Munyika dzakawanda, inonzi ecological vegetarianism iri kuramba ichiwedzera kusimba, izvo zvinosanganisirwa pakuti vanhu vanoramba kudya nyama inogadzirwa vachitsutsumwa nekuchengeta mhuka mumaindasitiri. Kubatana mumapoka uye mafambiro, varatidziri veecological vegetarianism vanoita basa rekudzidzisa, vachiratidzira kutyisa kwekuchengeta mhuka dzeindasitiri kune vatengi, vachitsanangura kukuvadza kunokonzerwa nemapurazi efekitori kunharaunda.
Kwaziwai mufundisi
Iwe unofunga kuti chii chinonyanya kubatsira mukuunganidzwa kwemagasi egreenhouse mumhepo yePasi, ayo anoonekwa sechikonzero chikuru chekudziya kwepasi? Kana iwe uchifunga kuti mota kana kuburitswa kwemaindasitiri ndiko kune mhosva, saka wakarasika. Sekutaura kweUS Agricultural and Food Security Report, yakabudiswa muna 2006, mombe ndidzo dzinonyanya kubudisa magasi egreenhouse munyika. Ivo, sezvazvakazoitika, ikozvino "vanogadzira" magasi egreenhouse ne18% kupfuura mota dzese dzakabatanidzwa.
Kunyangwe zvipfuyo zvemazuva ano zvichikonzeresa 9% chete yeanthropogenic CO2, inoburitsa 65% yenitric oxide, iyo mupiro kune greenhouse effect yakakwira zvakapetwa ka265 pane yehuwandu hwakafanana hweCO2, uye 37% methane (mupiro wekupedzisira. yakapetwa ka23). Mamwe matambudziko ane chekuita nekugadzirwa kwezvipfuyo zvemazuva ano anosanganisira kuparara kwevhu, kushandiswa kwemvura zvakanyanya, uye kusvibiswa kwemvura yepasi nemvura. Zvakaitika sei kuti kupfuya mhuka, uko kwaimbova nzvimbo ine ushamwari nemhoteredzo yebasa revanhu (mhou dzaidya uswa, uye dzakahuisawo mupfudze), kwakatanga kutyisidzira zvipenyu zvose panyika?
Chikamu chechikonzero ndechekuti kudyiwa kwenyama pamunhu kwakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura. Uye sezvo huwandu hwevanhu hwakawedzerawo zvakanyanya panguva ino, kudyiwa kwenyama kwakawedzera ka50. Zvechokwadi, tiri kutaura pamusoro pezviratidziro zvepakati - chaizvoizvo, mune dzimwe nyika, nyama, sezvo yaiva muenzi asingawanzoitiki patafura, yakasara, asi mune dzimwe, kushandiswa kwakawedzera kakawanda. Maererano nekufanotaura, muna 5-2000. kugadzirwa kwenyama pasi rose kuchawedzera kubva pa2050 kusvika ku229 miriyoni matani pagore. Chikamu chikuru chenyama iyi imombe. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, anenge matani ane mamiriyoni 465 anodyiwa gore negore.
Pasinei nokuti nzara inokura sei, vanhu vangadai vasina kumbokwanisa kuwana mavhoriyamu akadaro okudyiwa kudai mombe nezvimwe zvisikwa zvipenyu zvaishandiswa pakudya zvairamba zvichipfuudzwa nenzira yechinyakare, ndiko kuti nokufura mombe mumafuro emvura uye kubvumira shiri kumhanya. zvakasununguka kumativi emayadhi. Chiyero chazvino chekudya nyama chave kuwanikwa nekuda kwekuti munyika dzakabudirira, mhuka dzepapurazi dzakarega kubatwa sezvipenyu, asi dzakatanga kuonekwa sezvinhu zvakasvibirira kubva izvo zvakakosha kusvina purofiti yakawanda sezvinobvira. munguva pfupi inobvira uye nemutengo wakaderera unobvira. .
