MaProteins

Mapuroteni macromolecular zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinosanganisira cheni yeamino acids yakabatanidzwa ne peptide bond. Basa rakakosha remakomponi aya nderekugadziriswa kwemakemikari kuita mumuviri (enzymatic role). Mukuwedzera, vanoita kudzivirira, hormonal, structural, nutrition, simba mabasa.

Nechimiro, mapuroteni akakamurwa kuita nyore (mapuroteni) uye akaoma (mapuroteni). Huwandu hweamino acid zvakasara mumamorekuru hwakasiyana: myoglobin ndeye 140, insulin ine makumi mashanu nerimwe, inotsanangura iyo yakakwira molecular uremu hwekomboni (Mr), iyo inotangira pa51 10 kusvika 000 3 000 Dalton.

Mapuroteni anoita 17% yehuremu hwose hwevanhu: 10% iganda, 20% ishwa, mapfupa, uye 50% imhasuru. Kunyangwe idi rekuti basa remapuroteni nemaproteid harina kunyatso dzidza nhasi, kushanda kwehurongwa hwetsinga, kugona kukura, kubereka muviri, kuyerera kwemasabolism padanho re cellular kunoenderana zvakananga nebasa reamino. acids.

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa

Nzira yekudzidza mapuroteni yakatanga muzana remakore re XVIII, apo boka revasayendisiti rinotungamirirwa neFrench chemist Antoine Francois de Furcroix vakaongorora albumin, fibrin, gluten. Somugumisiro wezvidzidzo izvi, mapuroteni akapfupikiswa uye akaparadzaniswa kuva kirasi yakasiyana.

Muna 1836, kekutanga, Mulder akakurudzira modhi itsva yekemikari yemapuroteni zvichienderana nedzidziso yeradicals. Yakaramba ichigamuchirwa kusvika kuma1850s. Zita remazuva ano reprotein - mapuroteni - musanganiswa wakagamuchirwa muna 1838. Uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, musayendisiti weGermany A. Kossel akawana ruzivo rwakanyanya: akasvika pamhedziso yokuti amino acids ndiyo inonyanya kuumbwa zvinhu. "Building components". Dzidziso iyi yakaedzwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX neGerman chemist Emil Fischer.

Muna 1926, musayendisiti wekuAmerica, James Sumner, ari mukati meongororo yake, akawana kuti enzyme urease inogadzirwa mumuviri ndeyemapuroteni. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaita budiriro munyika yesainzi uye kwakatungamira mukuzadzikiswa kwekukosha kwemapuroteni kuhupenyu hwevanhu. Muna 1949, nyanzvi yechirungu chebiochemist, Fred Sanger, akaedza kuyedza kutevedzana kwemaamino acid ehomoni insulin, iyo yakasimbisa chokwadi chekufunga kuti mapuroteni mapolymers emaamino acids.

Muma1960, kekutanga pahwaro hweX-ray diffraction, zvimiro zvepadenga zvemapuroteni paatomu level zvakawanikwa. Kudzidza kweiyi yakakwirira-molecular organic compound inoenderera mberi nanhasi.

Mapuroteni maitiro

Iwo makuru ekumisikidza mapuroteni maamino acids, anosanganisira amino mapoka (NH2) uye carboxyl residues (COOH). Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nitric-hydrogen radicals inosanganiswa nekabhoni ion, nhamba uye nzvimbo iyo inotarisisa maitiro chaiwo epeptide zvinhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzvimbo yekabhoni maererano neboka reamino inosimbiswa muzita rine prefix inokosha: alpha, beta, gamma.

Kune mapuroteni, alpha-amino acids anoita sezvikamu zvechimiro, sezvo ivo chete, kana vachirebesa cheni yepolypeptide, vanopa mapuroteni zvidimbu kuwedzera kugadzikana uye simba. Misanganiswa yemhando iyi inowanikwa mumasikirwo nenzira yemhando mbiri: L uye D (kunze kweglycine). Zvinhu zverudzi rwekutanga chikamu chemapuroteni ezvisikwa zvipenyu anogadzirwa nemhuka nemiti, uye rudzi rwechipiri chikamu chezvimiro zvepeptide zvakaumbwa neasiri-ribosomal synthesis mufungi uye mabhakitiriya.

Zvivako zvemapuroteni zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete ne polypeptide bond, iyo inoumbwa nekubatanidza imwe amino acid kune carboxyl yeimwe amino acid. Zvimiro zvipfupi zvinowanzonzi peptides kana oligopeptides (molecular uremu 3-400 daltons), uye refu, zvinosanganisira anopfuura gumi amino acids, polypeptides. Kazhinji kacho, mapuroteni maketani ane 10 - 000 amino acid residues, uye dzimwe nguva 50 - 100. Mapuroteni anoumba zvivako zvakananga zvepakati nekuda kwekubatana kwe intramolecular. Anonzi maprotein conformations.

Kune mana mazinga eprotein organisation:

1. Yekutanga mutsara wakatevedzana weamino acid zvisaririra zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete neiyo yakasimba polypeptide bond.
2. Sekondari - iyo yakarongedzerwa kurongeka kwezvimedu zveprotein muchadenga kuita spiral kana kupetwa conformation.
3. Tertiary - nzira yekuisa nzvimbo yehelical polypeptide cheni, nekupeta chechipiri chimiro kuita bhora.
4. Quaternary - puroteni yakabatanidzwa (oligomer), iyo inoumbwa nekubatana kwemaketani akawanda epolypeptide yechimiro chepamusoro.

Chimiro chechimiro cheprotein chakakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu:

• fibrillary;
• globular;
• membrane.

Rudzi rwekutanga rwemapuroteni imhata-yakabatana semamorekuru anoumba mafiibhi anogara kwenguva refu kana zvimiro zvakaturikidzana. Zvichipa kuti mapuroteni efibrillar anoratidzirwa nepamusoro pesimba remagetsi, anoita mabasa ekudzivirira uye ekugadzirisa mumuviri. Vamiririri vamiririri vemapuroteni aya ndebvudzi keratins uye tishu collagens.

Globular mapuroteni anosanganisira imwe kana anopfuura polypeptide cheni akapetwa kuita compact ellipsoidal chimiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira ma enzymes, zvikamu zvekutakura ropa, uye mapuroteni enyama.

Membrane makomisheni ma polypeptide zvimiro zvakanyudzwa mugoko re cell organelles. Aya makomisheni anoita basa remareceptors, achipfuura mamorekuru anodiwa uye masaini chaiwo kuburikidza nepamusoro.

Parizvino, kune akasiyana siyana emapuroteni, akatemerwa nehuwandu hweamino acid zvakasara zvinosanganisirwa mazviri, chimiro chepakati uye kutevedzana kwenzvimbo yavo.

Nekudaro, kune yakajairika kushanda kwemuviri, makumi maviri chete alpha-amino acids eiyo L-yakatevedzana anodiwa, 20 ayo asina kugadzirwa nemuviri wemunhu.

Zvepanyama uye zvemakemikari zvivakwa

Iyo spatial chimiro uye amino acid kuumbwa kweprotein yega yega inotarisisa maitiro ayo physicochemical properties.

Mapuroteni zvimedu zvinoumba colloidal solution pazvinenge zvasangana nemvura. Mune emulsions ane aqueous, mapuroteni aripo mumhando yezvimedu zvinopomerwa, sezvo kuumbwa kunosanganisira mapoka epolar uye ionic (-NH2, -SH, -COOH, -OH). Kuchaja kweprotein molecule kunoenderana nereshiyo yecarboxyl (-COOH), amine (NH) masara uye pH yepakati. Sezvineiwo, chimiro chemapuroteni emhando yemhuka ane akawanda dicarboxylic amino acids (glutamic uye aspartic), iyo inotaridza kugona kwavo kwakashata mumhinduro dzine mvura.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvine huwandu hwakakosha hwediamino acids (histidine, lysine, arginine), semugumisiro wekuti vanozviita muzvinwiwa seprotein cations. Mumhinduro dzine aqueous, komboni yacho yakagadzikana nekuda kwekurambana kwezvimedu zvine machaji akafanana. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwepH yepakati kunosanganisira kuwanda kwekugadzirisa kwemapoka eionized muprotein.

