwa riri pamusoro pemuromo wepamusoro.

Mararamiro, maitiro

Iyo mudskipper mumiriri akasarudzika wepasi pemvura nyika iyo inokwanisa kuvapo mune zvese mumvura mbiru uye kunze kwemvura, panyika. Pamuviri wemudskipper pane machuru akawanda, sedatya, saka hove inokwanisa kugara panyika kwenguva yakareba. Apo jumper, sokunge zvakadaro, inoshamba mumatope, inobata mukunyorovesa ganda.

Ichifamba mumvura, uye kunyanya pamusoro payo, hove inosimudza musoro wayo pamwe chete nemeso ayo nenzira ye periscopes, uye inoongorora zvose zvakapoteredza. Kana mafungu akakwira, jumper inoedza kunyura mukati me silt kana kuhwanda mumakomba, kuchengetedza tembiricha yemuviri yakakwana. Kana musvetuka ari mumvura, anoshandisa magill ake kufema. Pashure pemvura yakadzikira, dzinokambaira dzichibuda mudzimba dzadzo dzotanga kukambaira dzichitevedza pasi pedziva rasunungurwa mumvura. Hove painoda kukambaira kumahombekombe, inobata uye inobata mvura mumuromo mayo, iyo inobatsira kunyorovesa magill.

Chokwadi chinofadza! Kana nhubu dzichikambaira dzichienda panyika, kunzwa uye kuona kwadzo kunowedzera kuoma, izvo zvinobatsira kuona zvingangobatwa, pamwe nekuzvinzwa. Achinyura mumvura, chiono chomusvetuka chinoderera zvikuru, uye anova asingaoni.

Mudskippers anoonekwa seasingagoneki brawlers, sezvo ivo vanowanzo gadzirisa zvinhu pakati pavo uye kuronga mhirizhonga pamahombekombe, vachidzivirira nharaunda yavo. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinoonekwa kuti vamiririri vemarudzi "Periophthalmus barbarus" ndivo vanonyanya kurwa.

Nekuda kweichi chokwadi, hazvigoneke kuchengetedza mhuka iyi mu aquarium mumapoka, asi zvinodikanwa kuti vagadzirise munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemvura.

Zvisinganzwisisike, asi mudskipper inokwanisa kufamba panzvimbo dzakamira. Anokwira miti nyore nyore, achitsamira pazvimbi zvemberi zvakaoma uye achishandisa makapu ekusveta ari pamuviri wake. Kune anoyamwa, pazvimbi uye padumbu, nepo ventral sucker ichitorwa seyakanyanya.

Kuvapo kwemafins ekuyamwa kunobvumira hove kukunda chero hurefu, kusanganisira madziro emvura. Muchisikigo, chiitiko ichi chinobvumira hove kuzvidzivirira kubva kune chiito chemvura. Kana mafungu akatakura vanhu mugungwa rakashama, ivo vachafa nekukurumidza.

Mudskipper anorarama kwenguva yakareba sei

Nekuchengetedza kwakakodzera mumamiriro ekugadzira, mudskippers anokwanisa kurarama kwemakore anenge matatu. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti aquarium inofanira kunge iine mvura ine munyu zvishoma, sezvo mudskippers inogona kugara mune zvose munyu uye mvura yakachena.

Zvinonakidza kuziva! Munguva yekushanduka-shanduka, mudskipper yakagadzira nzira yakakosha inodzora metabolism zvichienderana nemamiriro ehupenyu.

Sexual dimorphism

Mumhando iyi, dimorphism yepabonde haina kunyatsogadzirwa, saka kunyange nyanzvi dzine ruzivo kana aquarist haigoni kusiyanisa kuti murume uye mukadzi ari kupi. Panguva imwecheteyo, kana iwe ukacherechedza maitiro evanhu, unogona kuteerera kune chokwadi chinotevera: vanhu vechikadzi vakadzikama, uye varume vanopokana.

Mhando dzemudskippers

Masayendisiti pasi rose haasati asvika pakubvumirana pamusoro pekuvapo kwehuwandu hwemhando dzakasiyana dzedhaka. Vamwe vavo vanotumidza nhamba 35, uye vamwe havatauri kunyange makumi maviri emarudzi. Iyo yakajairika yenhamba yakawanda yezvipenyu inoonekwa seyakajairwa mudskipper, iyo huru vanhu vanogoverwa mumvura shoma ine saline kubva kumahombekombe eWest Africa, kusanganisira mukati meGulf of Guinea.

