"Humambo hwezvipenyu inhema"

Kuzviziva, kubatana, hunhu… Zvinowanzo fungwa kuti izvi ndizvo zvinotiita vanhu. Asi kutsvagisa chete kwakaitwa nenyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu, uye nyanzvi dzeuropi dziri kuparadza zvitendero izvi zvishoma nezvishoma mazuva ose. Frans de Waal ndomumwe weavo vanogara vachiratidza kugona kwakasiyana kwemaprimates makuru (ayo ari pakati pezvido zvake zvesainzi), asi kwete ivo chete.

Gunguwo, nyundo, hove - mhuka dzose dzinowana maari mucherechedzi akanyatsonaka zvokuti hazvingamboitike kwaari kutaura kuti mhuka dzakapusa. Achienderera mberi netsika yaCharles Darwin, uyo shure muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe akataura kuti musiyano uripo pakati peuropi hwemunhu neuropi hwemhuka ndewehuwandu, asi kwete unhu, Frans de Waal anotikoka kuti tirege kuzviona sevanhu vakakwirira uye pakupedzisira tinozviona sezvatiri chaizvo. vari - zvipenyu zvipenyu zvine chokuita nemamwe ose.

Psychology: Iwe wakadzidza ese aripo data nezve pfungwa dzemhuka. Chii chinonzi pfungwa zvakadaro?

France yeVaal: Kune mazwi maviri - pfungwa uye kugona kwekuziva, ndiko kuti, kugona kubata ruzivo, kubatsirwa kubva kwairi. Semuenzaniso, bheti ine echolocation system ine simba uye inoshandisa ruzivo rwainopa kufamba nekuvhima. Mano ekuziva, ane hukama zvakanyanya nekuona, ari mumhuka dzese. Uye njere zvinoreva kugona kuwana mhinduro, kunyanya kune matambudziko matsva. Inogona kuwanikwa mumhuka dzine huropi hukuru, uye zvakare mune zvese zvinoyamwisa, shiri, molluscs ...

Iwe unodoma akawanda mabasa anoratidza kuvepo kwepfungwa mumhuka. Neiko, ipapoka, pfungwa dzemhuka dzikadzidzwa zvishoma kwazvo, nei dzisingazivikanwi?

Tsvakurudzo yemhuka mumakore zana apfuura yakaitwa maererano nezvikoro zviviri zvikuru. Chimwe chikoro, chakakurumbira muEurope, chakaedza kuderedza chinhu chiri chose kumasikirwo; imwe, behaviourist, yakapararira muU.SA, akati mhuka zvisikwa zvisingaoneki, uye maitiro avo anongova maitiro ekunze kwekunze.

Aya maitiro akareruka zvakanyanya ane vateveri vawo nanhasi. Kunyange zvakadaro, mumakore mamwe chetewo, mapiyona esayenzi itsva akaoneka. Muchidzidzo chakakurumbira chaWolfgang Köhler makore ane zana apfuura, bhanana rakaturikwa paurefu hwakati muimba umo mabhokisi akanga akaparadzirwa. Chimpanzi chakafungidzira kuti dzisangane kuti dzisvike pamuchero. Izvi zvinorevei? Kuti ane fungidziro, kuti anokwanisa kufungidzira mumusoro make mhinduro yedambudziko idzva. Muchidimbu: anofunga. Zvinoshamisa!

Izvi zvakakatyamadza masayendisiti epanguva iyoyo, avo, mumweya waDescartes, vaidavira kuti mhuka dzaisagona kuva vanhu vanonzwa. Chimwe chinhu chakachinja chete mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura, uye nhamba yevasayendisiti, kusanganisira ini, yakatanga kuzvibvunza kwete mubvunzo wekuti "Mhuka dzine njere?", Asi "Ipfungwa dzipi dzavanoshandisa uye sei?".

Ndezvekunyatsofarira mhuka, kusazvienzanisa nesu, handiti?

Iwe zvino uri kuratidza chimwe chinetso chikuru: muitiro wokuyera ungwaru hwemhuka nemipimo yedu yavanhu. Semuenzaniso, tinoona kana vachigona kutaura, zvichireva kuti kana zvakadaro, saka ivo vane manzwiro, uye kana zvisiri, zvino izvi zvinoratidza kuti isu takasiyana uye tiri vanhu vakuru. Izvi hazvienderani! Isu tinoteerera kune mabasa atine chipo, tichiedza kuona izvo mhuka dzingaite zvinopesana nazvo.

Imwe nzira yauri kutevera ndiyo inonzi evolutionary cognition here?