Munzvimbo ine acidic, kuparara kwemapoka e-carboxyl kunodzvinyirirwa, izvo zvinotungamira mukudzikira kwekugona kwakashata kweprotein particle. Mune alkali, pane zvinopesana, iyo ionization yeamine masara inononoka, semugumisiro wekuti mari yakanaka yeprotein inoderera.

Pane imwe pH, iyo inonzi isoelectric point, alkaline dissociation yakaenzana ne acidic, semhedzisiro iyo mapuroteni particles anounganidza uye anonaya. Kune akawanda peptides, kukosha uku kuri munzvimbo ine acidic zvishoma. Nekudaro, kune zvimiro zvine kupinza predominance yealkaline properties. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mapuroteni akawanda anopeta munzvimbo ine acidic, uye chikamu chidiki mune alkaline.

Pane isoelectric point, mapuroteni haana kugadzikana mumhinduro uye, semhedzisiro, anobatana nyore kana achipisa. Kana asidhi kana alkali yawedzerwa kuprotein yakanatswa, mamorekuru anodzoserwa, mushure maizvozvo komboni inonyungudika zvakare. Nekudaro, mapuroteni anochengeta hunhu hwawo chete pane mamwe pH paramita yepakati. Kana zvisungo zvinobata nzvimbo yeprotein zvakaparadzwa neimwe nzira, ipapo iyo yakarongedzerwa conformation yechinhu ichiremara, somugumisiro weiyo molecule inotora chimiro chechati chaotic coil. Chiitiko ichi chinonzi denaturation.

Shanduko yezvimiro zveprotein inotungamira kune kukanganiswa kwemakemikari uye emuviri zvinhu: yakanyanya tembiricha, ultraviolet irradiation, kuzununguka kwakasimba, kusanganiswa neprotein precipitants. Somugumisiro we denaturation, chikamu chinorasikirwa nebasa rayo rehupenyu, zvinhu zvakarasika hazvidzoserwe.

Mapuroteni anopa ruvara mukati mekuita kwehydrolysis. Kana iyo peptide mhinduro yasanganiswa nemhangura sulfate uye alkali, ruvara rwe lilac runooneka (biuret reaction), apo mapuroteni anopisa mu nitric acid - yero tint (xantoprotein reaction), painopindirana ne nitrate solution ye mercury - raspberry color (Milon). reaction). Zvidzidzo izvi zvinoshandiswa kuona mapuroteni emhando dzakasiyana siyana.

Mhando dzemapuroteni anogona kuumbwa mumuviri

Kukosha kweamino acids kumuviri wemunhu hakugone kuderedzwa. Ivo vanoita basa revaneurotransmitters, vanodiwa pakushanda chaiko kwehuropi, kupa simba kumamhasuru, uye kutonga kukwana kwekuita kwemabasa avo nemavhitamini nemamineral.

Iko kukosha kukuru kwekubatana ndeye kuve nechokwadi chekukura uye kushanda kwemuviri. Amino acids inogadzira enzymes, mahomoni, hemoglobin, antibodies. Kubatanidzwa kwemapuroteni muzvisikwa zvipenyu kunogara kuripo.

Nekudaro, maitiro aya anomiswa kana maseru asina kana imwe yakakosha amino acid. Kukanganisa kwekuumbwa kwemapuroteni kunotungamirira kumatambudziko ekudya, kunonoka kukura, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa-mupfungwa.

Mazhinji emaamino acids anogadzirwa mumuviri wemunhu muchiropa. Zvisinei, kune mishonga yakadaro inofanira kuuya zuva nezuva nechikafu.

Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugoverwa kweamino acids muzvikamu zvinotevera:

• irreplaceable;
• semi-replaceable;
• inotsiviwa.

Boka rega rega rezvinhu rine mabasa chaiwo. Zvifunge zvakadzama.

Zvakakosha Amino Acids

Munhu haakwanisi kugadzira organic compounds yeboka iri ari oga, asi zvakakosha kuchengetedza hupenyu hwake.

Naizvozvo, amino acids akadaro akawana zita rekuti "rakakosha" uye anofanirwa kugara achipihwa kubva kunze nechikafu. Protein synthesis pasina ichi chivakwa chekuvaka hachigoneki. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kushaikwa kweinenge komisheni imwe chete kunotungamira mukukanganisika kwemetabolism, kudzikira kwemhasuru, huremu hwemuviri, uye kumira mukugadzirwa kweprotein.

Iyo inonyanya kukosha amino acids kumuviri wemunhu, kunyanya kune vatambi uye kukosha kwavo.

1. Valin. Icho chikamu chechimiro chebranched chain protein (BCAA) .Iyo isimba rinobva kune simba, rinotora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwe metabolic ye nitrogen, inodzorera marara akakuvadzwa, uye inogadzirisa glycemia. Valine inodiwa pakuyerera kwemhasuru metabolism, yakajairika pfungwa basa. Inoshandiswa mukurapa maitiro pamwe chete neleucine, isoleucine yekurapa uropi, chiropa, yakakuvadzwa semugumisiro wezvinodhaka, doro kana zvinodhaka kudhakwa kwemuviri.
2. Leucine uye Isoleucine. Deredza mazinga eglucose eropa, chengetedza tsandanyama, kupisa mafuta, shanda senge catalysts ye synthesis yekukura kwehomoni, kudzoreredza ganda nemapfupa. Leucine, senge valine, inobatanidzwa mumagadziro ekupa simba, iyo inonyanya kukosha kuchengetedza kutsungirira kwemuviri panguva yekurovedza muviri kunorwadza. Mukuwedzera, isoleucine inodiwa pakugadzirwa kwehemoglobin.
3. Threonine. Inodzivirira kupera kwemafuta echiropa, inobatanidzwa muprotein uye mafuta metabolism, synthesis ye collagen, elastane, kusikwa kwemapfupa emapfupa (enamel). Amino acid inowedzera kusadzivirirwa, kubatwa kwemuviri kune zvirwere zveARVI. Threonine inowanikwa mumaskeletal muscles, central nervous system, mwoyo, inotsigira basa ravo.
4. Methionine. Inovandudza kugaya, inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwemafuta, inodzivirira muviri kubva kune zvinokuvadza zvemagetsi, inoderedza kuratidzwa kwe toxicosis panguva yekuzvitakura, uye inoshandiswa kurapa rheumatoid arthritis. Iyo amino acid inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwetaurine, cysteine, glutathione, iyo inoderedza uye kubvisa zvinhu zvine chepfu kubva mumuviri. Methionine inobatsira kuderedza histamine mazinga mumasero mune vanhu vane allergies.
5. Tryptophan. Inokurudzira kusunungurwa kwekukura kwehomoni, inovandudza kurara, inoderedza zvinokuvadza zve nicotine, inogadzirisa mafungiro, inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwe serotonin. Tryptophan mumuviri wemunhu inokwanisa kushanduka kuita niacin.
6. Lysine. Inotora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwealbumin, enzymes, mahomoni, masoja ekudzivirira chirwere, kugadziriswa kwetishu uye collagen kuumbwa. Iyi amino acid chikamu chemapuroteni ose uye inofanirwa kuderedza chiyero che triglycerides muserum yeropa, kuumbwa kwemapfupa, kunyura kwakazara kwe calcium uye kukora kwechimiro chebvudzi. Lysine ine antiviral effect, inodzvinyirira kukura kwehutachiona hwekufema uye herpes. Inowedzera simba remhasuru, inotsigira nitrogen metabolism, inovandudza kurangarira kwenguva pfupi, erection, libido. Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakanaka, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid inobatsira kuchengetedza moyo, inodzivirira kukura kweatherosclerosis, osteoporosis, uye genital herpes. Lysine pamwe chete nevhitamini C, proline inodzivirira kuumbwa kwe lipoproteins, iyo inokonzera kuvhara kwetsinga uye kutungamirira kumwoyo wepathologies.
7. Phenylalanine. Inoderedza kudya, inoderedza marwadzo, inovandudza mafungiro, chiyeuchidzo. Mumuviri wemunhu, phenylalanine inokwanisa kushandura kuita amino acid tyrosine, iyo yakakosha pakuumbwa kwemaurotransmitters (dopamine uye norepinephrine). Nekuda kwekugona kwekomboni kuyambuka ropa-brain barriers, inowanzoshandiswa kurapa zvirwere zvetsinga. Mukuwedzera, iyo amino acid inoshandiswa kurwisa white foci ye depigmentation paganda (vitiligo), schizophrenia, uye chirwere cheParkinson.