Kuwedzera kune yakajairika jumper, akati wandei mamwe marudzi anosanganisirwa mune iyi genus:

• P. argentilineatus uye P. cantonensis;
• P. chrysospilos, P. kalolo, P. gracilis;
• P. magnuspinnatus uye P. modestus;
• P. minutus uye P. malaccensis;
• P. novaeguineaensis uye P. pearsei;
• P. novemradiatus uye P. sobrinus;
• P. waltoni, P. spilotus uye P. variabilis;
• P. weberi, P. walailakae naP. septemradiatus.

Kwete kare kare, 4 mamwe marudzi ainzi anonzi mudskippers, asi akazogoverwa kune imwe genus - genus "Periophthalmodon".

dzinogara zvisikwa

Igaro rezvipenyu izvi zvinoshamisa rakapamhama uye rinofukidza dzinenge dzese Asia, Africa neAustralia. Nezvekuita kwavo kwehupenyu, marudzi akasiyana-siyana anobira mamiriro akasiyana-siyana, anogara munzizi nemadziva, pamwe chete nemvura ine brackish yemahombekombe enyika dzinopisa.

Inofanira kucherechedzwa nhamba yeAfrica nyika, uko kune marudzi akawanda emudskippers "Periophthalmus barbarus" inowanikwa. Semuyenzaniso:

• V Angola, Gabon neBenin.
• Cameroon, Gambia neCongo.
• MuCôte d'Ivoire neGhana.
• KuGuinea, kuEquatorial Guinea neGuinea-Bissau.
• muLiberia neNigeria.
• MuSao Tome nePrixini.
• Sierra Leone neSenegal.

Mudskippers vanoda mikoko, kwavanovaka misha yavo kuseri kwemvura. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vanowanikwa mumiromo yenzizi, pamatope emvura mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mahombekombe anodzivirirwa kubva kumafungu makuru.

dhayeti

Mhuka dzakawanda dzinoonekwa se omnivorous, kunze kweimwe herbivorous mhuka, saka kudya kwavo kwakasiyana. Sezvo mutemo, jumpers inodyisa mushure memvura yakadzika, ichichera munyoro munyoro, kwavanowana zvinhu zvekudya.

Sezvo mutemo, muzvokudya "Periophthalmus barbarus". Zvokudya zvemhuka nemuriwo zvakabva zvinosanganisirwa. Semuyenzaniso:

• Diki crustaceans.
• Hove haisi hombe (fry).
• Root system yewhite mangroves.
• Gungwa.
• Makonye nemakonye ezvipembenene.
• Tupukanana.

Apo mudskippers akachengetwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira, kudya kwavo kunova kwakasiyana. Aquarist ane ruzivo anokurudzira kudyisa mudskippers zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya, zvichibva pahove dzakaoma dzehove, pamwe chete nehove dzegungwa dzakasvibiswa, nenzira ye shrimp kana frizen bloodworms.

Mukuwedzera, zvinodikanwa kuti kudya kunosanganisira zvipembenene zvinorarama, nenzira yemoths uye nhunzi duku. Panguva imwecheteyo, haugoni kudyisa hove idzi nehove uye crickets, pamwe chete nezvisikwa zvipenyu zvisingawaniki mumangrove, kana zvisina kudaro izvi zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko nehurongwa hwekudya muhove.

Kubereka uye vana

Sezvo varume mudskippers vachiwanzozviwana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu emakakatanwa, ivo vanonyanya kushivirira munguva yekuberekesa, sezvo vasingafaniri kurwira nharaunda yavo chete, asiwo kurwira vakadzi. Vanhurume vanomira vakatarisana uye vachisimudza zvimbi zvavo zvekumashure, uyezve kusimuka pazvimbi zvepectoral zvadzo kumusoro sezvinobvira. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo, sezvavanotaura, "kuzara" vanovhura miromo yavo yakaenzana. Vanogona kusvetukirana vachikwenya zvimbi zvavo vachityisidzira. Chiito chacho chinotora kusvikira mumwe wevanopikisa asingakwanisi kumira uye oenda.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive! Mukono paunotanga kukwezva hadzi, inosvetuka zvakasiyana. Kana hadzi ikabvuma, kusvirana kunoitika uye mazai anosunganidzwa mukati memukadzi. Mushure maizvozvi, mukono unotanga kuvaka nzvimbo yekuchengetera mazai.

Kuvaka kwekuchengetedza kwakaoma, sezvo murume anofanira kuchera gomba muvhu rine madhaka nemhepo sac. Panguva imwecheteyo, gomba rinopihwa nemasuo akati wandei akazvimirira, muchimiro chetunnels dzinoenda kumusoro. Kaviri pazuva, migero inozadzwa nemvura, saka hove dzinofanira kuvabvisa pamvura uye silt. Pamusana pekuvapo kwematanho, huwandu hwemhepo yakachena inopinda mudendere inowedzera, uyezve, vabereki vanogona kukurumidza kusvika kune mazai akasungirirwa pamadziro edendere.

