Miedzo yakasiyana-siyana iripo yekuona kusaona kwemavara, kusaona zvakanaka kunokanganisa kusiyana kweruvara, uye kukanganisa chikamu che8% chevarume vachipesana ne0,45% chete yevakadzi. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa yebvunzo idzi ndeyeIshihara.

Ruvara upofu (rakatumidzwa zita remuzana ramakore rechi 18 nyanzvi yefizikisi yechiRungu John Dalton) chirema chekuona chinokanganisa maonero emavara. Chirwere chemajini: imhaka yekusagadzikana (kusavapo kana shanduko) mumajini anokodha mavara matsvuku uye egirinhi, ese ari paX chromosome, kana pamajini encoding yebhuruu, pane chromosome 7 Ruvara upofu saka nhaka, nokuti mumwe mubereki kana kuti vose vari vaviri vanogona kupfuudza ichi chirema. Inonyanya kuwanda muvarume nekuti vanotakura maX chromosome maviri. Kakawanda, upofu hwemavara hunogona kuva hwechipiri kune chirwere chemaziso kana chirwere chese (chirwere cheshuga).

Zvichienderana neiyo genetic abnormality, kune marudzi akasiyana ehupofu hwemavara:

Monochromatism (kana achromatism): munhu wacho haasiyanisi chero ruvara uye saka anoona chete mutema, chena uye mimvuri yegrey. Iyi inomaly haiwanzoitika.

La dichromie : imwe yemajini, uye naizvozvo imwe yemavara, haipo.

• kana iri gene encoding red, munhu wacho ari protanopic: anoona chete bhuruu uye girini;
• kana iri gene encoding yegirini, munhu ari deuteranopic: anoona bhuruu chete uye girini;
• kana iri gene coding yebhuruu, munhu wacho ane tritanopic: anoona chete tsvuku uye girini.

The abnormal trichomatie : imwe yemajini yakashandurwa, maonero emuvara saka anoshandurwa.

• kana iri gene encoding red, munhu wacho ane protanormal: vane dambudziko rekuona tsvuku;
• kana iri gene coding yegirini, munhu ari deuteranormal: vane dambudziko rekuona green;
• kana iri gene coding yebhuruu, munhu wacho ane tritanormal: vane dambudziko rekuona bhuruu.

Kuti uone kusakanganiswa uku, bvunzo dzakasiyana dziripo. Heano makuru:

• le test the Ishihara, yakatumidzwa zita remusiki wayo wechiJapan Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963), ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Inobvumira kuonekwa kwehutsvuku uye girinhi maonero ekushaya kukwana (protanopia, protanomaly, deuteranopia, deuteranomaly). Inouya mumhando ye 38 inonzi pseudo-isochromatic plates: mudenderedzwa pane madonhwe ehukuru hwakasiyana uye mavara, kubva kune anomira kunze, kune munhu anoona kazhinji (trichomate), nhamba. Mahwendefa aya anoratidzwa nenzira chaiyo kumurwere, uyo anofanira kutaura nhamba yaanosiyanisa kana kuti kwete.
• le bvunzo "kuonekwa kwemavara kwakaita kuti zvive nyore" ndiyo vhezheni yevana yepseudo-isochromatic bvunzo. Panzvimbo pezviverengero, aya maumbirwo anogona kusiyaniswa pamapuranga.
• les bvunzo Panel D15 uye Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue, yakagadzirwa naDean Farnsworth muna 1943, inouya muchimiro chemavara madiki kuti aiswe muhurongwa chaihwo.
• Le test d'Holmgren inoshandisa skeins ane mavara emvere dzemakwai. Zvitatu zvacho zvinoshanda sereferensi: skein A yegirini, B yepepuru uye C yetsvuku. Murwere anofanira kusarudza pakati pemamwe 40 mamwe skein 10 ari pedyo neruvara A, 5 kuruvara B uye ipapo 5 kusvika kuC. Anofanira ipapo kuaronga nekupatsanurwa kweruvara. Muedzo uyu unonyanya kushandiswa kuona hupofu hwemavara muvafambisi vezvikepe, vashandi vechitima uye airmen, hunyanzvi hunorambidzwa mapofu emavara nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezviratidzo zvitsvuku uye zvegirinhi.
• iyo Verriest bvunzo, yakagadzirwa muna 1981, yakagadzirirwa vana. inouya muchimiro chemavara ane mavara kuti aungane, senge domino.
• ndiedze Pease naAllen (1988) inoitirwawo vana. Inouya mumhando ye 4 mavara rectangles (chena, tsvuku, girini uye bhuruu) ine diki diki yemuvara wakasiyana mune imwe kona, kumusoro kwerectangle. Mwana anofanira kuona mavara.

Iyi miedzo inoitwa kana paine fungidziro yekupofumadza kwemavara, mu "mhuri" dzemapofu emavara kana pakutsvaga mamwe mabasa (basa rekutakura vanhu kunyanya).

Hakuchina mushonga wekupofumadza kwemavara, izvo zvisingawedzere kana kuvandudza nekufamba kwemakore. Uye vanhu vane hupofu hwemavara kazhinji vanogarisana zvakanaka nechinhu chidiki ichi.

Iko kune, hongu, magirazi, uye kunyange akakosha lenzi, ane mavara mafirita kuti achinje ruvara spectrum, asi kazhinji haawanzo kushandiswa.