Kushaikwa kweakakosha amino acids mumuviri wemunhu kunotungamirira ku:

• kunonoka kukura;
• kutyorwa kweiyo biosynthesis yecysteine, mapuroteni, itsvo, thyroid, tsinga system;
• dementia;
• kuonda;
• phenylketonuria;
• kuderedzwa kwekudzivirira uye hemoglobin yeropa;
• coordination disorder.

Paunenge uchitamba mitambo, kushayikwa kwezvikamu zvezvirongwa zviri pamusoro zvinoderedza kutamba kwemitambo, kuwedzera njodzi yekukuvara.

Zvokudya Zvitubu zveEssential Amino Acids

Tafura yakavakirwa padata rakatorwa kubva kuUnited States Agricultural Library - USA National Nutrient Database.

Semi-inotsiviwa

Mishonga yechikamu ichi inogona kugadzirwa nemuviri chete kana ichipihwa chikafu. Imwe neimwe yakasiyana-siyana yehafu-yakakosha asidhi inoita mabasa chaiwo asingagoni kutsiviwa.

Funga nezvemhando dzavo.

1. Arginine. Ndiyo imwe yeamino acids yakakosha mumuviri wemunhu. Inokurumidza kupora kwezvinyama zvakakuvadzwa, inoderedza cholesterol uye inodiwa kuchengetedza hutano hweganda, tsandanyama, majoini, uye chiropa. Arginine inowedzera kuumbwa kweT-lymphocytes, iyo inosimbisa masimba ezvirwere, inoita sechidziviriro, kudzivirira kuiswa kwezvirwere. Mukuwedzera, iyo amino acid inosimudzira detoxification yechiropa, inoderedza BP, inoderedza kukura kwemamota, inopesana nekugadzirwa kweropa, inowedzera simba uye inowedzera mitsipa yeropa. Inotora chikamu mu nitrogen metabolism, creatine synthesis uye inoratidzwa kune vanhu vanoda kuderedza uremu uye kuwana tsandanyama. Arginine inowanikwa mu seminal fluid, connective tissue yeganda uye hemoglobin. Kushaikwa kwekomboni mumuviri wemunhu kune njodzi pakukura kwechirwere cheshuga mellitus, kushaya mbereko muvarume, kunonoka kuyaruka, hypertension, uye immunodeficiency. Zvisikwa zveArginine: chokoreti, kokonati, gelatin, nyama, mukaka, walnut, gorosi, oats, nzungu, soy.
2. Histidine. Inosanganisirwa mumatishu ese emuviri wemunhu, ma enzymes. Inotora chikamu mukutsinhana kweruzivo pakati peiyo central nerve system uye peripheral departments. Histidine inodiwa kune yakajairika kugaya, sezvo kuumbwa kwegastric juice kunogoneka chete nekubatanidzwa kwayo. Mukuwedzera, chinhu chinodzivirira kuitika kwe autoimmune, allergic reactions. Kushaikwa kwechikamu kunokonzera kurasikirwa kwekunzwa, kunowedzera njodzi yekuvandudza rheumatoid arthritis. Histidine inowanikwa muzviyo (mupunga, gorosi), zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, uye nyama.
3. Tyrosine. Inokurudzira kuumbwa kwemaurotransmitters, inoderedza marwadzo ekutanga kwekuenda kumwedzi, inobatsira pakushanda kwese kwese kwese kwese kwese, inoita seyakasikwa antidepressant. Iyo amino acid inoderedza kutsamira kune narcotic, caffeine zvinodhaka, inobatsira kudzora havi uye inoshanda sechinhu chekutanga chekugadzirwa kwe dopamine, thyroxine, epinephrine. Muprotein synthesis, tyrosine inotsiva phenylalanine zvishoma. Mukuwedzera, inodiwa pakugadzirwa kwehomoni yethyroid. Kushaikwa kweamino acid kunoderedza metabolic process, kunoderedza BP, kunowedzera kuneta. Tyrosine inowanikwa mumhodzi dzenhanga, maarumondi, oatmeal, nzungu, hove, avocados, soya beans.
4. Cystine. Inowanikwa mu beta-keratin - iyo huru yemaitiro mapuroteni ebvudzi, mbambo dzembambo, ganda. Iyo amino acid inotorwa seN-acetyl cysteine ​​​​uye inoshandiswa mukurapa kukosora kweanoputa, septic shock, cancer, uye bronchitis. Cystine inochengetedza chimiro chepamusoro che peptides, mapuroteni, uye zvakare inoshanda seyakasimba antioxidant. Inosunga zvinoparadza mahara radicals, simbi dzine chepfu, inodzivirira maseru kubva ku x-ray uye kuratidzwa kwemwaranzi. Iyo amino acid chikamu che somatostatin, insulin, immunoglobulin. Cystine inogona kuwanikwa kubva kune zvinotevera zvekudya: broccoli, anyanisi, zvigadzirwa zvenyama, mazai, garlic, tsvuku tsvuku.

Chinhu chakasiyana chesemi-akakosha amino acids mukana wekushandiswa kwavo nemuviri kugadzira mapuroteni pachinzvimbo chemethionine, phenylalanine.

Inogona kuchinja

Organic makomisheni ekirasi iyi anogona kugadzirwa nemuviri wemunhu akazvimiririra, achivhara izvo zvishoma zvinodiwa zvemukati menhengo uye masisitimu. Inotsiviwa amino acids inogadzirwa kubva kune metabolic zvigadzirwa uye inotorwa nitrogen. Kuti vadzore zvakajairwa zuva nezuva, vanofanirwa kunge vari zuva nezuva mukuumbwa kwemapuroteni ane chikafu.

Funga kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zviri muchikamu ichi:

