An oncogene igeni remasero rine kutaura kungangokurudzira kukura kwegomarara. Ndezvipi zvakasiyana-siyana zveoncogenes? Anoitwa nenzira dzipi? Tsanangudzo.

An oncogene (kubva kuGreek onkos, bundu uye genos, kuzvarwa) inonziwo proto-oncogene (c-onc) ijeni rine kutaura kunokwanisa kupa kenza phenotype pane yakajairika eukaryotic sero. Chokwadi, oncogenes inodzora kuumbwa kwemapuroteni anokurudzira kupatsanurwa kwesero (anonzi oncoproteins) kana kurambidza kufa kwesero (kana apoptosis). Oncogenes inokonzera kusingadzoreki kuwedzera kwesero predisposing mukukura kwekenza maseru.

Oncogenes akakamurwa kuita 6 makirasi ayo anowirirana zvakateerana kune oncoprotein yavanoisa encode:

• kukura zvinhu. Muenzaniso: iyo proto-oncogene encoding mapuroteni emhuri yeFGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor);
• transmembrane kukura factor receptors. Muenzaniso: iyo proto-oncogene erb B iyo inokodha yeEGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) receptor;
• G-mapuroteni kana membrane mapuroteni anosunga GTP. Muenzaniso: proto-oncogenes yemhuri yeras;
• membrane tyrosine protein kinases;
• membrane protein kinases;
• mapuroteni ane basa renyukireya.Muenzaniso: proto-oncogenes erb A, phos, Chikumi et c-myc.

Kuvandudzwa kwesero kunovimbiswa ne sero kutenderera. Iyo yekupedzisira inotsanangurwa neseti yezviitiko zvinogadzira vanasikana vaviri maseru kubva musero raamai. Tiri kutaura nezvazvo kupatsanurwa kwemasero kana "mitosis".

Kutenderera kwesero kunofanirwa kudzorwa. Zvechokwadi, kana kupatsanurwa kwesero kusina kukwana, chipenyu hachishande zvakanaka; Kusiyana neizvi, kana kupatsanurwa kwesero kwakawanda, masero anowedzera zvisingadzoreki, izvo zvinokurudzira kuonekwa kwekenza masero.

Kudzorwa kwesero kutenderera kunovimbiswa nemajini akaiswa muzvikamu zviviri:

• anti-oncogenes iyo inodzivisa kuwedzera kwesero nekuderedza kutenderera kwesero;
• proto-oncogenes (c-onc) kana oncogenes anokurudzira kuwanda kwesero nekuita kuti sero cycle.

Kana tikaenzanisa kutenderera kwesero nemotokari, ma-anti-oncogenes angave mabhureki uye proto-oncogenes angave ari accelerators ekupedzisira.

Chitarisiko yebundu inogona kukonzerwa nekuchinja kusaita maanti-oncogenes kana kuti zvinopesana kubva kune mutation activating proto-oncogenes (kana oncogenes).

Kurasikirwa kwebasa reanorwisa-oncogenes kunovadzivirira kuita basa ravo rekuwedzera kwesero inhibitory. Iyo inhibition ye-anti-oncogenes igonhi rakavhurika kune risingadzoreki kupatsanurwa kwesero izvo zvinogona kutungamirira pakuonekwa kwemasero akaipa.

Nekudaro, anti-oncogenes ma cellular genes, ndiko kuti, iwo aripo mune duplicate pane maviri ekromosomes anoatakura mumukati mesero. Saka, kana imwe kopi yeanti-oncogene isingashande, imwe inoita kuti zvikwanise kuita sebhureki kuitira kuti nyaya yacho ichengetedzwe kubva pakupararira kwesero uye panjodzi yemamota. Iyi ndiyo nyaya, semuenzaniso, yeBRCA1 gene, iyo inhibitory mutation inofumura gomarara rezamu. Asi kana kopi yechipiri yejini iyi ichishanda, murwere anoramba akadzivirirwa kunyangwe aine fungidziro nekuda kwekuremara kwekopi yekutanga. Sechikamu chechimiro chakadaro, yekudzivirira kaviri mastectomy dzimwe nguva inotariswa.

Sezvineiwo, iyo activating mutation inobata proto-oncogenes inosimudzira yavo inosimudzira mhedzisiro yekuwanda kwesero. Iyi anarchic cell proliferation inokonzeresa kukura kwegomarara.

Kungofanana neanti-oncogenes, pro-oncogenes magene emasero, aripo mune zvakapetwa pane maviri emakromosomes anoatakura. Zvisinei, kusiyana ne-anti-oncongens, kuvapo kweimwe mutated pro-oncogene yakakwana kuti ibudise migumisiro inotya (munyaya iyi, kuwedzera kwesero). Murwere akatakura shanduko iyi saka ari panjodzi yegomarara.

