Muscarine (Muscarine)
Iyi ndeimwe yealkaloid ine chepfu, yakawanikwa naSchmideberg. Yakawanikwa mufly agaric Amanita muscaria kana Agaricus Muscarius L. Kubva kumhuri yeagaric yemhuri Hymenomycetes (Hymenomycetes). Zvakare muscarine yakawanikwa mune fungi Boletus luridus uye Amanita pantherina uye mune fungus Inocybe.
zvimiro zvemuviri
Iyi alkaloid inotorwa nehowa inonzi howa kana kuti natural muscarine, uye maitiro ayo empirical ndeye C5H15NO8, asi pasina maitiro ekugadzirisa akawanikwa. Natural muscarine haina kunhuwa uye haina kunaka uye imvura ine sirasi ine yakasimba alkaline reaction, iyo, kana yakaomeswa pamberi pe sulfuric acid, zvishoma nezvishoma inoshanduka kuita crystalline state. Mumhepo, alkaloid makristasi anopararira nekukurumidza, uye muscarine inodzokera kumvura ine muto. Inonyungudika zvakanyanya mudoro uye mumvura, haina kunyatso kunyungudika muchloroform, uye haina kunyungudika zvachose muether. Kana inopisa kupfuura madhigirii 100, zvino inoparadzwa, uye kunhuhwirira kusingaonekwi kwefodya kunooneka. Kana yakarapwa nelead oxide kana caustic alkali uye inopisa, inoshandurwa kuita trimethylamine, uye ine sulfuric kana hydrochloric acid inogadzira crystalline munyu. Pane fungidziro yekuti chimiro chemuscarine chakafanana nechimiro checholine (C5H15NO2):
H3C / CH2CH(OH)2
H3C—N
H3C / OH
Asi zviedzo zveSchmiedeberg naHarnack zvinoratidza kuti alkaloid yakagadzirwa, inowanikwa synthetically kubva kucholine, inobata mhuka zvakasiyana pane yakasikwa. Izvi zviedzo zvakaratidza kuti artificial and natural muscarines haana kufanana.
Kukosha kwemishonga
Ose ari maviri echisikigo howa alkaloid uye akagadzirwa akawanikwa komboni haisati yashandiswa pakurapa zvinangwa, asi kukosha kwavo kwekurapa kwakanyanya. Munguva dzakapfuura, kuedza kwakaitwa kurapa pfari uye oncological maitiro e gland nemuscarine. Yakanzi zvakare ishandiswe muzvirwere zvemaziso uye pakurapa maronda. Asi zvese izvi zviedzo zvakamiswa nekuda kwehupfu hwakasiyana hwekomboni.
asi muscarine ine muchetura, theoretical uye pharmacological kukosha. Icho chiri cheboka reparasympathicotropic chepfu, iyo ine simba rinokurudzira pane peripheral parasympathicotropic tsinga, nepo alkaloid ine yakanyatsosarudza maitiro pane tsinga. Iyi ficha inoita kuti ive yakakosha semushonga wemishonga inogona kushandiswa mukuyedza sekusimudzira magetsi kana pachinzvimbo chayo.
Kana mune zviduku zvishoma iwe unosuma zvakasikwa muscarine kupinda mumuviri wemhuka, ipapo pane kuderera kwebasa remwoyo (negative inotropic uye chronotropic madhara), uye muhuwandu hwakawanda hunotanga kukonzera kuderera uye kupera simba kwe systolic contractions. Uye ipapo muchikamu che diastolic, kusungwa kwemwoyo kwakakwana kunoitika.
