Mukati
Kunze kwezvisizvo zvishoma, vanhu vakakamurwa kuva varume nevakadzi vaviri, uye vana vazhinji vanokudziridza pfungwa yakasimba yekuva wemurume kana mukadzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, vane izvo mukuvandudza psychology inonzi pabonde (gender) kuzivikanwa. Asi mutsika zhinji, musiyano webhayoloji pakati pevarume nevakadzi wakakuriswa zvakanyanya nehurongwa hwekutenda uye stereotypes yemafambiro inopinda chaizvo muzvikamu zvese zvezviitiko zvevanhu. Munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, mune zvese zviri pamutemo uye zvisina kurongeka maitiro evarume nevakadzi anotonga kuti ndeapi mabasa avanosungirwa kana kuti vane kodzero yekuzadzisa, uye kunyangwe maitiro api emunhu avano "ita". Mutsika dzakasiyana, mhando dzemaitiro ehunhu, mabasa uye hunhu hunogona kutsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana, uye mukati metsika imwe chete zvese izvi zvinogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva - sezvanga zvichiitika muAmerica kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura. Asi zvisinei nekuti mabasa anotsanangurwa sei panguva ino, tsika imwe neimwe inovavarira kuita kuti munhu mukuru ave murume kana mukadzi kubva pamwana wechirume kana wechikadzi (Urume nevakadzi iboka rezvimiro zvinosiyanisa murume nemukadzi, zvichiteerana, uye huipi. zvakasiyana (ona: Psychological Dictionary. M .: Pedagogy -Press, 25; chinyorwa "Paul») - Approx. transl.).
Kuwana maitiro uye hunhu izvo mune dzimwe tsika zvinoonekwa sehunhu hwemurume wakapihwa kunonzi kuumbwa kwepabonde. Ziva kuti kuzivikanwa kwemurume nemukadzi uye basa rekuti murume nemukadzi hazvisi chinhu chimwe chete. Musikana anogona kuzviona semukadzi asi asina zvimiro zvehunhu zvinoonekwa sechikadzi mutsika yake, kana kusanzvenga hunhu hunorangarirwa sechirume.
Asi kuzivikanwa kwemurume nemukadzi uye basa rekuti murume kana murume zvinongori chigadzirwa chetsika uye zvinotarisirwa here, kana kuti zvimwe chibereko che "zvakasikwa" budiriro? Mafungiro anosiyana panyaya iyi. Ngationgororei ina.
Theory of psychoanalysis
Nyanzvi yekutanga yepfungwa kuedza tsananguro yakazara yekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi uye basa revakadzi raive Sigmund Freud; chikamu chakakosha cheiyo psychoanalytic theory ndiyo nhanho yedanho rekukura kwepfungwa (Freud, 1933/1964). Dzidziso yepsychoanalysis uye miganhu yayo inokurukurwa zvakadzama muchitsauko 13; pano tichangotaura muchidimbu pfungwa dzinokosha dzedzidziso yaFreud yekuzivikanwa kwepabonde nekuumbwa kwepabonde.
Maererano naFreud, vana vanotanga kuteerera kune nhengo dzepabonde paanenge makore matatu; akadana uku kutanga kwechikamu chephallic chekukura kwepfungwa. Kunyanya varume nevakadzi vari kutanga kuona kuti vakomana vane mboro uye vasikana havana. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanotanga kuratidza manzwiro epabonde kumubereki wevakomana vakasiyana, pamwe chete negodo uye hutsinye kumubereki mumwe chete; Freud akadana izvi kuti oedipal complex. Sezvavanowedzera kukura, vamiririri vevanhukadzi vose zvishoma nezvishoma vanogadzirisa kukakavara uku kuburikidza nekuzvizivisa ivo nemubereki wemurume mumwe chete - kutevedzera maitiro ake, mafungiro uye unhu hwake, kuedza kufanana naye. Nokudaro, hurongwa hwekuumbwa kwehunhu hwemunhurume nemunhukadzi uye hunhu hunotanga nekuwana kwemwana misiyano pakati pemurume nemukadzi uye inopera kana mwana azivana nemubereki wemurume mumwe chete (Freud, 3/1925).