Mukono nehadzi vanochinjika kudzivirira vana vavo venguva yemberi, vachitarisira kufefetedza kwemasoni. Kuti mhepo yakachena ivepo panzvimbo yemasoni, ivo vanokwevera mabhuru emhepo mumiromo yavo, nokudaro vachizadza gomba nemhepo.

Vavengi venyama

Ihove iyi ine vavengi vazhinji venyama, mamwe acho ari mashavi, hove huru dzinodya uye nyoka dzemumvura. Kana mudskipper ari munjodzi, anokwanisa kukudziridza kukurumidza kusati kwamboitika, nekusvetuka kukuru. Panguva imwe cheteyo, anogona kuchera mumatope kana kuti kuvanda mumiti, kana akakwanisa kuona vavengi vake munguva.

Kuwanda kwevanhu uye mamiriro emarudzi

Mhando imwe chete yemudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus, inogona kuonekwa paIUCN Red List, uye iri muchikwata chinotyisidzirwa, asi chisina kukosha. Sezvo kune vakawanda mudskippers, masangano ekuchengetedza haana kukwanisa kuverenga nhamba yavo. Saka, mazuva ano hapana anoziva kuti vanhu vakawanda sei mudskippers.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive! Mhuka iyi, iripo paIUCN Red List, yakagamuchira chimiro che "Isinganyanyi kunetseka", zvese mudunhu uye pasi rose.

Zviri mu aquarium

Mudskippers vagari vasingazvidekedzi kuti vavepo mukutapwa, asi kwavari zvakakosha kugadzirira pekugara, tichifunga nezvezvimwe zvezvinhu zvehove iyi inoshamisa. Muchokwadi, kwete aquarium inodiwa pakugadzirisa kwavo, asi aquaterrarium. Kune hupenyu hwavo hwemazuva ese, kwete nzvimbo yakakura yeu15bu20bland inodiwa, pamwe nedhiri remvura yehurongwa hwe26 cm, hapasisina. Izvo zvakanaka kana paine nyuchi dzinobuda mumvura kana mhenyu miti yemangrove yakasimwa mumvura. Asi kana zvisiri, hove inonzwa zvakanaka pamadziro e aquaterrarium. Salinity yemvura haifaniri kudarika 30%, uye kuwedzera kuoma kwayo, zviri nani kushandisa matombo maduku kana marble chips. Kuchenjerera kunofanira kutorwa kuti hapana matombo ane mipendero yakapinza, kana zvikasadaro hove dzinogona kukuvadzwa mukusvetuka. Vanosvetuka madhaka vanonzwa zvakanaka patembiricha yemvura uye nemhepo yakadzikama ingangoita 20-22 madhigirii, uye yatova patembiricha yeXNUMX-XNUMX madhigirii vanotanga kutonhora chaizvo. Rambi reUV rinouyawo richishanda. Iyo aquaterrarium ichave yakafukidzwa negirazi, kana zvisina kudaro vanosvetuka vanozotiza nyore kubva kumba kwavo.

Mukuwedzera, nekuvhara imba yavo negirazi, unogona kuchengetedza hunyoro hunodiwa mukati mayo.

Hazvikurudzirwi kugadzirisa nhamba huru yevanhu mune imwe aquaterrarium, sezvo ivo vacharamba vachirwisana. Panguva imwecheteyo, mudskippers anogona kuwirirana nemamwe marudzi ehove dzinosarudza mvura ine brackish, pamwe chete nemakanje. Vanosvetuka vanodya zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya uye havazorambi honye mhenyu kana ropaworms, shrimp yakaomeswa, nyama, hove (yakachekwa kune imwe nyama yakagurwa), pamwe nemakiriketi akaoma. Mumvura, vanosvetuka vanoona zvisina kunaka, saka iwe unogona chete kuvadyisa panyika. Hove idzi dzinokurumidza kupingudzwa uye dzinotanga kutora zvokudya kubva mumaoko avo.

Zvinosuruvarisa, mukutapwa, mudskippers haabereki, nokuti hazvibviri kuumba ivhu rakadaro rinotaridzika umo ravanoshandiswa kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo.

In mhedziso

Mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chokuti mudskippers inobatwa zvakananga kune avo vanoda kuchengetedza hove mukutapwa, pamwe nekuvapo kwevavengi vepanyama, hove iyi haisi kutyisidzirwa nekuparara. Vagari vemunzvimbo iyi havadye hove idzi, ivo vachiti hazviite kudya hove kana yakwira mumiti.