Chiito pamuviri
Zvidzidzo zvemasayendisiti akasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza kuti muscarine ine paralyzed effect paperipheral nervous system of the breathing turakiti, inokonzera kuwedzera kwekubatana kwemhasuru dzemudumbu nemudumbu, uye kufamba kwematumbu kunoonekwa kunyangwe kuburikidza nemadziro emadziro emimba. . Kana muscarine inobatwa muhombe huru, saka kune maitiro asina kunaka e peristaltic, ayo anotsiviwa ne antiperistalsis, kurutsa uye manyoka anotanga. Chiratidzo chakajeka chemuscarine chepfu ndiyo spastic nature yezvisungo zvedumbu rose kana zvikamu zvayo zvega, zvinoteverwa nekuzorora. Maererano naSchmideberg, muscarine ine simba rakasimba pamatumbo uye mudumbu, kwete chete nekuda kwekuita kwayo pamagumo evagus nerves iyo iri munhengo idzi, asiwo nekuda kwekuita kwayo pamasero emagetsi eAuerbach plexus. . Uyewo, alkaloid iyi inokonzera spastic contractions mune dzimwe nhengo dzakatsetseka dzetsandanyama, somuenzaniso, muchibereko, spleen uye dundira. Kubatana kunoitika semhedzisiro yekutsamwisa kwechinhu pane peripheral receptors yeparasympathetic tsinga dziri munhengo idzi, pamwe nemhedzisiro yekukanganisa pane otomatiki nerve ganglion zvishandiso, nekufananidza nemaitikiro azvinoita mwoyo. Mvere yeziso pasi pesimba remuscarine yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, spasm yekugara inokura. Izvi zviviri zviitiko zvinokonzerwa nekuita kwe alkaloid pane zvinogamuchirwa zveparasympathetic fibers ye oculomotor nerve iri mu denderedzwa tsinga dze iris uye mu ciliary muscle.
Schmideberg akawana kuti howa muscarine haaite pamagetsi tsinga, kusiyana neartificial muscarine, iyo inoremadza mota tsinga magumo. Izvi zvakazosimbiswa naHans Meyer naGonda. Nekudaro, curare-senge zvivakwa zvakasiyana kune synthetic muscarine inotorwa kubva kucholine.
Mushroom muscarine inomutsa marara emudumbu, inokurudzira kuburitswa kwebile uye pancreatic muto. Inowedzerawo salivation, kudikitira uye lacrimation. Kuvharidzirwa kwemate pasi pechiito che muscarine kunotsanangurwa nekuti inotsamwisa peripheral nerve endings (izvi zvakaratidzwa naSchmideberg). Kudzivirirwa kwemamwe magland ose kunowedzerwa nekutsamwisa chiito chemuscarine pamitsipa yavo ye scapular. Muchiitiko ichi, chinangwa chemuscarine chiito ndeye peripheral nerve endings.
Mushori wakananga we muscarine ndiye atropine, iyo inovhara mhedzisiro yemuscarine nekuremara magumo eparasympathetic nerve. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mune zviitiko apo muscarine ine inogumbura mhedzisiro pane peripheral receptors chero ipi zvayo parasympathetic nerve. Naizvozvo, atropine inokurumidza kubvisa iyo diastolic cardiac kusungwa uye kuderera kwekurova kwemoyo kunotsamwiswa nemuscarine. Atropine inomirawo yakawedzera peristalsis, antiperistalsis uye spasms yemudumbu uye ura, pekugara spasm uye pupil contraction, dundira contraction, pamwe nekuwedzera secretory basa remhando dzakasiyana-siyana (dikita, salivary nevamwe). Atropine sulphate inoshandisa kupesana kwayo pamuscarine mune zvishoma zvishoma (0,001-0,1 mg). Muscarine inozivikanwawo nekumisa kuita kweatropine pamwoyo wedatya, maziso, submandibular gland, uye sweat glands. Saka, pane pfungwa yokuti muscarine uye atropine vanopesana. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, yakawanda muscarine inodiwa (kusvika ku7 g) kuitira kuti chiito cheatropine chimire. Panyaya iyi, hazvina kukodzera kutaura kuti muscarine ine mhedzisiro chaiyo pane atropine, uye vazhinji vezvemishonga vanofunga kuti nyaya yekupokana kwemaviri maviri aya haisati yagadziriswa.
Uyewo, muscarine vanopikisa vanosanganisira aconitine, hyoscyamine, veratrin, scopolamine, physostigmine, digitalin, delphinium, camphor, helleborine, chloral hydrate, adrenaline. Pane zvinhu zvinonakidza zvinoratidzwa neTsondek kuti calcium chloride inewo anopikisa muscarine.