Psychoanalytic theory yagara ichipokana, uye vazhinji vanoramba dambudziko rayo rakavhurika rekuti "anatomy is destiny." Dzidziso iyi inofungidzira kuti basa revakadzi - kunyangwe stereotyping yaro - chinhu chisingadzivisiki chepasi rose uye hachigone kuchinjwa. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, zvisinei, humbowo hwesimba hahuna kuratidza kuti kuziva kwemwana kuvepo kwekusiyana kwepabonde kana kuzvizivisa nemubereki wemurume mumwe chete kunoratidza zvakanyanya basa rake repabonde (McConaghy, 1979; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974; Kohlberg, 1966).
Dzidziso yekudzidza kwevanhu
Kusiyana nedzidziso yepsychoanalytic, dzidziso yekudzidza munharaunda inopa tsananguro yakananga yekugamuchirwa kwechikamu chevakadzi. Inosimbisa kukosha kwekusimbiswa uye kurangwa kunoitwa nemwana, zvichiteerana, maitiro akakodzera uye asina kufanira pabonde rake, uye kuti mwana anodzidza sei basa rake rechikadzi nekucherechedza vanhu vakuru (Bandura, 1986; Mischel, 1966). Semuenzaniso, vana vanoona kuti maitiro evarume nevakadzi vakuru akasiyana uye vanofungidzira nezve izvo zvinovakodzera (Perry & Bussey, 1984). Kudzidza kwekutarisa kunobvumirawo vana kutevedzera uye nekudaro kuwana hunhu hwechikadzi nekutevedzera vanhu vakuru vevanhurume vamwe vanhu vane chiremera uye vanoyemurwa navo. Sezvakaita psychoanalytic theory, social learning theory inewo pfungwa yayo yekutevedzera nekuzivikanwa, asi haina kubva pakugadzirisa kusawirirana kwemukati, asi pakudzidza kuburikidza nekucherechedza.
Zvakakosha kusimbisa dzimwe pfungwa mbiri dzedzidziso yekudzidza kwevanhu. Kutanga, kusiyana nedzidziso ye psychoanalysis, maitiro ekuita zvepabonde anobatwa mairi, semamwe maitiro akadzidzwa; hapana chikonzero chekutumira chero nzira dzakakosha dzepfungwa kana maitiro ekutsanangura kuti vana vanowana sei basa repabonde. Chechipiri, kana pasina chinhu chakakosha pamusoro pehunhu hwechikadzi, saka basa remunhukadzi pacharo haridzivisiki kana kusachinjika. Mwana anodzidza basa rekuti murume kana murume nekuti murume kana mukadzi ndiyo hwaro hwekuti tsika yake inosarudza zvekuona sekusimbisa uye chii sechirango. Kana pfungwa yetsika ikava shoma pane zvepabonde, ipapo pachavawo nezviratidzo zvishoma-zvepabonde mumafambiro evana.
Tsananguro yemaitiro echikadzi anopihwa nedzidziso yesocial learning inowana humbowo hwakawanda. Vabereki zvechokwadi vanopa mubayiro uye vanoranga maitiro akakodzera uye asina kukodzera pabonde nenzira dzakasiyana, uye nekuwedzera, vanoshanda semienzaniso yekutanga yemaitiro echirume uye echikadzi kuvana. Kubva paucheche, vabereki vanopfekedza vakomana nevasikana zvakasiyana uye vanovapa matoyi akasiyana (Rheingold & Cook, 1975). Somugumisiro wekucherechedza kwakaitwa mudzimba dzevana vaduku, zvakazoitika kuti vabereki vanokurudzira vanasikana vavo kupfeka, kutamba, kutamba nezvidhori uye kungozvitevedzera, asi vachivatsiura nokuda kwekugadzirisa zvinhu, kumhanya-mhanya, kusvetuka uye kukwira miti. Nekune rimwe divi, vakomana vanopihwa mubairo wekutamba nemabhuroko asi vachishoropodzwa nekutamba nezvidhori, kukumbira rubatsiro, kana kupawo rubatsiro (Fagot, 1978). Vabereki vanoda kuti vakomana vave vakazvimirira uye vane tarisiro huru kwavari; uyezve, apo vakomana vanokumbira rubatsiro, havapinduri pakarepo uye vanobhadhara zvishoma kune mamwe maitiro ebasa racho. Pakupedzisira, vakomana ndivo vanowanzorangwa nemashoko uye nekurohwa nevabereki kupfuura vasikana (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974).