Chiitiko chichakurukurwa muEurope uye United States chainzi "factory farming" - fekitari-mhando yezvipfuwo. Zvimiro zvemafambiro efekitari pakurera mhuka kuMadokero kukwirira kwakanyanya, kushandiswa kwakanyanya uye kusaremekedza zvachose kwekutanga kwetsika. Nekuda kwekuwedzera uku kwekugadzirwa, nyama yakarega kuve yeumbozha uye yakave inowanikwa kune ruzhinji rwevanhu. Zvisinei, nyama yakachipa ine mutengo wayo, usingagoni kuyerwa nemari ipi zvayo. Inobhadharwa nemhuka, uye vatengi venyama, uye nyika yedu yose.
Nyama yemombe yeAmerica
Kune mombe dzakawanda kwazvo muUnited States zvokuti dai dzaingobudiswa dzose muminda panguva imwe chete, hapaizoshaikwa nzvimbo yokugara vanhu. Asi mhou dzinopedza chikamu chimwe chete choupenyu hwadzo muminda—kazhinji mwedzi mishomanene (asi dzimwe nguva makore mashoma, kana uine rombo rakanaka). Vanobva vatakurwa vachiendeswa kunzvimbo dzakakora. Pamafeedlots, mamiriro acho atosiyana. Pano, basa riri nyore uye rakaoma rinoitwa - mumwedzi mishomanana kuunza nyama yemhou kune mamiriro anoenderana nekunaka kwemutengi. Pachigadziko chakakora icho dzimwe nguva chinotambanuka kwemamaira, mhou dzinenge dzakatsvikinyidzana, huremu hwemuviri hwakasimba, huremu hwemabvi-mupfudze, uye dzinotora chikafu chakazara, chinosanganisira zviyo, bhonzo nehove hupfu uye zvimwe zvinodyiwa organic zvinhu.
Chikafu chakadaro, chakapfuma muprotein uye chine mapuroteni emhuka anobva kune imwe nyika kune digestive system yemhou, anogadzira mutoro mukuru pamatumbu emhuka uye anobatsira kukurumidza kuvirisa maitiro nekuumbwa kweiyo methane yakataurwa pamusoro apa. Pamusoro pezvo, kuora kweprotein-inopfumisa manyowa kunoperekedzwa nekuburitswa kwenhamba yakawedzera ye nitric oxide.
Maererano nekumwe fungidziro, 33% yevhu rinorimika repasi rava kushandiswa kurima zviyo zvekudyisa zvipfuyo. Panguva imwecheteyo, 20% yemafuro aripo ari kusangana nekuparadzwa kwevhu zvakanyanya nekuda kwekunyanya kudya huswa, mahwanda akatsikirira uye kukurwa kwevhu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinotora kusvika 1 kg yezviyo kukura 16 kg yemombe muUnited States. Mafuro mashoma akasiiwa akakodzera kudyiwa uye nyama yakawanda inodyiwa, zviyo zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kudyarwa kwete vanhu, asi zvipfuwo.
Chimwe chinhu chinodyiwa nekupfuya zvakanyanya imvura. Kana zvichitora 550 litres kugadzira chingwa chegorosi, zvino zvinotora 100 malita kuti ikure uye kugadzirisa 7000 g yenyama yemombe muindasitiri (maererano nenyanzvi dzeUN nezvezviwanikwa zvinogoneka). Inenge mvura yakawanda iyo munhu anogeza zuva nezuva anopedza mumwedzi mitanhatu.
Mhedzisiro yakakosha yekuunganidzwa kwemhuka dzekuuraya pamapurazi makuru efekitori rave riri dambudziko rekufambisa. Tinofanira kutakura chikafu kuenda kumapurazi, uye mombe kubva kumafuro kuenda kunzvimbo dzakakora, uye nyama kubva kunouraira kuenda kumafekitari ekugadzira nyama. Kunyanya, 70% yemhou dzose dzenyama muUnited States dzinourayiwa pa22 hombe dzekuuraya, uko mhuka dzimwe nguva dzinotakurwa mazana emakiromita kure. Pane jee rinosuruvarisa rokuti mhou dzeAmerica dzinodya zvikuru mafuta. Chokwadi, kuti uwane mapuroteni enyama pakoriori, iwe unofanirwa kushandisa 1 macalorie ehuni (yekuenzanisa: 28 calorie yeprotein yemiriwo inoda chete 1 macalorie emafuta).