1. Alanine. Inoshandiswa sechitubu chesimba, inobvisa chepfu kubva pachiropa, inokurumidza kutendeuka kweglucose. Inodzivirira kuparara kwemhasuru tishu nekuda kwealanine cycle, inoratidzwa nenzira inotevera: glucose - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - glucose. Nekuda kwekuita uku, chikamu chekuvaka cheprotein chinowedzera simba rekuchengetedza, kuwedzera hupenyu hwemasero. Yakawandisa nitrogen panguva yealanine cycle inobviswa kubva mumuviri muweti. Uye zvakare, chinhu chinosimudzira kugadzirwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira, inovimbisa metabolism yeasidhi, shuga uye inovandudza kusadzivirirwa. Zvinyorwa zvealanine: zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, avocados, nyama, huku, mazai, hove.
2. Glycine. Inotora chikamu mukuvaka mhasuru, hormone synthesis, inowedzera mwero we creatine mumuviri, inosimudzira kushandurwa kweglucose kuita simba. Collagen ine 30% glycine. Serura synthesis haigoneki pasina kubatanidzwa kwekomboni iyi. Kutaura zvazviri, kana zvinyama zvakakuvadzwa, pasina glycine, muviri womunhu hauzokwanisi kuporesa maronda. Zvitubu zveamino acids ndezvi: mukaka, bhinzi, chizi, hove, nyama.
3. Glutamine. Mushure mekushandurwa kweiyo organic compound kuita glutamic acid, inopinda muropa-brain barriers uye inoita sehuni kuti uropi hushande. Iyo amino acid inobvisa chepfu kubva pachiropa, inowedzera GABA mazinga, inochengetedza tsandanyama toni, inovandudza kufunga, uye inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemalymphocyte. Kugadzirira kweL-glutamine kunowanzoshandiswa mukuvaka muviri kudzivirira kuputsika kwetsandanyama nekutakura nitrogen kune nhengo, kubvisa ammonia ine chepfu uye kuwedzera zvitoro zveglycogen. Chinhu chinoshandiswa kubvisa zviratidzo zvekuneta kusingaperi, kuvandudza mamiriro epfungwa, kurapa rheumatoid arthritis, peptic ulcer, kudhakwa, kushaya simba, scleroderma. Vatungamiri mune zviri mukati me glutamine iparsley uye sipinashi.
4. Carnitine. Inosunga uye inobvisa mafuta acids kubva mumuviri. Amino acid inosimudzira chiito chevhitamini E, C, inoderedza kuwandisa uremu, inoderedza mutoro pamwoyo. Mumuviri wemunhu, carnitine inogadzirwa kubva ku glutamine uye methionine muchiropa neitsvo. Iyo ndeyemhando dzinotevera: D uye L. Kukosha kukuru kwemuviri ndeye L-carnitine, iyo inowedzera kupera kwemasero emagetsi emafuta acids. Nokudaro, iyo amino acid inowedzera kushandiswa kwelipids, inoderedza kuumbwa kwe triglyceride molecules mu subcutaneous fat depot. Mushure mekutora carnitine, lipid oxidation inowedzera, nzira yekurasikirwa neadipose tissue inokonzerwa, iyo inoperekedzwa nekusunungurwa kwesimba rakachengetwa nenzira ye ATP. L-carnitine inosimudzira kusikwa kwelecithin muchiropa, inoderedza cholesterol mazinga, uye inodzivirira kutaridzika kweatherosclerotic plaques. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti iyi amino acid haisi yechikamu cheakakosha makomisheni, kugarogara kwechinhu ichi kunodzivirira kukura kwemoyo pathologies uye inobvumidza iwe kuti uwane hupenyu hurefu hunoshanda. Rangarira, mwero wecarnitine unodzikira nezera, saka vakweguru vanofanirwa kutanga kune zvese kuwedzera kuunza chikafu chekuwedzera mukudya kwavo kwezuva nezuva. Mukuwedzera, yakawanda yezvinhu inogadzirwa kubva kuvhitamini C, B6, methionine, iron, lysine. Kushaikwa kweimwe yeiyi makomisheni kunokonzera kushomeka kweL-carnitine mumuviri. Zvisikwa zviwanikwa zveamino acids: huku, mazai yolks, dzungu, sesame mhodzi, gwayana, cottage cheese, sour cream.
5. Asparagine. Inodiwa pakuumbwa kweammonia, kushanda kwakakodzera kwehurongwa hwetsinga. Iyo amino acid inowanikwa mune zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, asparagus, whey, mazai, hove, nzungu, mbatatisi, huku nyama.
6. Aspartic acid. Inotora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwearginine, lysine, isoleucine, kuumbwa kwehuni hwepasi rose hwemuviri - adenosine triphosphate (ATP), iyo inopa simba kune intracellular process. Aspartic acid inomutsa kugadzirwa kwemaurotransmitters, inowedzera kuwanda kwe nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), iyo inofanirwa kuchengetedza kushanda kwetsinga uye uropi. Iyo komputa inogadzirwa yakazvimirira, nepo kusungirirwa kwayo mumasero kunogona kuwedzerwa nekubatanidza zvinotevera zvigadzirwa mukudya: shuga, mukaka, nyama yemombe, huku nyama.
7. Glutamic acid. Ndiyo inonyanya kukosha inonakidza neurotransmitter mumutsipa wepelinha. Iyo organic compound inobatanidzwa mukufamba kwe potassium kudarika ropa-brain barriers kupinda mucerebrospinal fluid uye inoita basa guru mu metabolism ye triglycerides. Uropi hunokwanisa kushandisa glutamate sehuni. Kuda kwemuviri kwekuwedzera kudya kweamino acids kunowedzera nepfari, kuora mwoyo, kuonekwa kwebvudzi rekutanga (kusvika kumakore makumi matatu), kusagadzikana kwehutano hwehutano. Zvisikwa zve glutamic acid: walnuts, tomate, howa, hove, hove, yogati, chizi, michero yakaomeswa.
8. Proline Inomutsa collagen synthesis, inodiwa pakuumbwa kwecartilage tishu, inokurumidza kuporesa maitiro. Proline sources: mazai, mukaka, nyama. Vegetarians vanorayirwa kutora amino acid ine zvinovaka muviri zvinowedzera.
9. Serin. Inogadzirisa huwandu hwe cortisol mumhasuru tishu, inotora chikamu mukuumbwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere, immunoglobulins, serotonin, inosimudzira kutorwa kwe creatine, inoita basa mumafuta metabolism. Serine inotsigira kushanda kwakajairika kweiyo central nerve system. Chikafu chikuru cheamino acids: cauliflower, broccoli, nzungu, mazai, mukaka, soya beans, koumiss, nyama yemombe, gorosi, nzungu, nyama yehuku.

Nokudaro, amino acids inobatanidzwa mukufamba kwemabasa ose anokosha mumuviri womunhu. Usati watenga zvokudya zvinowedzera, zvinokurudzirwa kutaurirana nenyanzvi. Pasinei nokuti kutora zvinodhaka zveamino acids, kunyange zvazvo inofungidzirwa yakachengeteka, asi inogona kuwedzera matambudziko ehutano akavanzika.

Mhando dzeprotein nemavambo

Nhasi, marudzi anotevera emapuroteni anosiyaniswa: zai, whey, muriwo, nyama, hove.

Funga nezvetsanangudzo yemumwe nemumwe wavo.