Vamwe vanodavira kuti nekuita nenzira yakasiyana kuvakomana nevasikana, vabereki vangasamanikidzira mafungiro avo pavari, asi vanongogamuchira misiyano chaiyo yomuzvarirwo mumafambiro evarume nevakadzi (Maccoby, 1980). Somuenzaniso, kunyange paucheche, vakomana vanoda ngwariro yakawanda kupfuura vasikana, uye vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti vanhurume kubva pakuberekwa; ane hasha kupfuura vakadzi (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974). Zvichida ndosaka vabereki vachiranga vakomana kakawanda kupfuura vasikana.
Pane chokwadi pane izvi, asi zviri pachena zvakare kuti vanhu vakuru vanosvika kuvana vaine tarisiro yekufungidzira izvo zvinoita kuti vabate vakomana nevasikana zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, vabereki pavanotarisa vana vachangoberekwa nepahwindo rechipatara, vane chokwadi chokuti vanogona kuudza vana vacho zvepabonde. Kana vachifunga kuti mucheche uyu mukomana, vanomurondedzera seakakora, akasimba, uye ane chimiro chikuru; kana vachitenda kuti mumwe, anenge asinganzwisisiki, mucheche musikana, vanozotaura kuti haina kusimba, yakanaka-inoratidzirwa, uye "yakapfava" (Luria & Rubin, 1974). Mune imwe ongororo, vadzidzi vepakoreji vakaratidzwa tepi yevhidhiyo yemwana ane mwedzi mipfumbamwe achiratidza kugadzikana asi kusinganzwisisike kupindura Jack muBhokisi. Apo mwana uyu aifungidzirwa kuva mukomana, maitiro aiwanzotsanangurwa se "kutsamwa" uye apo mwana mumwechete aifungidzirwa kuva musikana, maitiro aiwanzotsanangurwa se "kutya" (Condry & Condry, 9). Mune imwe ongororo, vanhu pavakaudzwa kuti zita remucheche rainzi «David», vairibata gee pane avo vakaudzwa kuti "Lisa" (Bern, Martyna & Watson, 1976).
Vanababa vane hanyn'a nehunhu hwevakadzi kupfuura vanaamai, kunyanya nezvevanakomana. Apo vanakomana vaitamba nematoyi e“musikana”, vanababa vakaita zvakaipa kupfuura vanaamai—vaipindira mumutambo uye vakaratidza kusagutsikana. Vanababa havana hanya nazvo kana vanasikana vavo vachitora chikamu mumitambo ye "varume", asi zvakadaro havagutsikane neizvi kupfuura vanaamai (Langlois & Downs, 1980).
Asi kana vabereki nevamwe vanhu vakuru vachibata vana maererano nemafungiro evanhukadzi, saka vana pachavo vanongova "sexists" chaiyo. Vezera ravo vanomanikidza stereotypes yepabonde zvakanyanya zvakanyanya kupfuura vabereki vavo. Chokwadi, vabereki vanoedza nokungwarira kurera vana vavo vasingamanikidziri tsika dzechivanhu dzechikadzi—somuenzaniso, kukurudzira mwana kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana asingavati murume kana kuti munhukadzi, kana kuti ivo pachavo vanoita mabasa asiri echinyakare pamba—kazhinji zvinongoitawo zvawo. vanoora mwoyo pavanoona kuti zvavanoedza kuita zvinokanganiswa nedzvinyiriro yavaenzani. Kunyanya, vakomana vanoshoropodza vamwe vakomana kana vakavaona vachiita mabasa e“musikana”. Kana mukomana achitamba nezvidhori, achichema paanenge achirwadzisa, kana kuti achinzwira mumwe mwana akatsamwa, vezera rake vanobva vangomuti «mukoma.” Vasikana, nerumwe rutivi, havanetseki kana vamwe vasikana vachitamba matoyi e "vakomana" kana kutora chikamu muzviitwa zvechirume (Langlois & Downs, 1980).
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yekudzidza munzanga yakanaka kwazvo pakutsanangura zviitiko zvakadaro, pane zvimwe zvinoonekwa zvakaoma kutsanangura nerubatsiro rwayo. Kutanga, maererano nedzidziso iyi, zvinotendwa kuti mwana anongobvuma kupesvedzera kwezvakatipoteredza: nzanga, vabereki, vezera uye vezvenhau "vanozviita" nemwana. Asi pfungwa yakadai yemwana inopokana nekuona kwatakaona pamusoro - kuti vana pachavo vanogadzira uye vanozvimanikidza ivo pachavo nevezera ravo shanduro yavo yakasimbiswa yemitemo yemafambiro evanhukadzi munharaunda, uye vanoita izvi zvakanyanya. zvakasimbirira kupfuura vanhu vakuru vazhinji munyika yavo.