Kunzwa kwemhuka dzakasiyana kune muscarine kunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya. Saka katsi inofa kubva kune subcutaneous jekiseni remuscarine pachiyero che 4 mg mushure memaawa mashomanana, uye pamwero we 12 mg mushure memaminitsi gumi-10. Imbwa dzinoshivirira madosi epamusoro ealkaloid. Vanhu vanonzwa zvakanyanya nechinhu ichi. Schmideberg naKoppe vakaita zviedzo pachavo uye vakawana kuti jekiseni remuscarine pachiyero che15 mg rinotokonzera chepfu, iyo inoratidzwa nekuyerera kwakasimba, kumhanyisa kweropa mumusoro, dzungu, kushaya simba, kutsvuka kweganda, kusvotwa uye kupinza. marwadzo mudumbu, tachycardia, kuvhiringidzika maonero uye spasm yekugara. Kune zvakare kuwedzera dikita pachiso uye zvishoma zvishoma pane dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.
Mufananidzo wechepfu
Kana iri howa chepfu, mufananidzo unogona kunge wakafanana nekutsanangurwa kwemuscarine chepfu, asi kazhinji inoramba ichisiyana nekuda kwekuti fly agaric ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chepfu atropine-senge zvinhu uye mamwe makomisheni ayo, kune rumwe rutivi, anokanganisa chepakati. nervous system, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kumisa chiito che muscarine . Nokudaro, chepfu inogona kuonekwa nezviratidzo kubva mudumbu uye mumatumbo (kusvotwa, kurutsa, kurwadziwa, manyoka) kana zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvachose, semuenzaniso, kudhakwa kunoperekedzwa nedelirium uye kufara kwakasimba, dzungu, chido chisingadzivisiki chokuparadza zvose. kumativi, kuda kufamba. Ipapo kudedera kunoitika mumuviri wese, epileptiform uye tetanic convulsions inoitika, mudzidzi anowedzera, kukurumidza kupuruzira kunova kushoma kazhinji, kufema kunokanganiswa, kunova kusingaite, tembiricha yemuviri inodonha zvakanyanya uye mamiriro ekudonha anokura. Muchiitiko ichi, rufu runoitika mumazuva maviri kana matatu. Muchiitiko chekudzorera, munhu anopora zvishoma nezvishoma, mamiriro e hyperleukocytosis anoonekwa muropa, uye ropa pacharo rinoputika zvakanyanya. Asi kusvika nhasi, hapana yakavimbika uye yakanyatsosimbiswa data pamusoro pekuchinja kweropa, sezvo pasina ruzivo rwekuchinja kwehutano panguva yehupfu.
Rubatsiro rwekutanga
Chokutanga pane zvose, kana pane chepfu nehowa, zvakakosha kubvisa zviri mukati kubva mudumbu uye mumatumbo. Kuti uite izvi, shandisa emetics, gastric lavage ine probe, uye matumbo ane enema. Mukati muhombe dosi vanonwa castor oil. Kana zviratidzo zveuchetura hunhu hwe muscarine huzhinji, ipapo atropine inobayiwa pasi pecutaneously. Kana chepfu ichikura zvakanyanya pasi pesimba reatropine-senge zvinhu, saka atropine haigone kushandiswa semushonga.
Artificial muscarine, iyo inotorwa kubva kucholine, ndiyo inonyanya kudzidza. Zvishoma kwazvo zvinozivikanwa nezve mamwe ekugadzira muscarines. Anhydromuscarine inowedzera kuvharika kwedikita nemate, uye haina mhedzisiro pameso nemoyo. Zvinokonzera rufu nekuda kwekuoma mitezo yekufema. Isomuscarine haina kukonzera kusungwa kwemwoyo, asi inononoka kurova kwemwoyo, iyo inogona kuchinjwa neatropine. Mune shiri, inotungamirira kune chibvumirano chemudzidzi, uye mumhuka dzinoyamwisa ine curare-yakafanana nemigumisiro pamagetsi emagetsi uye inowedzera basa rakavanzika remagland, haikanganisi maziso uye matumbo, asi inowedzera kuwedzera kweropa. Ptomatomuscarine ine simba rakafanana necholinemuscarine, iyo inoratidza kuti vane chimiro chakafanana chemakemikari. Iyo pharmacological action yeuromuscarins haisati yadzidzwa. Izvo zvinogona kutaurwa nezve pharmacological chiito checarnomoscarin.