1. Zai. Ichitariswa bhenji pakati pemapuroteni, mamwe ese mapuroteni akaiswa maererano nawo nekuti ane yakanyanya digestibility. Kuumbwa kweiyo yolk kunosanganisira ovomucoid, ovomucin, lysocin, albumin, ovoglobulin, coalbumin, avidin, uye albumin ndiyo chikamu cheprotein. Mazai ehuku mbishi haakurudzirwe kune vanhu vane chirwere chekudya. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ivo vane inhibitor ye enzyme trypsin, iyo inononoka kudyiwa kwezvokudya, uye protein avidin, iyo inobatanidza inokosha vhitamini H. Mushonga unoguma hauna kubatwa nemuviri uye unobudiswa. Naizvozvo, vezvekudya vanoomerera pakushandiswa kwezai jena chete mushure mekupisa kupisa, izvo zvinoburitsa chikafu kubva kubiotin-avidin yakaoma uye inoparadza trypsin inhibitor. Zvakanakira rudzi urwu rweprotein: ine avhareji yekunyura mwero (9 gramu paawa), yakakwirira amino acid kuumbwa, inobatsira kuderedza uremu hwemuviri. Izvo zvisingabatsiri zveprotein yehuku zvinosanganisira mari yavo yakakwirira uye allergenicity.
2. Mukaka whey. Mapuroteni ari muchikamu ichi ane yakanyanya kuparara mwero (10-12 magiramu paawa) pakati pemapuroteni akazara. Mushure mekutora zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana newhey, mukati meawa yekutanga, chiyero chepeptides uye amino acids muropa inowedzera zvakanyanya. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo acid-inogadzira basa remudumbu haishanduki, iyo inobvisa mukana wekugadzira gasi uye kukanganiswa kwekudya kwekudya. Kuumbwa kwenyama yemhasuru yemunhu maererano nezviri mukati akakosha amino acids (valine, leucine uye isoleucine) iri padyo nekuumbwa kwewhey mapuroteni. Mhando iyi yeprotein inoderedza cholesterol, inowedzera huwandu hweglutathione, ine mutengo wakaderera maererano nemamwe marudzi emamino acids. Iko kusakosha kukuru kweprotein yewhey ndiko kukurumidza kunyura kwekomboni, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikurudzirwe kuitora isati yasvika kana nekukurumidza mushure mekudzidziswa. Mhedzisiro huru yeprotein inotapira whey inowanikwa panguva yekugadzirwa kwerennet cheeses. Kusiyanisa kuisa pfungwa, kuzviparadzanisa, whey protein hydrolyzate, casein. Yokutanga yemafomu akawanikwa haina kusiyaniswa nekuchena kwepamusoro uye ine mafuta, lactose, iyo inokurudzira gasi kuumbwa. Protein level iri mairi ndeye 35-70%. Nechikonzero ichi, whey protein concentrate ndiyo yakachipa yemhando yekuvaka mumitambo inovaka denderedzwa. Isolate chigadzirwa chine chiyero chepamusoro chekucheneswa, chine 95% mapuroteni zvikamu. Zvisinei, vagadziri vasina kutendeseka dzimwe nguva vanobiridzira nekupa musanganiswa wekuzviparadzanisa, kuisa pfungwa, hydrolyzate se whey protein. Nokudaro, kuumbwa kwekuwedzera kunofanira kunyatsotariswa, umo iyo yega inofanira kuva iyo chete chikamu. Hydrolyzate ndiyo inonyanya kudhura mhando yeprotein yewhey, iyo yakagadzirira kutorwa nekukurumidza uye inokurumidza kupinda mukati memhasuru tishu. Casein, kana ichipinda mudumbu, inoshanduka kuita clot, iyo inotsemuka kwenguva yakareba (4-6 gramu paawa). Nekuda kwechinhu ichi, mapuroteni anosanganisirwa mumafomu emucheche, sezvo achipinda mumuviri akadzikama uye akaenzana, nepo kuyerera kwakanyanya kwemaamino acids kunotungamira mukutsauka mukukura kwemwana.
3. Vegetable. Pasinei nokuti mapuroteni ari muzvigadzirwa zvakadaro haana kukwana, mukubatana pamwe chete vanoumba puroteni yakakwana (yakanakisisa kusanganiswa ndeye legumes + zviyo). Vatengesi vakuru vezvigadzirwa zvekuvaka zvezvirimwa zvinobva soya zvigadzirwa zvinorwisa osteoporosis, inozadza muviri nemavhitaminzi E, B, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc. Kana inopedzwa, soy protein inoderedza cholesterol mazinga, inogadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nekuwedzera kweprostate, uye inoderedza njodzi yekuva neakaipa neoplasms muzamu. Inoratidzirwa kune vanhu vanotambura nekusagadzikana kune zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Pakugadzirwa kwezvinowedzera, soy isolate (ine 90% protein), soy concentrate (70%), soy hupfu (50%) inoshandiswa. Muyero weprotein absorption ndeye 4 gramu paawa. Izvo zvisingabatsiri zveamino acid zvinosanganisira: estrogenic chiitiko (nekuda kweizvi, musanganiswa haufanirwe kutorwa nevarume muhukuru hukuru, sezvo kusagadzikana kwekubereka kunogona kuitika), kuvepo kwetrypsin, iyo inononoka kugaya. Zvirimwa zvine phytoestrogens (asiri-steroidal makomisheni akafanana muchimiro kune echikadzi mahomoni): flax, licorice, hops, red clover, alfalfa, mazambiringa matsvuku. Mapuroteni emiriwo anowanikwawo mumiriwo nemichero (kabichi, mapomegranati, maapuro, karoti), zviyo uye maruva (mupunga, alfafa, lentils, mhodzi dzeflakisi, oats, gorosi, soy, bhari), zvinwiwa (doro, bourbon). Kazhinji mumitambo Kudya kunoshandisa pea protein. Inzvimbo yakacheneswa zvakanyanya ine huwandu hwepamusoro hweamino acid arginine (8,7% pagiramu reprotein) maererano ne whey, soy, casein uye zai zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, pea protein yakapfuma mu glutamine, lysine. Nhamba yeBCAA mairi inosvika 18%. Sezvineiwo, puroteni yemupunga inokwidziridza mabhenefiti ehypoallergenic pea protein, inoshandiswa mukudya kwevanodya mbishi, vatambi, uye vanodya zvirimwa.
4. Nyama. Huwandu hweprotein mairi hunosvika 85%, iyo 35% isingadzoreki amino acids. Protein yenyama inoratidzirwa ne zero yemafuta yemukati, ine yakakwirira yekubata.
5. Hove. Iyi yakaoma inokurudzirwa kushandiswa nemunhuwo zvake. Asi zvakanyanya kusadiwa kuti vatambi vashandise mapuroteni kuvhara zvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva, sezvo mapuroteni ehove ari oga anoputsika kusvika kumaamino acids katatu kureba kupfuura casein.

Nokudaro, kuderedza uremu, kuwana mhasuru, kana kushanda pakuyamura kunokurudzirwa kushandisa mapuroteni akaoma. Vanopa huwandu hwepamusoro hweamino acids pakarepo mushure mekushandisa.

Vatambi vakafutisa vanowanzoita kugadzirwa kwemafuta vanofanirwa kusarudza 50-80% inononoka mapuroteni pane inokurumidza mapuroteni. Kuwanda kwavo kukuru kwechiito kwakanangana nekudya kwenguva refu kwemasuru.

Casein absorption inononoka kupfuura whey protein. Pamusana peizvi, kuwanda kweamino acids muropa kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye kunochengetwa pahupamhi hwemaawa manomwe. Kusiyana necasin, whey protein inotorwa nekukurumidza zvakanyanya mumuviri, izvo zvinogadzira kuburitswa kwakasimba kwekomboni kwenguva pfupi (hafu yeawa). Nokudaro, zvinokurudzirwa kuitora kudzivirira catabolism yemapuroteni emhasuru pakarepo uye pakarepo mushure mekuita basa.

Nzvimbo yepakati inogarwa nezai jena. Kuzadza ropa pakarepo mushure mekuita maekisesaizi uye kuchengetedza huwandu hweprotein mushure mekudzidzira simba, kutora kwayo kunofanirwa kusanganiswa ne whey isolate, amino acid munguva pfupi. Uyu musanganiswa wemapuroteni matatu anobvisa zvikanganiso zvechikamu chimwe nechimwe, unobatanidza zvose zvakanaka unhu. Yakawanda inowirirana ne whey soy protein.

Kukosha kumunhu

Basa rinoitwa nemapuroteni muzvinhu zvipenyu rakakura zvokuti hazvibviri kufunga nezvebasa rimwe nerimwe, asi ticharatidza muchidimbu chinonyanya kukosha pazviri.

1. Dziviriro (yemuviri, makemikari, immune). Mapuroteni anodzivirira muviri kubva kune zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi, chepfu, mabhakitiriya, zvichikonzera mashandiro eantibody synthesis. Kana mapuroteni ekudzivirira achibatana nezvinhu zvekunze, biological action yezvirwere zvinotapukira. Mukuwedzera, mapuroteni anobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa fibrinogen coagulation muplasma yeropa, iyo inobatsira pakuumbwa kwekuvhara uye kuvhara kwevanga. Pamusana peizvi, kana kukanganisa kuvharo yemuviri, puroteni inodzivirira muviri kubva pakurasikirwa neropa.
2. catalytic. Ese enzymes, anonzi biological catalysts, mapuroteni.
3. Transport. Mutakuri mukuru weokisijeni ihemoglobin, protein yeropa. Uye zvakare, mamwe marudzi eamino acids mukuita kwekuita anoumba makomisheni ane mavhitamini, mahormone, mafuta, kuve nechokwadi chekuendeswa kwavo kumasero, nhengo dzemukati, uye matishu.
4. Nutritious. Aya anonzi mareserve proteins (casein, albumin) ndiwo matusi echikafu ekuumbwa nekukura kwe "fetus" mudumbu.
5. Hormonal. Mazhinji ehomoni mumuviri wemunhu (adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, insulin, corticotropin, somatotropin) mapuroteni.
6. Kuvaka Keratin - chikamu chikuru chechimiro chebvudzi, collagen - connective tissue, elastin - masvingo emidziyo yeropa. Mapuroteni e cytoskeleton anopa chimiro kune organelles uye masero. Mapuroteni akawanda emuumbirwo ane filamentous.
7. Motor. Actin uye myosin (tsandanyama mapuroteni) anobatanidzwa mukuzorodza uye kuputika kwemhasuru tishu. Mapuroteni anodzora kududzira, kupatsanura, kusimba kweiyo gene transcription, pamwe chete nemaitiro ekufamba kwesero kuburikidza nekutenderera. Mapuroteni emota anokonzera kufamba kwemuviri, kufamba kwemasero pachikamu chemolecular (cilia, flagella, leukocytes), intracellular transport (kinesin, dynein).
8. Signal. Iri basa rinoitwa ne cytokines, kukura zvinhu, mapuroteni ehomoni. Vanotumira zviratidzo pakati penhengo, zvipenyu, masero, matishu.
9. Receptor. Chimwe chikamu cheprotein receptor chinogashira chiratidzo chinogumbura, chimwe chinopindura uye chinosimudzira shanduko yekuchinja. Saka, makomisheni anokonzeresa kuita kwemakemikari, anosunga intracellular mediating mamorekuru, anoshanda semaoni nzira.