Chechipiri, pane kunakidza nguva dzose mukuvandudzwa kwemaonero evana pamusoro pemitemo yekuzvibata kwevarume. Somuenzaniso, pamakore mana ne4, vana vakawanda vanotenda kuti hapafaniri kuva nemiganhu pakusarudza basa rinobva pahutano: regai vakadzi vave vanachiremba, uye varume vave vananni, kana vachida. Zvisinei, pakati pemazera aya, pfungwa dzevana dzinova dzakaoma zvikuru. Nokudaro, vanenge 9% yevana vane makore 90-6 vanotenda kuti zvirambidzo zvevarume pamabasa zvinofanira kuvapo (Damon, 7).
Izvi hazvikuyeuchidze nezvechimwe chinhu here? Ndizvozvo, maonero evana ava akafanana chaizvo nehunhu hwevana vari muchikamu chepre-operational sekureva kwaPiaget. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nyanzvi yepfungwa Lawrence Kohlberg akagadzira dzidziso yekuziva yekuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwechikadzi zvichibva padzidziso yaPiaget yekukura kwenjere.
Cognitive theory of development
Kunyangwe vana vane makore maviri ekuberekwa vachikwanisa kudoma murume kana mukadzi kubva pamufananidzo wavo, uye vachikwanisa kutaura murume kana mukadzi kubva pamufananidzo, havagone kuronga mafoto mu "vakomana" ne "vasikana" kana kufanotaura kuti ndezvipi matoyi achada mumwe. . mwana, zvichibva pamurume wake (Thompson, 2). Zvakadaro, pamakore angangosvika 1975, ruzivo rwakawanda rwezvepabonde uye murume kana murume rwunotanga kubuda, uye apa ndipo panouya dzidziso yekuvandudza yekuziva kutsanangura zvinozoitika. Kunyanya, maererano nedzidziso iyi, kuzivikanwa kwemurume nemukadzi kunotora chikamu chakakosha muhunhu hwechikadzi. Somugumisiro, tine: "Ndiri mukomana (musikana), saka ndinoda kuita izvo vakomana (vasikana) vanoita" (Kohlberg, 2,5). Mune mamwe mazwi, kukurudzira kuzvibata maererano nekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi ndiko kunokurudzira mwana kuti azvibate zvakakodzera kune murume wake, uye kusagamuchira kusimbiswa kubva kunze. Nokudaro, anogamuchira nokuzvidira basa rekuita basa revakadzi - zvose kwaari uye kune vezera rake.
Zvinoenderana nemisimboti yepreoperational nhanho yekukura kwekuziva, gender identity pachayo inokura zvishoma nezvishoma mumakore maviri kusvika manomwe. Kunyanya, chokwadi chokuti vana vasati vatanga kushanda vanovimba zvakanyanya nemaonero ekuona uye naizvozvo havakwanisi kuchengetedza ruzivo rwekuzivikanwa kwechinhu kana chitarisiko chacho chinoshanduka chikava chakakosha pakubuda kwemafungiro avo epabonde. Nokudaro, vana vane makore matatu vanogona kuudza vakomana kubva kuvasikana vari mumufananidzo, asi vazhinji vavo havagoni kuziva kana vachizova amai kana baba kana vakura (Thompson, 2). Kunzwisisa kuti hunhu hwemunhu hunoramba hwakafanana kunyangwe kuchinja zera uye chitarisiko kunonzi gender constancy — analogue yakananga yemusimboti wekuchengetedza huwandu mumienzaniso nemvura, plasticine kana cheki.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinosvika pakukura kwekuziva kubva paruzivo-kuwana maonero vanotenda kuti vana vanowanzokundikana pamabasa ekuchengetedza nekuda kwekuti havana ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro penzvimbo yakakodzera. Semuyenzaniso, vana vakatsungirira basa pakushandura «mhuka kuti kudyara», asi havana kutsungirira pakushandura «mhuka kuti mhuka». Mwana achafuratira kuchinja kukuru kwechitarisiko - uye naizvozvo anoratidza ruzivo rwekuchengetedza - chete paanoona kuti mamwe maitiro anokosha echinhu haana kuchinja.