Shanduko mumaoncogenes inogona kungoitika, nhaka kana kutokonzerwa nematagens (makemikari, UV rays, nezvimwewo).

Nzira dzinoverengeka dziri pamavambo ekushandura shanduko dzeoncogenes kana pro-oncogenes (c-onc):

• kubatanidzwa kwehutachiona: kuiswa kwehutachiona hweDNA pamwero wejini rekutonga. Izvi semuenzaniso nyaya yehuman papillomavirus (HPV), iyo inopfuudzwa pabonde;
• point mutation munhevedzano yejini inokodha puroteni;
• deletion: kurasikirwa kwechidimbu chikuru kana chidiki cheDNA, chinoumba chikonzero chekuchinja kwemajini;
• structural rearrangement: chromosomal alteration (translocation, inversion) zvichiita kuti paumbwe hybrid gene encoding a non-functional protein;
• amplification: kuwanda kusingaite kwenhamba yemakopi ejini muchitokisi. Uku kukwidziridzwa kunowanzo tungamira mukuwedzera kwedanho rekutaura kwejini;
• kudzorwa kwekutaura kweRNA: majini anodimburwa kubva kune akajairwa mamorekuru nharaunda uye anoiswa pasi pekutonga kusingakodzeri kwemamwe anotevedzana achikonzera kugadziridzwa kwekutaura kwavo.

Majini encoding ekukura zvinhu kana mareceptor avo:

• PDGF: inoisa iyo platelet yekukura chinhu inobatanidza neglioma (gomarara reuropi);
  Erb-B: inoisa iyo epidermal kukura factor receptor. Yakabatanidzwa ne glioblastoma (gomarara reuropi) uye kenza yemazamu;
• Erb-B2 inodaidzwawo kuti HER-2 kana neu: inokodha yekukura factor receptor. Yakabatanidzwa nezamu, salivary gland uye kenza ye ovarian;
• RET: encodes a growth factor receptor. Yakabatana nekenza yethyroid.

Genes encoding cytoplasmic relays munzira dzekukurudzira:

• Ki-ras: inobatanidza nemapapu, ovarian, colon uye pancreatic cancer;
• N-ras: yakabatana neleukemia.

Genes encoding transcript zvinhu zvinomutsa kukura-kusimudzira majini:

• C-myc: inobatanidza neukemia uye mazamu, kenza yemudumbu uye yemapapu;
• N-myc: inobatanidza neuroblastoma (kenza yemasero emagetsi) uye glioblastoma;
• L-myc: yakabatana nekenza yemapapu.

Majini encoding mamwe mamorekuru:

• Hcl-2: inoisa puroteni iyo inowanzovhara kuzviuraya kwesero. Yakabatanidzwa ne lymphomas yeB lymphocytes;
• Bel-1: inonziwo PRAD1. Encodes Cyclin DXNUMX, sero kutenderera wachi activator. Yakabatana negomarara rezamu, musoro nemutsipa;
• MDM2: inoisa mupikisi weprotein inogadzirwa ne tumor suppressor gene.
• P53: yakabatana ne sarcomas (inobatanidza tishu kenza) uye mamwe magomarara.

Oncogenic mavhairasi mavhairasi ane kugona kugadzira sero raanotapurira gomarara. Chikamu che15% chegomarara chine viral etiology uye aya magomarara ehutachiona ndiwo anokonzera zviitiko zvitsva zvinosvika miriyoni imwe nemazana mashanu pagore uye 1.5 nzufu pagore pasi rose.

Akabatana nehutachiona hwegomarara idambudziko rehutano hweveruzhinji:

• iyo papillomavirus inobatanidzwa neinenge 90% yekenza yekervical;
• 75% yehepatocarcinomas yose yakabatana nehutachiona hwehepatitis B neC.

Kune zvikamu zvishanu zveoncogenic virus, angave ari mavhairasi eRNA kana mavhairasi eDNA.

RNA mavhairasi

• Retroviridae (HTVL-1) inokuisa pangozi yeT leukemia;
• Flaviviridae (utachiona hwehepatitis C) iri panjodzi yehepatocellular carcinoma.

DNA mavhairasi

• Papovaviridae (papillomavirus 16 uye 18) inoratidzira kenza yemuromo wechibereko;
• Herpesviridae (Esptein Barr virus) inoratidzira kuB lymphoma uye carcinoma;
• Herpesviridae (herpesvirus yevanhu 8) inoratidzira chirwere cheKaposi uye lymphomas;
• Hepadnaviridae (hutachiwana hwehepatitis B) inobatwa nehepatocellular carcinoma.