Pamusoro pemabasa ari pamusoro apa, mapuroteni anodzora iyo pH nhanho yenzvimbo yemukati, kuita senzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba, kuve nechokwadi chekusimudzira, kuberekana kwemuviri, kuumba kugona kufunga.

Mukubatana ne triglycerides, mapuroteni anobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemasero membranes, ane makabhohaidhiretsi mukugadzirwa kwezvakavanzika.

Protein synthesis

Protein synthesis inzira yakaoma inoitika mu ribonucleoprotein particles yesero (ribosomes). Mapuroteni anoshandurwa kubva kumaamino acids uye macromolecules pasi pekutonga kwemashoko akavharidzirwa mumajeni (musero nucleus).

Puroteni yega yega ine masara ee enzyme, ayo anotemerwa neiyo nucleotide sequence ye genome inokodha ichi chikamu chesero. Sezvo DNA yakanyura mukati mesero nucleus, uye protein synthesis inoitika mucytoplasm, ruzivo kubva kubhayoloji memory code kuenda kuma ribosomes runofambiswa nemumiriri akakosha anonzi mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis inoitika mumatanho matanhatu.

1. Kutamiswa kweruzivo kubva kuDNA kuenda kuI-RNA (kunyorwa). Mumasero eprokaryotic, kunyorazve genome kunotanga nekuzivikanwa kweiyo DNA nucleotide sequence neRNA polymerase enzyme.
2. Activation yeamino acids. Imwe neimwe "precursor" yeprotein, ichishandisa ATP simba, inobatanidzwa necovalent bonds ine yekutakura RNA molecule (t-RNA). Panguva imwecheteyo, t-RNA ine nucleotides yakabatana - anticodons, iyo inosarudza munhu genetic code (triplet-codon) yeamino acid inoshandiswa.
3. Mapuroteni anosunga kune ribosomes (kutanga). I-RNA molecule ine ruzivo pamusoro peprotein chaiyo inobatanidzwa nediki ribosome particle uye yekutanga amino acid yakanamatira kune inoenderana t-RNA. Muchiitiko ichi, macromolecules ekutakura anoenderana ne-i-RNA katatu, iyo inoratidza kutanga kweprotein chain.
4. Kureba kweketani yepolypeptide (elongation). Iko kuunganidzwa kwezvimedu zveprotein kunoitika nekuteedzana kuwedzera kweamino acids kune cheni, inotakurwa kuenda ku ribosome uchishandisa yekufambisa RNA. Panguva ino, chimiro chekupedzisira cheprotini chinoumbwa.
5. Misa iyo synthesis ye polypeptide cheni (kugumisa). Kupedzwa kwekuvakwa kweprotein kunoratidzirwa nekatatu katatu mRNA, mushure mokunge polypeptide inosunungurwa kubva mu ribosome.
6. Kupeta uye protein processing. Kuti itore chimiro chepolypeptide, inongoerekana yabatana, ichigadzira mamiriro ayo epakati. Mushure mekugadzirwa kweribosome, puroteni inopinda makemikari ekugadzirisa (kugadzirisa) nema enzymes, kunyanya, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, uye tyrosine.

Mapuroteni achangobva kuumbwa ane zvimedu zvepolypeptide kumagumo, izvo zvinoita sezviratidzo zvinonangisa zvinhu kunzvimbo yekufurira.

Shanduko yemapuroteni inodzorwa nemajini emushandisi, ayo, pamwe chete nemajini emuumbirwo, anoumba boka re enzymatic rinonzi operon. Iyi sisitimu inodzorwa neregulator majini nerubatsiro rwechinhu chakakosha, icho ivo, kana zvichidikanwa, vanogadzira. Kudyidzana kwechinhu ichi nemushandi kunotungamirira kukuvhara kwejini rekutonga, uye semugumisiro, kupera kweoperon. Mucherechedzo wekuti utangezve kushanda kwehurongwa kuita kwechinhu chine inductor particles.

Mwero wezuva nezuva

Sezvauri kuona, kuda kwemuviri mapuroteni kunoenderana nezera, bonde, chimiro chemuviri, uye maekisesaizi. Kushaikwa kweprotini muzvokudya kunotungamirira kukuvhiringidza kwekushanda kwenhengo dzomukati.

Kuchinjana mumuviri wemunhu

Protein metabolism seti yemaitiro anoratidza kuita kweprotein mukati memuviri: kugaya, kuparara, kufananidzwa mudumbu rekudya, pamwe nekutora chikamu mukuumbwa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvinodiwa pakutsigira hupenyu. Tichifunga kuti protein metabolism inodzora, inobatanidza, uye inoronga maitiro mazhinji emakemikari, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise matanho makuru anobatanidzwa mukushandurwa kweprotein.

Chiropa chinoita basa rakakosha mupeptide metabolism. Kana iyo nhengo yekusefa ikarega kutora chikamu mukuita uku, zvino mushure memazuva manomwe chiitiko chinouraya chinoitika.

Kutevedzana kwekuyerera kwemasabolism maitiro.

1. Amino acid deamination. Iyi nzira inofanirwa kushandura akawandisa mapuroteni zvimiro kuita mafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi. Munguva yekuita enzymatic, amino acids inoshandurwa kuita keto acids inoenderana, ichigadzira ammonia, ne-chigadzirwa chekuora. Iyo deanimation ye90% yemapuroteni maitiro anoitika muchiropa, uye mune dzimwe nguva muitsvo. Iyo inosara ndeye branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine), iyo inopinda metabolism mumhasuru dze skeleton.
2. Urea kugadzirwa. Ammonia, iyo yakabudiswa panguva yekuparara kweamino acids, ine chepfu kumuviri wemunhu. Neutralization yechinhu chine chepfu chinoitika muchiropa pasi pesimba rema enzymes anochishandura kuita uric acid. Mushure maizvozvi, urea inopinda muitsvo, kubva kwainobudiswa pamwe chete neweti. Iyo yasara yemorekuru, iyo isina nitrogen, inoshandurwa kuita glucose, iyo inoburitsa simba painoputsika.
3. Kupindirana pakati pemhando dzinogona kuchinjwa dzeamino acids. Nekuda kwekuchinja kwebiochemical muchiropa (reductive amination, transamination ye keto acids, amino acid shanduko), kuumbwa kweanotsiviwa uye ane mamiriro akakosha mapuroteni maumbirwo, ayo anotsiva kushomeka kwavo mukudya.
4. Synthesis yemapuroteni eplasma. Anenge ese mapuroteni eropa, kunze kwemaglobulin, anoumbwa muchiropa. Chinonyanya kukosha chazvo uye chakanyanya muhuwandu hwemashoko maalbumin uye ropa coagulation zvinhu. Maitiro ekugayiwa kweprotein muchikamu chekudya anoitika kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwekuita kweproteolytic enzymes pavari kupa izvo zvakaputsika zvigadzirwa kugona kunyudzwa muropa kuburikidza nemadziro emukati.