Hongu, uye zvinosanganisira kufunga kugona kwekuziva kwerudzi rwega rwega sechigadzirwa chemhindumupindu chine chekuita nemhoteredzo. Dolphin inogara pasi pemvura inoda njere dzakasiyana netsoko inogara mumiti; uye zviremwaremwa zvine hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwe geolocalization, sezvo izvi zvichivabvumira kufamba munzvimbo, kudzivirira zvipingamupinyi uye kubata mhuka; nyuchi hadzifananidzwe mukutsvaga maruva...

Mhuka imwe neimwe ine hunyanzvi hwayo, saka hazvina musoro kushamisika kana dolphin yakangwara kupfuura tsoko kana nyuchi. Kubva pane izvi tinogona kutora mhedziso imwe chete: mune dzimwe nzvimbo isu hatikwanisi semhuka. Somuenzaniso, kunaka kwokurangarira kwechinguvana kwechimpanzi kwakakwirira zvikuru kwatiri. Saka nei tichifanira kuva vakanaka pane zvese?

Chishuvo chekurega kudada kwevanhu chinotadzisa kufambira mberi kwesainzi yechinangwa. Isu takajaira kufunga kuti kune imwe hierarchy yezvisikwa zvipenyu, inotambanudzira kubva kumusoro chaiko (munhu, hongu) kusvika kuzasi (zvipembenene, molluscs, kana ini handizive chii chimwe). Asi mumasikirwo hapana hutongi!

Zvisikwa zvinoumbwa nemapazi mazhinji anotambanuka munzira dzakasiyana. Hurongwa hwezvipenyu hunongova fungidziro.

Asi zvino, munhu chii?

Uyu mubvunzo chaiwo unotsanangura yakawanda yedu anthropocentric maitiro kune zvakasikwa. Kuti ndiipindure, ndinoda kushandisa mufananidzo wechando: chikamu chayo chikuru chepasi pemvura chinoenderana neinobatanidza mhuka dzese dzemhuka, kusanganisira isu. Uye chikamu chayo chiduku zvikuru pamusoro pemvura chinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemunhu. Vanhu vese vakasvetukira pane chidimbu chidiki ichi! Asi semusayendisiti, ndinofarira nezve iceberg rose.

Hakusi here kutsvaga uku kwe "munhu chete" kwakabatana nenyaya yekuti tinoda kupembedza kushandiswa kwemhuka?

Zvinogoneka chaizvo. Kare, patakanga tiri vavhimi, taimanikidzwa kuva noruremekedzo rwakati kumhuka, nokuti munhu wose aiziva kuti zvakanga zvakaoma sei kuronda nokudzibata. Asi kuva murimi kwakasiyana: tinochengeta mhuka mudzimba, tinodzidyisa, tinodzitengesa… Zvinogoneka kuti pfungwa yedu huru uye yechinyakare yemhuka inobva pane izvi.

Muenzaniso uri pachena wekuti vanhu vasisiri vakasiyana kushandiswa kwemidziyo…

Kwete nhamba yezvipenyu chete inoashandisa, asi mazhinji anoaita, kunyangwe izvi zvagara zvichionekwa sechinhu chemunhu. Semuenzaniso: tsoko huru dzinounzwa nechubhu inoonekera yekuyedza, asi sezvo yakanyatsogadziriswa munzvimbo yakatwasuka, haigone kubvisa nzungu kubva mairi. Pashure penguva yakati, dzimwe tsoko dzinofunga kuenda kunotora mvura muchitubu chiri pedyo dzoipfira muchubhu yekuedza kuitira kuti nzungu iyangare.

Iri ipfungwa ine hungwaru, uye havana kudzidziswa kuzviita: ivo vanofanirwa kufungidzira mvura sechombo, shingirira (enda mberi nekudzoka kune chitubu kakawanda, kana zvichidikanwa). Kana vakatarisana nebasa rakafanana, 10% chete yevana vane makore mana uye 50% yevane makore masere vanouya kune imwe pfungwa.

Muedzo wakadaro unodawo kumwe kuzvidzora ...

Tinowanzo funga kuti mhuka dzine masikirwo nemanzwire chete, nepo vanhu vachigona kuzvidzora uye kufunga. Asi hazvingoitike kuti mumwe munhu, kusanganisira mhuka, ave nemanzwiro uye haakwanisi kudzora! Fungidzira katsi inoona shiri mubindu: kana ikatevera pakarepo maitiro ake, inomhanya yakananga mberi uye shiri inobhururuka.

Saka anofanira kudzora manzwiro ake zvishoma kuti aswedere pedyo nemhuka yake. Anotokwanisa kuhwanda kuseri kwegwenzi kwemaawa, achimirira nguva yakakodzera. Mumwe muenzaniso: hierarchy munharaunda, inodudzwa mumarudzi mazhinji, senge primates, yakavakirwa chaizvo pakudzvinyirirwa kwemasikirwo uye manzwiro.

