Chii chatinoziva pamusoro pedu? Nezve mafungire atinoita, magadzirirwo ekuziva kwedu, ndedzipi nzira dzatingawana chirevo? Uye nei tichivimba neruzivo rwesainzi, tichishandisa zvakawanwa nesainzi uye tekinoroji? Takasarudza kubvunza muzivi Danil Razeev mibvunzo yepasirese zvechokwadi.
Psychology: Ndekupi kutsvaga zvinoreva murume wemazuva ano? Kana tichida revo, mumativii uye munzirai dzatingazviwana isu timene?
Danil Razeev: Chinhu chekutanga chinouya munjere dzangu kusika. Inogona kuzviratidza mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhando uye mativi. Ndinoziva vanhu vane hunyanzvi hwekusikira hunoratidzwa mukurima kwezvirimwa zvemukati. Ndinoziva avo vane unyanzvi hwekugadzira hunoratidzwa mumatambudziko ekugadzira chidimbu chemimhanzi. Kune vamwe, zvinoitika pakunyora chinyorwa. Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti zvinoreva uye kusika hazviparadzaniswe. Ndinorevei? Chirevo chiripo apo pane zvinopfuura makanika. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinoreva hazvigone kudzikiswa kuita otomatiki maitiro. Muzivi wemazuva ano John Searle1 vakauya nenharo yakanaka inobata pamusiyano uripo pakati pemanzwi nechirevo. John Searle anotenda kuti musanganiswa wemuchina wezvivakwa zve syntactic hautungamiri mukusikwa kwesemantics, kusvika pakubuda kwezvinoreva, nepo pfungwa dzemunhu dzichishanda nemazvo pamwero we semantic, inogadzira uye inonzwisisa zvinoreva. Pakave nenhaurirano yakadzama pamusoro pemubvunzo uyu kwemakumi emakore akati wandei: hungwaru hwekugadzira hunokwanisa kugadzira zvinoreva here? Vazivi vazhinji vanopokana kuti kana isu tisinganzwisise mitemo ye semantics, saka huchenjeri hwekugadzira hucharamba huri mukati meiyo syntax, sezvo isingave nechinhu chekureva chizvarwa.
"Zvinoreva zviripo pane zvinopfuura makanika, hazvigone kudzikiswa kuita otomatiki maitiro"
Ndeapi vazivi uye pfungwa dzipi dzehuzivi dzaunofunga kuti dzakanyanya kukosha, mhenyu, uye dzinonakidza kumunhu wanhasi?
D. R .: Zvinoenderana nezvinorehwa nemurume wanhasi. Kune, toti, pfungwa yepasi rose yemunhu, munhu semhando yakakosha yezvisikwa zvipenyu zvakambomuka muzvisikwa uye zvinoenderera mberi nekushanduka kwayo. Kana tikataura nezvemurume wemazuva ano kubva pakuona uku, zvino zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti zvichave zvakakosha kutendeukira kuAmerican school of philosophers. Ndakatotaura nezvaJohn Searle, ndinogona kutumidza Daniel Dennett (Daniel C. Dennett)2naDavid Chalmers3, muzivi wokuAustralia uyo zvino ava paYunivhesiti yeNew York. Ndiri pedyo zvikuru negwara mufilosofi, iyo inonzi «uzivi hwekuziva». Asi nzanga inotaurwa nevazivi veAmerica muU.SA yakasiyana nenzanga yatinogara kuRussia. Kune akawanda akajeka uye akadzama mafirosofi munyika yedu, ini handisi kuzodoma mazita chaiwo, anogona kunge asina kunzwika chaizvo. Zvisinei, kazhinji, zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti nhanho yehutano haisati yapera muhuzivi hweRussia, ndiko kuti, yakawanda yemafungiro inoramba iri mairi. Kunyangwe mukati mehurongwa hwedzidzo yeyunivhesiti (uye munyika yedu, semuFrance, mudzidzi wese anofanira kutora kosi yehuzivi), vadzidzi nevadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza havagarogutsikana nemhando yezvirongwa zvedzidzo izvo zvinopihwa kwavari. Pano tichine rwendo rurefu rwekufamba, kuti tinzwisise kuti huzivi hahufanire kunge hwakabatana nebasa rehurumende, kuchechi kana boka revanhu rinoda vazivi kuti vagadzire uye varuramise rumwe rudzi rwezvivakwa zvepfungwa. Panyaya iyi, ndinotsigira vanhu vaya vanotsigira uzivi husina kumanikidzwa nepfungwa.