Kemikari vabatsiri
Zviri pachena kuti hapana mubvunzo wehutano hwemhuka dzine zvinyorwa zvemaindasitiri - kuwandisa, kudya kusiri kwechisikigo, kushungurudzika, mamiriro asina kuchena, angadai akapona kusvika pakuurayiwa. Asi kunyangwe iri ringave basa rakaoma dai chemistry isina kuuya kuzobatsira vanhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, nzira chete yekuderedza kufa kwezvipfuwo kubva kune zvirwere uye zvipembenene ndiko kushandiswa kwerupo kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye mishonga yezvipembenene, iyo inoitwa zvachose pamapurazi ose emabhizimisi. Mukuwedzera, muUnited States, mahomoni anobvumirwa zviri pamutemo, basa racho ndere kukurumidza "kuibva" kwenyama, kuderedza mafuta ayo uye kupa hunyoro hunodiwa hunodiwa.
Uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeUS zvipfuyo chikamu, mufananidzo wakafanana. Semuenzaniso, nguruve dzinochengetwa mumatanga akamanikana. Mbeu dzinotarisirwa mumapurazi akawanda emafekitari dzinoiswa mumakeji anoyera 0,6 × 2 m, kwaasingagoni kunyange kutendeuka, uye mushure mekuberekwa kwevana vanosungirirwa pasi panzvimbo ye supine.
Mhuru dzakagadzirirwa nyama dzinoiswa kubva pakuzvarwa mumakeji akamanikana anorambidza kufamba, izvo zvinoita kuti tsandanyama atrophy uye nyama inowana kunyanya kutetepa. Huku "dzakaumbwa" mumakeji ane matinji akawanda zvekuti haakwanise kufamba.
MuEurope, mamiriro emhuka akati nani pane muUSA. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwemahomoni nemamwe maantibioti kunorambidzwa pano, pamwe chete nemakeji akamanikana emhuru. Iyo UK yakatobvisa macheji akamanikana uye anoronga kuabvisa panosvika 2013 mukondinendi yeEurope. Zvisinei, zvose muU.SA uye muEurope, mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri enyama (pamwe chete nemukaka nemazai), nheyo huru inoramba yakafanana - kuwana chigadzirwa chakawanda sezvinobvira kubva kune imwe neimwe mita mamita, nekusaremekedza zvachose mamiriro acho ezvinhu. yemhuka.
Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, kugadzirwa kunoenderana zvachose ne "makemikari crutches" - mahomoni, antibiotics, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, nezvimwewo, nokuti dzimwe nzira dzose dzekuvandudza kubereka uye kuchengetedza mhuka muhutano hwakanaka dzinoshanduka kuva dzisingabatsiri.
Mahomoni pandiro
MuUnited States, mahormone matanhatu ava kubvumirwa zviri pamutemo kumombe dzenyama. Aya ndiwo mahomoni matatu echisikigo - estradiol, progesterone uye testosterone, pamwe chete nemahomoni matatu ekugadzira - zeranol (inoita sehomoni yepabonde yevakadzi), melengestrol acetate (pamuviri hormone) uye trenbolone acetate (homoni yepabonde yemurume). Mahomoni ose, kunze kwe melengestrol, iyo inowedzerwa kudyisa, inobayiwa munzeve dzemhuka, kwaanogara kwehupenyu hwose, kusvikira kuurayiwa.
Kusvikira 1971, iyo hormone diethylstilbestrol yakashandiswawo muUnited States, zvisinei, pazvakazoitika kuti inowedzera njodzi yekuva nemamota akaipa uye inogona kukanganisa basa rekubereka kwe fetus (vose vakomana nevasikana), yakarambidzwa. Nezve mahormone anoshandiswa ikozvino, nyika yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri. MuEU neRussia, hazvishandiswe uye zvinonzi zvinokuvadza, nepo muUSA zvinotendwa kuti nyama ine mahomoni inogona kudyiwa pasina njodzi. Ndiani akarurama? Mahomoni ari munyama anokuvadza here?