Kuparara kweprotein kunotanga mudumbu pasi pesimba regastric juice (pH 1,5-2), iyo ine enzyme pepsin, iyo inowedzera hydrolysis ye peptide bonds pakati peamino acids. Mushure meizvi, kugaya kunopfuurira mu duodenum uye jejunum, uko pancreatic uye muto muto (pH 7,2-8,2) ine inactive enzyme precursors (trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase) inopinda. Iyo intestinal mucosa inoburitsa enzyme enteropeptidase, iyo inomutsa aya maprotease. Proteolytic zvinhu zvinowanikwawo mumasero emudumbu mucosa, ndosaka iyo hydrolysis yediki peptides inoitika mushure mekupedzisira kubatwa.

Nekuda kwekuita kwakadaro, 95-97% yemapuroteni akaputsika kuita emahara amino acids, ayo anonyudzwa mudumbu diki. Nekushaikwa kana kuderera kwekuita kweproteases, mapuroteni asina kuvharwa anopinda mumatumbo makuru, umo anopinda maitiro ekuora.

Kushaikwa kweprotein

Mapuroteni ikirasi ye-high-molecular nitrogen-containing compounds, inoshanda uye yakarongeka chikamu chehupenyu hwevanhu. Tichifunga kuti mapuroteni ane basa rekuvaka masero, matishu, nhengo, synthesis yehemoglobin, enzymes, peptide mahomoni, yakajairika nzira ye metabolic maitiro, kushaikwa kwavo mukudya kunokonzera kukanganisa kushanda kwese sisitimu yemuviri.

Zviratidzo zvekushaya mapuroteni:

• hypotension uye muscular dystrophy;
• kuremara;
• kuderedza kuwanda kweganda reganda, kunyanya pamusoro pe triceps muscle yefudzi;
• kurasikirwa kukuru kwehuremu;
• kuneta kwepfungwa uye kwemuviri;
• kuzvimba (yakavanzwa, uyezve pachena);
• chilliness;
• kuderera kweganda turgor, semugumisiro unova wakaoma, flabby, lethargic, wrinkled;
• kuora kwehutano hwekushanda kwebvudzi (kurasikirwa, kupera, kuoma);
• kuderera kwechido;
• kupora kwakashata kwemaronda;
• kunzwa nzara kana nyota nguva dzose;
• kukanganisa kwekuziva (kuyeuka, kutarisa);
• kushaya uremu (muvana).

Yeuka, zviratidzo zvechimiro chakapfava chokuperevedza kweprotein zvingave zvisipo kwenguva refu kana kuti zvingavanzwa.

Nekudaro, chero chikamu chekushomeka kweprotein chinoperekedzwa nekuderera kwehutachiona hwemaserura uye kuwedzera kwekutapukirwa nehutachiona.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, varwere vanowanzotambura nezvirwere zvekufema, mabayo, gastroenteritis, uye pathologies yenhengo dzeurinary. Nekushaikwa kwenguva refu kwenitrogenous compounds, chimiro chakakomba cheprotein-energy kushomeka inokura, ichiperekedzwa nekuderera kwehuwandu hwemyocardium, atrophy ye subcutaneous tissue, uye kuora mwoyo kwe intercostal space.

Mhedzisiro yerudzi rwakakomba rwekushomeka kweprotein:

• slow pulse;
• kuderera kwekutora mapuroteni nezvimwe zvinhu nekuda kwekusakwana kwema enzymes;
• kuderera kwehuwandu hwemoyo;
• kupererwa neropa;
• kutyorwa kwekudyara mazai;
• kunonoka kukura (muvacheche);
• kusagadzikana kwemaitiro e endocrine glands;
• kusagadzikana kwehomoni;
• immunodeficiency inoti;
• kuwedzera kwemaitiro ekuzvimba nekuda kwekukanganisa kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvinodzivirira (interferon uye lysozyme);
• kuderera kwekufema.

Kushaikwa kweprotein mukudya kwekudya kunonyanya kukanganisa muviri wevana: kukura kunononoka, kuumbwa kwemapfupa kunovhiringidzika, kukura kwepfungwa kunononoka.

Kune marudzi maviri ekushaiwa kweprotein muvana:

1. Kupenga (dry protein deficiency). Chirwere ichi chinoratidzwa neatrophy yakaoma yemhasuru uye subcutaneous tishu (nekuda kwekushandiswa kweprotein), kuderera kwekukura, uye kuonda. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuputika, kujekesa kana kuvanzwa, hakusipo mu95% yezviitiko.
2. Kwashiorkor (yakasarudzika protein deficiency). Pakutanga, mwana ane kusakendenga, kushatirwa, kuneta. Ipapo kuderera kwekukura, mhasuru hypotension, kuderera kwemafuta echiropa, uye kuderera kwetishu turgor zvinocherechedzwa. Pamwe chete neizvi, edema inooneka, kuvhara uremu kurasikirwa, hyperpigmentation yeganda, kupepeta kwezvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri, uye kutetepa bvudzi. Kazhinji, nekwashiorkor, kurutsa, manyoka, anorexia, uye muzviitiko zvakakomba, coma kana stupor inoitika, iyo inowanzoguma murufu.

Pamwe chete neizvi, vana nevakuru vanogona kukudziridza mhando dzakasanganiswa dzekushomeka kweprotein.

Zvikonzero zvekuvandudzwa kweprotein kushomeka

Zvikonzero zvinogona kukonzera kushayikwa kweprotein ndezvi:

• kusaenzana kwehutano kana kuwanda kwekudya (kudya, nzara, kuonda-kune-protein menyu, kudya kwakashata);
• congenital metabolic disorders yeamino acids;
• kuwedzera kweprotein kurasikirwa kubva mumuguta;
• kushayikwa kwenguva refu kwezvinhu zvekutevera;
• kutyorwa kweprotein synthesis nekuda kwekusingaperi pathologies yechiropa;
• udhakwa, kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka;
• kupisa kwakanyanya, kubuda ropa, zvirwere zvinotapukira;
• kukanganisa kubatwa kweprotein mumatumbo.

Kushaikwa kweprotein-simba kune marudzi maviri: yekutanga uye yechipiri. Chirwere chekutanga chinokonzerwa nekusakwana kwekudya kwezvokudya mumuviri, uye yechipiri - mhedzisiro yehutano hwekushanda kana kutora mishonga inodzivisa kuumbwa kwe enzymes.

Nechikamu chakapfava uye chine mwero chekushaikwa kweprotein (yekutanga), zvakakosha kubvisa zvikonzero zvinogona kukonzera kukura kwechirwere. Kuti uite izvi, wedzera kudya kwezuva nezuva kweproteine ​​​​(zvichienderana nehupamhi hwehuremu hwemuviri), nyora kudyiwa kwe-multivitamin complexes. Mukushaikwa kwemazino kana kudzikira kwechido, musanganiswa wemvura inovaka muviri unoshandiswawo pakuongorora kana kuzvidyisa. Kana kushayikwa kweprotein kwakaomeswa nekuita manyoka, zvino zviri nani kuti varwere vape magadzirirwo eyogati. Hapana nyaya inokurudzirwa kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvemukaka nekuda kwekusakwanisa kwemuviri kugadzira lactose.

Mhando dzakakomba dzekusakwana kwechipiri dzinoda kurapwa kwevarwere, sezvo kuongororwa murabhoritari kuchidikanwa kuti uone kusagadzikana. Kuti ujekese chikonzero chechirwere, chiyero che-soluble interleukin-2 receptor muropa kana C-reactive protein inotarwa. Plasma albumin, maantigen eganda, huwandu hwe lymphocyte, uye CD4+ T-lymphocytes zvinoedzwawo kubatsira kusimbisa nhoroondo uye kuona dhigirii rekusashanda zvakanaka.

Izvo zvinonyanya kukosha pakurapa kuomerera kune inodzorwa kudya, kururamisa kwemvura uye electrolyte chiyero, kubviswa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona, kuzara kwemuviri nezvinovaka muviri. Tichifunga kuti kushayikwa kwechipiri kweprotein kunogona kudzivirira kurapwa kwechirwere chakakonzera kukura kwayo, mune dzimwe nguva, parenteral kana chubhu chikafu chinorayirwa nemisanganiswa yakasanganiswa. Panguva imwecheteyo, vhitamini therapy inoshandiswa mumatareji kaviri zuva nezuva zvinodiwa nemunhu ane hutano.