Izvi zvinotevera kuti kusimba kwebonde remwana kunofanirawo kuenderana nekunzwisisa kwake kuti chii chinonzi murume uye chevakadzi. Asi isu vakuru tinozivei nezvebonde izvo vana vasingazive? Pane mhinduro imwe chete: nhengo dzesikarudzi. Kubva pane zvese zvinoshanda zvemaonero, nhengo dzesikarudzi chinhu chakakosha chinotsanangura murume nemukadzi. Vana vadiki, vachinzwisisa izvi, vanogona kurarama nebasa rechokwadi rekusagadzikana kwevakadzi?
Muchidzidzo chakagadzirirwa kuyedza mukana uyu, mapikicha matatu akazara-akazara mavara evana vanofamba vane makore 1 kusvika kumakore maviri akashandiswa sekukurudzira (Bern, 2). Sezvinoratidzwa mufig. 1989, pikicha yekutanga yaive yemwana asina kupfeka zvachose uye nhengo dzesikarudzi dzinonyatsooneka. Mune mumwe mufananidzo, mwana mumwe chete iyeye akaratidzwa akapfeka somwana wechirume kana kuti wechikadzi (newigi yakawedzerwa kumukomana); pamufananidzo wechitatu, mwana akanga akapfeka zvakajairwa, kureva kuti, maererano nourume hwake.
Pachivanhu chedu, kushama kwemwana chinhu chakapfava, saka mapikicha ese akatorwa ari mumba memwana pachake paine mubereki mumwe chete. Vabereki vakapa mvumo yakanyorwa yekushandiswa kwemifananidzo mukutsvakurudza, uye vabereki vevana vaviri vanoratidzwa muFig. 3.10, vakapa, nekuwedzera, mvumo yakanyorwa yekubudiswa kwemifananidzo. Pakupedzisira, vabereki vevana vakapinda muchidzidzo ichi sezvidzidzo vakapa mvumo yakanyorwa kuti mwana wavo atore chikamu muchidzidzo, umo aizobvunzwa mibvunzo pamusoro pemifananidzo yevana vasina kupfeka.
Muchishandisa iyi mifananidzo mitanhatu, vana vane makore 6 kusvika 3 makore vakaedzwa kuti vagare vakachena. Kutanga, muongorori akaratidza mwana mufananidzo wemwana asina kusimira uyo akapiwa zita risina kuratidza kuti munhurume (somuenzaniso, «Enda»), ndokuzomubvunza kuti aone kuti mwana wacho ndeupi: «Ko Gou mukomana kana musikana?" Zvadaro, muedzi akaratidza mufananidzo umo zvipfeko zvakanga zvisingaenderane nehukadzi. Mushure mekuita chokwadi chekuti mwana anzwisisa kuti uyu ndiye mucheche mumwe chete aive mushwi pamufananidzo wapfuura, muedze akatsanangura kuti foto yakatorwa zuva iro mwana aitamba achipfeka uye akapfeka zvipfeko zvevakomana (uye. kana ari mukomana, aibva apfeka wigi yemusikana). Ipapo pikicha yakashama yakabviswa uye mwana akakumbirwa kuti atarise murume kana mukadzi, achitarisa chete pamufananidzo apo zvipfeko zvaisaenderana nemurume: "Gou ndiani chaizvo - mukomana kana musikana?" Pakupedzisira, mwana akakumbirwa kuti asarudze bonde remwana mumwe chete kubva pamufananidzo apo zvipfeko zvinoenderana nebonde. Maitiro ese akadzokororwa neimwe seti yemifananidzo mitatu. Vana vakanziwo vatsanangure mhinduro dzavo. Zvaitendwa kuti mwana anoita zvepabonde nguva dzose chete kana akanyatsosarudza zvepabonde zvemwana katanhatu.