Zvingaita sekuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokuvadza zvino zvinopinda mumuviri wedu nechikafu, zvakakodzera here kutya mahomoni? Zvisinei, munhu anofanira kuziva kuti masikirwo echisikigo uye ekugadzira mahomoni akaiswa mumhuka dzepurazi ane chimiro chakafanana nemahomoni evanhu uye ane basa rimwechete. Naizvozvo, vese vekuAmerica, kunze kwevanodya zvirimwa, vanga vari parudzi rwekurapa kwehomoni kubva vachiri vadiki. Vanhu vokuRussia vanoiwanawo, sezvo Russia inotenga nyama kubva kuUnited States. Kunyange zvazvo, sezvatocherechedzwa, muRussia, seEU, kushandiswa kwehomoni mukuchengeta mhuka kunorambidzwa, kuongororwa kwemazinga ehomoni munyama inotengeswa kubva kunze kwenyika inoitwa zvakasarudzwa, uye mahomoni echisikigo anoshandiswa panguva ino mukuchengeta mhuka akaoma zvikuru. kuona, sezvo ivo vasingazivikanwe kubva kune echisikigo mahormone emuviri.
Zvechokwadi, kwete mahomoni akawanda anopinda mumuviri womunhu nenyama. Inofungidzirwa kuti munhu anodya 0,5 kg yenyama pazuva anowana imwe 0,5 μg yeestradiol. Sezvo mahomoni ose akachengetwa mumafuta uye chiropa, avo vanosarudza nyama uye chiropa chakakangwa vanogamuchira anenge 2-5 nguva yehomoni.
Kuenzanisa: piritsi rimwe chete rekudzivirira kuberekwa rinenge 30 micrograms yeestradiol. Sezvauri kuona, zviyero zvehomoni zvinowanikwa nenyama zvakapetwa kagumi pane zvekurapa. Nekudaro, seizvo zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza, kunyangwe kutsauka kudiki kubva kune yakajairwa kuunganidzwa kwehomoni kunogona kukanganisa physiology yemuviri. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti usakanganise kuenzanisa kwehomoni muhuduku, sezvo muvana vasati vasvika pakuyaruka, kuwanda kwehomoni dzepabonde mumuviri kwakaderera zvikuru (pedyo ne zero) uye kuwedzera kuduku kwemazinga ehomoni kwatova nengozi. Mumwe anofanirwawo kungwarira simba remahomoni pamwana ari kukura, sezvo panguva yekukura kwe "fetus", kukura kwematishu nemasero kunodzorwa nehuwandu hwakayerwa hwehomoni.
Izvozvi zvave kuzivikanwa kuti pesvedzero yehomoni inonyanya kukosha panguva dzakakosha dzekukura kwe fetal - izvo zvinonzi makiyi mapoinzi, apo kunyangwe kuderera kusingakoshi mukugadzirisa mahormone kunogona kutungamirira kumhedzisiro isingatarisirwi. Zvakakosha kuti mahomoni ese anoshandiswa mukuchengeta mhuka anopfuura zvakanaka nepa placental barriers uye achipinda muropa re "fetus". Asi, hongu, kunyanya kunetseka ndeye carcinogenic mhedzisiro yehomoni. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mahomoni epabonde anokurudzira kukura kwemhando dzakawanda dzemamota masero, senge kenza yemazamu muvakadzi (estradiol) uye kenza yeprostate muvarume (testosterone).
Nekudaro, data kubva kune epidemiological zvidzidzo zvakafananidza chiitiko chegomarara mune vanodya miriwo uye vanodya nyama zvinopokana. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza hukama hwakajeka, vamwe havaiti.
Data inonakidza yakawanikwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuBoston. Vakaona kuti njodzi yekuvandudza mazamu anoenderana nehomoni muvakadzi yakanangana nekudya nyama panguva yehudiki nekuyaruka. Kuwanda kwenyama yekudya kwevana, ndiko kuwedzera kwekuita mamota sevanhu vakuru. MuUnited States, uko kudyiwa kwenyama “yehomoni” kwakakwirira zvikurusa munyika, vakadzi makumi mana vanofa negomarara rezamu gore rimwe nerimwe uye 40 mhaka itsva dzinoonekwa.