Kana murwere ane anorexia kana kuti chikonzero chekusashanda hachina kuonekwa, mishonga inowedzera chido inoshandiswa inowedzera. Kuwedzera mhasuru, kushandiswa kwevanabolic steroid kunogamuchirwa (pasi pekutariswa kwechiremba). Kudzorerwa kweprotein balance muvanhu vakuru kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma, pamusoro pemwedzi 6-9. Muvana, nguva yekudzorera zvakakwana inotora mwedzi 3-4.

Rangarira, kudzivirira kushomeka kweprotein, zvakakosha kusanganisa zvigadzirwa zveprotein zvechirimwa nemhuka mukudya kwako zuva rega rega.

ovhadhozi

Kudya kwechikafu chakapfuma muprotein yakawandisa kune kukanganisa kwakashata pahutano hwevanhu. Kuwedzeredza kweprotein mukudya hakuna ngozi kune kushayikwa kwayo.

Hunhu zviratidzo zveprotein yakawandisa mumuviri:

• kuwedzera kweitsvo uye matambudziko echiropa;
• kurasikirwa kwechido, kufema;
• kuwedzera kushungurudzika kwekutya;
• kuwanda kwekuenda kumwedzi (muvakadzi);
• kuoma kwekubvisa uremu hwakawandisa;
• matambudziko ane zvemwoyo system;
• kuwedzera kuora muura.

Iwe unogona kuona kukanganisa kweprotein metabolism uchishandisa nitrogen balance. Kana huwandu hwenitrogen yakatorwa uye yakabviswa yakaenzana, munhu wacho anonzi ane chiyero chakanaka. Negative balance inoratidza kusadya kwakakwana kana kusabatwa zvakanaka kweprotein, izvo zvinotungamira mukutsva kweprotein yako. Ichi chiitiko chinokonzera kukura kwekuneta.

Kuwedzeredza zvishoma kweprotein mukudya, inodiwa kuchengetedza yakajairika nitrogen chiyero, haina kukuvadza kuhutano hwevanhu. Muchiitiko ichi, amino acids akawandisa anoshandiswa sechitubu chesimba. Nekudaro, mukushaikwa kwekuita basa remuviri kune vanhu vazhinji, mapuroteni anodarika 1,7 magiramu pa1 kilogiramu yehuremu hwemuviri anobatsira kushandura mapuroteni akawandisa kuita nitrogenous makomisheni (urea), glucose, iyo inofanirwa kuburitswa neitsvo. Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwechikamu chekuvaka kunotungamirira pakuumbwa kwekuita kweasidhi yemuviri, kuwedzera kwekurasikirwa kwe calcium. Mukuwedzera, mapuroteni emhuka anowanzo ane purines, iyo inogona kuiswa mumajoini, iyo inotangira pakukura kwegout.

Kuwedzeredza kweprotein mumuviri wemunhu hakuwanzo. Nhasi, muzvokudya zvakajairika, mapuroteni epamusoro-grade (amino acids) ari kushayikwa zvakanyanya.

FAQ

Ndezvipi zvakanakira uye zvakaipira mapuroteni emhuka nezvirimwa?

Mukana mukuru wezviwanikwa zvezvipfuyo zveprotein ndezvekuti iwo ane ese akakosha amino acids anodiwa kumuviri, kunyanya muchimiro chakamisikidzwa. Izvo zvisingabatsiri zveprotein yakadaro ndeyekugamuchira kuwanda kwehuwandu hwechikamu chekuvaka, iyo 2-3 nguva yemazuva ose. Mukuwedzera, zvigadzirwa zvemhuka zvinowanzova nezvinhu zvinokuvadza (mahomoni, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, mafuta, cholesterol), iyo inokonzera chepfu yemuviri nemishonga yakaora, inosuka "calcium" kubva mumapfupa, inogadzira imwe mutoro pachiropa.

Mapuroteni emiriwo anobatwa zvakanaka nemuviri. Izvo hazvina zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinouya nemapuroteni emhuka. Zvisinei, mapuroteni emiti haasi asina zvipingamupinyi. Zvigadzirwa zvakawanda (kunze kwesoya) zvinosanganiswa nemafuta (mumbeu), zvine seti isina kukwana yemamino acid akakosha.

Ndeipi protein inonyanya kunyudzwa mumuviri wemunhu?

1. Zai, dhigirii yekunyura inosvika 95 - 100%.
2. Mukaka, chizi - 85 - 95%.
3. Nyama, hove - 80 - 92%.
4. Soya - 60 - 80%.
5. Zviyo - 50 - 80%.
6. Bhinzi - 40 - 60%.

Musiyano uyu unokonzerwa nekuti gumbo rekudya hariburitse ma enzymes anodiwa pakuparara kwemarudzi ese emapuroteni.

Ndezvipi zvinokurudzirwa kudya mapuroteni?

1. Fukidza zvinodikanwa zvezuva nezuva zvemuviri.
2. Ita shuwa kuti misanganiswa yakasiyana yeprotein inouya nechikafu.
3. Usashandise zvisina kufanira kudyiwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hweprotein kwenguva yakareba.
4. Usadya zvokudya zvine mapuroteni usiku.
5. Sanganisa mapuroteni emiriwo nemhuka kubva. Izvi zvichavandudza kutora kwavo.
6. Kune vatambi vasati vadzidzira kukunda mitoro yakakura, zvinokurudzirwa kunwa mapuroteni ane mapuroteni anozununguka. Mushure mekirasi, anowana anobatsira kuzadza matura ezvekudya. Yekuwedzera yemitambo inosimudza mwero wemakhahydrates, amino acids mumuviri, ichikurudzira kukurumidza kupora kwemhasuru tishu.
7. Mapuroteni emhuka anofanira kuita 50% yezvokudya zvezuva nezuva.
8. Kubvisa zvigadzirwa zveprotein metabolism, mvura yakawanda inodiwa kupfuura yekuputsika uye kugadzirisa zvimwe zvikamu zvekudya. Kuti udzivise kupera mvura, unofanirwa kunwa 1,5-2 malita emvura isiri-carbonated pazuva. Kuti uchengetedze chiyero chemvura-munyu, vatambi vanokurudzirwa kushandisa 3 malita emvura.

Iprotein yakawanda sei inogona kugayiwa panguva imwe chete?

Pakati pevatsigiri vekudya nguva dzose, pane maonero ekuti hapana magiramu makumi matatu emapuroteni anogona kutorwa pakudya. Zvinotendwa kuti vhoriyamu yakakura inoremedza nzira yekudya uye haigone kubata nekugayiwa kwechigadzirwa. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwengano.

Muviri wemunhu mune imwe kugara unokwanisa kukunda anopfuura 200 magiramu emapuroteni. Chikamu cheprotein chichaenda kunotora chikamu muvanabolic maitiro kana SMP uye chichachengetwa se glycogen. Chinhu chikuru chekuyeuka ndechokuti iyo yakawanda yeprotein inopinda mumuviri, iyo yakareba iyo ichagayiwa, asi yose ichabatwa.

Kuwanda kwemapuroteni kunotungamira mukuwedzera kwemafuta anoiswa muchiropa, kuwedzera kunakidzwa kweiyo endocrine glands uye yepakati tsinga system, inosimudzira maitiro ekuora, uye ine mhedzisiro yakaipa paitsvo.

mhedziso

Mapuroteni chikamu chakakosha chemasero ese, matishu, nhengo dziri mumuviri wemunhu. Mapuroteni ane basa rekutonga, mota, kutakura, simba uye metabolic mabasa. Mishonga inobatanidzwa mukutorwa kwemaminerari, mavhitamini, mafuta, makabhohaidhiretsi, kuwedzera kusadzivirirwa kwezvirwere uye kushanda sechinhu chekuvaka chemhasuru fibers.

Kudya kwakakwana kwezuva nezuva kweprotein (ona Tafura Nhamba 2 "Kudiwa Kwevanhu Kweprotein") ndiyo kiyi yekuchengetedza hutano uye kugara zvakanaka kwezuva rose.