Mapikicha akatevedzana evacheche vakasiyana-siyana akashandiswa kuongorora kana vana vaiziva kuti sikarudzi chinhu chakakosha chebonde. Apa vana vakakumbirwazve kuti vazive bonde remwana mupikicha votsanangura mhinduro yavo. Muyedzo waive wakareruka waive wekuziva kuti pavaviri ava vaive vasina kusimira ndiani mukomana uye musikana. Muchikamu chakaoma zvikuru chemuedzo, mapikicha akaratidzwa umo vacheche vakanga vasina kupfeka pasi pechiuno, uye vakapfeka pamusoro pebhanhire zvisina kufanira pasi. Kuti anyatso ziva bonde mumifananidzo yakadai, mwana aisangoda kuziva kuti nhengo dzesikarudzi dzinoratidza kuti murume kana murume, asi zvakare kuti kana bonde richipesana netsika dzakatemerwa kuita zvepabonde (semuenzaniso, zvipfeko, vhudzi, matoyi), zvichiri. zvinotora nzvimbo yekutanga. Ziva kuti basa rekuita zvepabonde pacharo rakatonyanya kuoma, sezvo mwana achifanira kuisa pamberi pehunhu hwesikarudzi kunyangwe iyo hunhu husingachaoneki mumufananidzo (sepamufananidzo wechipiri weese seti muFigure 3.10).
Mupunga. 3.10. Sex constancy test. Mushure mekuratidza mufananidzo wemwana mudiki asina kupfeka, achifamba, vana vakakumbirwa kuti vatarise murume kana mukadzi wemwana mudiki mumwe chete akapfeka zvipfeko zvinoenderana nevarume kana kuti zvisina murume. Kana vana vakanyatsoona kuti murume kana murume mumifananidzo yese, vanobva vaziva nezve kusimba kwevakadzi (maererano ne: Bern, 1989, pp. 653-654).
Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti mu40% yevana vane makore 3,4 uye 5 makore, kugadzikana kwevakadzi kuripo. Iri izera rekare kupfuura iro rinotaurwa muPiaget's kana Kohlberg's cognitive development theory. Zvinotonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti chikamu che74% chevana vakapasa bvunzo yeruzivo rwenhengo dzakavandika vaive nezera, uye 11% chete (vana vatatu) vakatadza kupasa bvunzo yeruzivo rwezvepabonde. Uye zvakare, vana vakapasa bvunzo yeruzivo rwevakadzi vainyanya kuratidza kusimba kwevakadzi maererano navo: ivo vakapindura nenzira kwayo mubvunzo: "Kana iwe, saGou, rimwe zuva wakasarudza (a) kutamba-up uye kupfeka ( a) wigi vasikana (mukomana) uye zvipfeko zvemusikana (mukomana), iwe ungave ani chaizvo (a) - mukomana kana musikana?
Iyi mibairo yeongororo yekugara pabonde inoratidza kuti, maererano nekuzivikanwa kwemurume nemukadzi uye hunhu hwekuita bonde, dzidziso yakavanzika yaKohlberg, senge dzidziso huru yaPiaget, inorerutsa danho rekunzwisisa kwemwana padanho rekutanga kuvhiyiwa. Asi dzidziso dzaKohlberg dzine chikanganiso chakakomba: vanotadza kugadzirisa mubvunzo wekuti sei vana vachifanira kugadzira pfungwa pamusoro pavo, vachivaronga zvakanyanya pamusoro pekuve kwavo kwemurume kana mukadzi? Sei murume kana mukadzi achitungamira pane mamwe mapoka anobvira ekuzvitsanangura? Ndiko kugadzirisa nyaya iyi kuti dzidziso inotevera yakavakwa - dzidziso yehurongwa hwepabonde (Bern, 1985).
Bonde schema theory
Isu takatotaura kuti kubva pakuona kwemaitiro emagariro ekukura kwepfungwa, mwana haasi musayendisiti wepanyama anoedza kuziva chokwadi chepasi rose, asi rookie yetsika inoda kuva "mumwe wake", ane akadzidza kutarisa pamagariro echokwadi kuburikidza neprism yetsika iyi.
Takaonawo kuti mutsika zhinji, musiyano webhayoloji pakati pevarume nevakadzi wakakuriswa nedandemutande rezvinotendwa netsika zvinopinda chaizvo muzvikamu zvese zvezviitiko zvevanhu. Saizvozvo, mwana anofanirwa kudzidza nezve zvakawanda zvakawanda zvetiweki iyi: ndeapi maitiro uye mitemo yeiyi tsika ine chekuita nehunhu hwakakwana hwevakadzi vakasiyana, mabasa avo uye hunhu? Sezvataona, zvose zviri zviviri dzidziso yezvemagariro evanhu uye dzidziso yekukura kwekuziva zvinopa tsananguro ine musoro yekuti mwana ari kukura angawana sei ruzivo urwu.