Antibiotics
Kana mahomoni achishandiswa kunze kweEU chete (zvichida zviri pamutemo), zvino mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshandiswa kwese kwese. Uye kwete kungorwisa mabhakitiriya. Kutozosvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yaishandiswawo zvikuru muEurope kuti ikurudzire kukura kwemhuka. Nekudaro, kubvira 1997 ivo vakabviswa uye zvino vakarambidzwa muEU. Zvisinei, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ichiri kushandiswa. Dzinofanirwa kushandiswa nguva dzose uye muhuwandu hwakawanda - kana zvisina kudaro, nekuda kwekuwanda kwemhuka, kune ngozi yekukurumidza kupararira kwezvirwere zvine ngozi.
Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inopinda munzvimbo ine mupfudze uye imwe tsvina inogadzira mamiriro ekubuda kwebhakitiriya inoshanduka nekupikisa kwakasarudzika. Mhando dzeEscherichia coli neSalmonella dzinoramba kurwisa utachiona zvino dzaonekwa kuti dzinokonzera hosha dzakakomba muvanhu, kazhinji nemhedzisiro inouraya.
Kune zvakare njodzi inogara iripo yekuti immune system yakaneta inokonzerwa nekunetsekana kwekuchengeta mhuka uye kugara uchishandiswa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunogadzira mamiriro akanaka ezvirwere zvehutachiona senge tsoka-ne-muromo chirwere. Zvirwere zviviri zvakakura zvechirwere chetsoka-ne-muromo zvakashumwa muUK muna 2001 uye 2007 nguva pfupi mushure mekunge EU yazivisa nzvimbo isina FMD uye varimi vakabvumidzwa kumira kubaya mhuka kurwisa.
Pesticides
Pakupedzisira, zvakakosha kutaura mishonga yezvipembenene - zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kudzora zvipembenene zvekurima uye mhuka dzemhuka. Nemaindasitiri nzira yekugadzira nyama, ese mamiriro anogadzirwa kuti aunganidze mune yekupedzisira chigadzirwa. Chekutanga, ivo vanosaswa zvakanyanya pamhuka kuti vararame nemaparasite ayo, senge mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi, anosarudza mhuka dzine immune system isina simba, inogara mumadhaka uye yakamanikana. Kupfuurirazve, mhuka dzinochengetwa pamapurazi efekitari hadzisi kufura pauswa hwakachena, asi dzinodyiswa zviyo, zvinowanzorimwa muminda yakapoteredza purazi refekitari. Iyi tsanga inowanikwawo nekushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, uye nekuwedzera, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inopinda muvhu nemupfudze netsvina, kubva kwainowira zvakare muzviyo zvefodhi.
Zvichakadaro, zvave zvave kusimbiswa kuti mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakawanda inokonzera carcinogens uye inokonzera kukanganisa kwekuberekwa kwe fetus, kutya uye zvirwere zveganda.
Poisoned Springs
Yakanga isiri pasina kuti Hercules akarumbidzwa nekuchenesa maAugean stables for a feat. Huwandu hukuru hwezvikara, zvakaunganidzwa pamwechete, zvinogadzira mavhoriyamu makuru emupfudze. Kana mune zvechinyakare (zvakakura) kuchengetwa kwemhuka, manyowa anoshanda sechinhu chakakosha fetiraiza (uye mune dzimwe nyika zvakare sehuni), ipapo muindasitiri yekuchengeta mhuka idambudziko.
Iye zvino muUS, zvipfuyo zvinogadzira tsvina yakapetwa ka130 kupfuura huwandu hwese. Sezvo mutemo, manyowa uye mamwe tsvina kubva kumapurazi emafekitari anounganidzwa mumidziyo yakakosha, iyo pasi iyo yakashongedzwa nezvinhu zvisina mvura. Zvisinei, inowanzoputsika, uye panguva yemafashamo emvura, manyowa anopinda mumvura yepasi nenzizi, uye kubva ipapo kupinda mugungwa. Mishonga yeNitrogen inopinda mumvura inobatsira mukukura nokukurumidza kwealgae, ichidya zvakanyanya oksijeni uye inobatsira pakusikwa kwe "nzvimbo dzakafa" mugungwa, umo hove dzose dzinofa.