Isu takasiyana sei nevanhu venguva dzakapfuura?
D. R .: Muchidimbu, nguva ye technogenic man yakauya nesu, kureva, murume ane "muviri wakagadzirwa" uye "pfungwa dzakawedzerwa". Muviri wedu unopfuura zvisikwa zvipenyu. Uye pfungwa dzedu chimwe chinhu chinopfuura uropi; ihurongwa hwemapazi hunosanganisira kwete yehuropi chete, asiwo nehuwandu hwezvinhu zviri kunze kwemuviri wehupenyu hwemunhu. Isu tinoshandisa midziyo iyo inowedzera yekuziva kwedu. Isu tiri vabatwa - kana michero - yezvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi, magajeti, zvishandiso zvinotiitira huwandu hukuru hwemabasa ekuziva. Ndinofanira kureurura kuti makore akati kuti apfuura ndakava nechiitiko chisinganzwisisike chemukati apo ndakaerekana ndaona kuti handina kurangarira kuti yakanga iri nguvai yechitanhatu kusvika kupfumbamwe. Fungidzira, ndakanga ndisingagoni kuvhiya uku mumusoro mangu! Sei? Nokuti ndave ndichivimba nepfungwa dzakatambanudzwa kwenguva refu. Mune mamwe mazwi, ndine chokwadi chekuti imwe mudziyo, toti, iPhone, ichandiwanzira nhamba idzi uye kundipa mhedzisiro chaiyo. Mune izvi takasiyana nevaya vakararama makore makumi mashanu apfuura. Kune murume hafu yezana remakore rapfuura, ruzivo rwetafura yekuwedzera rwaive chinhu chakakosha: kana asingakwanisi kuwedzera matanhatu nepfumbamwe, zvino akarasikirwa mumakwikwi emakwikwi munharaunda. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vazivi vanewo mamwe mazano epasirese pamusoro pemafungiro emunhu akararama munguva dzakasiyana, semuenzaniso, nezve murume wefusis (munhu wechisikigo) muAntiquity, murume wechitendero muMiddle Ages, murume anoedza. munguva dzazvino, uye nhevedzano iyi inopedzwa nemurume wemazuva ano, wandakadaidza kuti «technogenic man».
"Pfungwa dzedu hadzingori uropi chete, asiwo nenhamba huru yezvinhu zviri kunze kwemuviri wehupenyu hwemunhu"
Asi kana isu tichinyatsovimba nemagetsi uye tichivimba tekinoroji pane zvese, isu tinofanirwa kuve nechitendero cheruzivo. Zvinoita sei kuti vanhu vakawanda kwazvo varasikirwe nechivimbo nesayenzi, vanodavira mashura, vanodzorwa nyore nyore?
D. R .: Uyu mubvunzo wekuwanikwa kwezivo uye kutungamirirwa kwemashoko anoyerera, kureva, propaganda. Munhu asingazivi ari nyore kutonga. Kana iwe uchida kurarama munharaunda umo munhu wose anokuteerera iwe, apo munhu wose anotevera mirairo yako nemirairo, apo munhu wose anokushandira iwe, saka iwe haufariri munharaunda yaunogara kuti uve sangano rezivo. Pane kudaro, unofarira kuti iri nzanga yekusaziva: kutenda mashura, makuhwa, ruvengo, kutya… Kune rumwe rutivi, iri idambudziko repasi rose, uye nerumwe rutivi, idambudziko reimwe nzanga. Somuenzaniso, kana tikatamira kuSwitzerland, tichaona kuti vagari vayo vanoita referendamu chero nguva, kunyange isingakoshi pamaonero edu. Vanogara kumba, vofunga nezveimwe nyaya inoita seyakareruka uye vogadzira maonero avo, kuti vazosvika pakubvumirana. Ivo pamwe chete vanoshandisa mano avo enjere, vakagadzirira kuita zvisarudzo zvine musoro, uye vanogara vachishanda kuti vawedzere mwero wekuvhenekerwa munzanga.
1 J. Searl "Kuwanazve kuziva" (Idea-Press, 2002).
2 D. Dennett "Marudzi e psyche: munzira yekunzwisisa kuziva" (Idea-Press, 2004).
3 D. Chalmers “Pfungwa Inoziva. Mukutsvaga Dzidziso Yakakosha ”(Librokom, 2013).