Asi tsika inodzidzisawo mwana chidzidzo chakadzama: kupatsanurwa kwevarume nevakadzi kwakakosha zvekuti kunofanirwa kuita senge seti yema lens iyo zvimwe zvese zvinogona kuonekwa. Tora, semuenzaniso, mwana anouya kukireshi kekutanga uye anowana matoyi matsva mazhinji uye zviitiko ipapo. Mazhinji maitiro anogona kushandiswa anogona kusarudza kuti ndezvipi matoyi nezviitwa zvekuyedza. Achatambira kupi: mumba kana kunze? Chii chaunosarudza: mutambo unoda hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, kana mutambo unoshandisa hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa? Zvakadini kana zviitwa zvichifanira kuitwa pamwe chete nevamwe vana? Kana kuti paunogona kuzviita uri woga? Asi pane zvese zvinogoneka, tsika inoisa mumwe pamusoro pevamwe vese: "Chekutanga, ita shuwa kuti ichi kana icho mutambo kana chiitiko chakakodzera murume wako." Padanho rega rega, mwana anokurudzirwa kutarisa nyika kuburikidza nelenzi yemurume wake, lenzi Bem inodana schema yebonde (Bern, 1993, 1985, 1981). Kunyanya nekuti vana vanodzidza kuongorora maitiro avo kuburikidza neiyi lenzi, bonde schema theory idzidziso yekuita zvepabonde-basa.
Vabereki nevadzidzisi havatauri zvakananga vana nezvechirongwa chebonde. Chidzidzo cheichi schema chakabatanidzwa zvisingaonekwe mutsika dzemazuva ese. Somuenzaniso, fungidzira mudzidzisi anoda kubata vana vevarume nevakadzi zvakaenzana. Kuti aite izvi, anovaisa mumutsara patsime rekunwa, achichinjana nemukomana nemusikana. Kana musi weMuvhuro anogadza mukomana ari pabasa, ipapo musi weChipiri - musikana. Nhamba yakaenzana yevakomana nevasikana vanosarudzwa kuti vatambe mukirasi. Mudzidzisi uyu anotenda kuti ari kudzidzisa vadzidzi vake kukosha kwekuenzana kwevanhukadzi. Akarurama, asi asingazvizivi, anovaratidza basa rinokosha revakadzi. Vadzidzi vake vanodzidza kuti kunyangwe chiitiko chingaita sechisina murume sei, hazvibviri kutora chikamu machiri pasina kufunga nezve musiyano pakati pemurume nemukadzi. Kupfeka "magirazi" epasi kwakakosha kunyange nemusoro mataurirwo emutauro wekuzvarwa: iye, iye, iye, iye.
Vana vanodzidza kutarisa kuburikidza ne "magirazi" echikadzi uye ivo pachavo, vachironga chimiro chavo chekuzvimiririra pamunhurume kana mukadzi uye kubatanidza kuzviremekedza kwavo nemhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti "Ndiri murume zvakakwana here?" kana kuti “Ndiri mukadzi zvakakwana here?” Iri mupfungwa iyi kuti dzidziso yebonde schema zvese dzidziso yekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi uye zvakare dzidziso yehunhu hwevakadzi.
Saka, dzidziso yepabonde schema ndiyo mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti, maererano naBoehm, Kohlberg's cognitive theory yekukura kwekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi uye maitiro ehutano hwepabonde haigoni kutarisana ne: sei vana vachironga kuzvidzora kwavo kune varume vavo kana kuzivikanwa kwechikadzi pakutanga? Sezviri mucognitive development theory, mune sex schema theory, mwana ari kukura anoonekwa semunhu anoshanda ari munzvimbo yake yemagariro. Asi, sedzidziso yekudzidza munharaunda, dzidziso yebonde schema haifungi maitiro ekuita zvepabonde kuve asingadzivisiki kana kusachinjika. Vana vanohuwana nekuti murume kana mukadzi ndiwo wakava musimboti mukuru wavakasarudza kuvaka maonero avo echokwadi. Kana dzidziso yetsika isinganyanyi kurerekera kumabasa echikadzi, zvino maitiro evana nepfungwa dzavo pamusoro pavo zvine ratidziro shoma yevarume.
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yezvechikadzi, vana vanogara vachikurudzirwa kuti vatarise nyika maererano nehurongwa hwavo hwevakadzi, izvo zvinoda kuti vatarise kuti toyi kana kuti chiitiko chakakodzera here.
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