Unoziva here marshmallow test?

Mwana akagadzikwa muimba isina munhu patafura, marshmallows anogadzikwa pamberi pake uye vanoti kana akasaidya pakarepo, achakurumidza kuwana imwe. Vamwe vana vanokwanisa kuzvidzora, vamwe havaiti zvachose. Muedzo uyu wakaitwawo netsoko hombe nemaparrots. Ivo vakangonaka pakuzvidzora - uye vamwe vakangoshata pazviri! - sevana.

Uye izvi zvinonetsa vazivi vakawanda, nokuti zvinoreva kuti vanhu havasi ivo voga vane chido.

Tsitsi uye pfungwa yekururamisira hazvisi zvakare pakati pedu chete ...

Ichokwadi. Ndakaita tsvagiridzo yakawanda pamusoro pekunzwira tsitsi mumaprimate: anonyaradza, anobatsira… Kana iri pfungwa yekururamisira, inotsigirwa, pakati pezvimwe, neongororo apo chimpanzi mbiri dzinokurudzirwa kuita chiitwa chimwe chete, uye kana dzabudirira. , mumwe anowana mazambiringa akaomeswa uye imwe chidimbu cucumber (iyo, zvechokwadi, yakanakawo, asi kwete inonaka!).

Yechipiri chimpanzee inoona kusarongeka uye hasha, ichirasa gaka. Uye dzimwe nguva chimpanzi yekutanga inoramba mazambiringa akaomeswa kusvikira muvakidzani wayo apiwawo muzambiringa wakawomeswa. Nokudaro, pfungwa yokuti pfungwa yeruramisiro mugumisiro wokufunga kwomutauro kune mufungo inoratidzika kuva isina kururama.

Sezviri pachena, zviito zvakadaro zvinobatanidzwa nekubatana: kana iwe usingawani zvakawanda sezvandinoita, iwe hauchazodi kubatira pamwe neni, uye naizvozvo zvinondikuvadza.

Zvakadini nemutauro?

Pamano edu ese, uyu pasina mubvunzo ndiwo wakanyanya kujeka. Mutauro wevanhu unofananidzira zvakanyanya uye mhedzisiro yekudzidza, nepo mutauro wemhuka uchiumbwa nemasaini ekuzvarwa. Zvisinei, kukosha kwemutauro kwakanyanyisa.

Zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvakafanira kufunga, ndangariro, maitiro programming. Zvino tinoziva kuti izvi hazvisizvo. Mhuka dzinokwanisa kufanoona, dzine ndangariro. Nyanzvi yepfungwa Jean Piaget akaita nharo muma1960s kuti kuziva uye mutauro zvinhu zviviri zvakazvimirira. Mhuka dziri kuratidza izvi nhasi.

Mhuka dzinogona kushandisa pfungwa dzadzo nokuda kwezviito zvisina chokuita nokugutsa zvinodiwa zvinokosha here? Somuenzaniso, nokuda okugadzira zvinhu.

Muchisikigo, vakabatikana zvikuru nokupona kwavo kuti vapinde mumibato yakadaro. Sezvakangoita vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Asi kana uine nguva, mamiriro, uye pfungwa, unogona kushandisa yekupedzisira neimwe nzira.

Semuenzaniso, yekutamba, sezvinoita mhuka dzakawanda, kunyange vakuru. Zvadaro, kana tichitaura nezveunyanzvi, pane mabasa anoratidza kuvapo kwekunzwa kwe rhythm, somuenzaniso, muparrots; uye tsoko dzakaratidza kuti dzaive nechipo chekudhirowa. Ndinoyeuka, somuenzaniso, chimpanzee yeCongo, iyo Picasso yakatenga mufananidzo wayo muma1950.

Saka tinofanira kurega kufunga nezvemisiyano iri pakati pevanhu nemhuka?

Chokutanga pane zvose, tinofanira kuwana kunzwisisa kwakanyatsojeka kwemhando yedu. Panzvimbo pokuzviona sechigadzirwa chetsika uye kurerwa, ndinozviona pane maonero anofambira mberi: isu tiri, kutanga kune zvose, mhuka dzakanyanyisa uye dzinonzwa. Zvinonzwisisika here?

Dzimwe nguva hongu, asi kutsanangura marudzi edu seanonzwisisa kungava kusafunga. Iwe unongoda kutarisa nyika yedu kuti uone kuti manzwiro anoita basa rakasimba mairi. Saka ngatirege kuwedzeredza kunzwisisa kwedu uye «kusaga». Isu hatiparadzaniswi kubva kune zvimwe zvese zvakasikwa.