Semuenzaniso, muzhizha ra1999, muGulf yeMexico, uko Rwizi rweMisissippi runoyerera, rwakasvibiswa nemarara kubva kumazana emapurazi emafekitari, "nzvimbo yakafa" ine nzvimbo inenge 18 zviuru km2 yakaumbwa. Munzizi dzakawanda dziri pedyo pedyo nemapurazi makuru ezvipfuwo uye nzvimbo dzekudyisa muUnited States, zvirwere zvekubereka uye hermaphroditism (kuvapo kwezviratidzo zvevarume nevakadzi) zvinowanzoonekwa muhove. Mhosva uye zvirwere zvevanhu zvinokonzerwa nemvura yepombi yakasvibiswa zvakaonekwa. Mumatunhu umo mhou nenguruve ndizvo zvakanyanya kushanda, vanhu vanorairwa kuti vasanwe mvura yemupombi panguva yemafashama echirimo. Sezvineiwo, hove nemhuka dzesango hazvigoni kutevera yambiro idzi.
Zvakakosha here "kubata uye kubata" Madokero?
Sezvo kudiwa kwenyama kuri kuwedzera, hapasisina tarisiro yekuti kupfuya zvipfuyo kuchadzokera kunguva dzekare, dzinenge dzekufudza. Asi maitiro akanaka achiri kucherechedzwa. MuUnited States neEurope, kune nhamba iri kukura yevanhu vane hanya nemakemikari ari muchikafu chavo uye kuti anokanganisa sei hutano hwavo.
Munyika dzakawanda, inonzi ecological vegetarianism iri kuramba ichiwedzera kusimba, izvo zvinosanganisirwa pakuti vanhu vanoramba kudya nyama inogadzirwa vachitsutsumwa nekuchengeta mhuka mumaindasitiri. Kubatana mumapoka uye mafambiro, varatidziri veecological vegetarianism vanoita basa rekudzidzisa, vachiratidzira kutyisa kwekuchengeta mhuka dzeindasitiri kune vatengi, vachitsanangura kukuvadza kunokonzerwa nemapurazi efekitori kunharaunda.
Mafungiro evanachiremba kune vegetarianism akachinjawo mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. American nutritionists vanotokurudzira vegetarianism semhando ine hutano hwekudya. Kune avo vasingakwanisi kuramba nyama, asi vasingade kudya zvigadzirwa zvemapurazi emafekitari, pane zvatove kutengeswa zvimwe zvigadzirwa kubva munyama yemhuka dzakarimwa mumapurazi madiki asina mahomoni, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye maseru akamanikana.
Zvisinei, muRussia zvinhu zvose zvakasiyana. Nepo nyika iri kuona kuti zvirimwa hazvina hutano chete, asiwo zvakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvehupfumi kupfuura kudya nyama, vanhu vekuRussia vari kuyedza kuwedzera nyama. Kuti zvizadzise kudiwa kuri kukura, nyama inotengeswa kubva kunze kwenyika, kunyanya kubva kuU.SA, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia - nyika uko kushandiswa kwehomoni kunobvumirwa, uye inenge yose yekuchengeta mhuka inogadzirwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kushevedzera kwokuti “dzidza kubva kuMadokero uye kusimbisa kuchengeta mhuka dzomumba” kuri kuwedzera kukurumbira.
Zvechokwadi, kune mamiriro ezvinhu ose ekuchinja kune imwe nzvimbo yakaoma yekugadzirwa kwemhuka muRussia, kusanganisira chinhu chinonyanya kukosha - chido chekudya kukura kwezvigadzirwa zvemhuka pasina kufunga nezvekuti vanozviwana sei. Kugadzirwa kwemukaka nemazai muRussia kwave kuchiitwa maererano nemhando yefekitori (izwi rekuti "huku purazi" rinozivikanwa nemunhu wese kubva paudiki), rinongoramba richingowedzera kubatanidza mhuka uye kuomesa mamiriro ekuvapo kwavo. Kugadzirwa kwehuku dzebroiler kwave kutodhonzwa kusvika ku "western standards" zvese maererano ne compaction parameters uye maererano nekushandisa zvakanyanya. Saka zvinogoneka kuti Russia ichakurumidza kubata uye kutora West maererano nekugadzirwa kwenyama. Mubvunzo ndewokuti - pamutengo wei?