Ndeupi howa hunogona kurimwa munyika uye kuti ungazviita sei

Kune mhando dzakawanda dzehowa dzaunogona kurima panzvimbo yako wega. Rondedzero yeanonyanya kufarirwa anosanganisira champignons, shiitake, oyster howa uye huchi howa. Iyo tekinoroji yekurima mamorels, ringworms, flammulins uye kunyange black truffles zvakare yakagadziridzwa. Kune vamwe, nzira yakanyanyisa inoshandiswa, uye kubereka kwemamwe miviri yefruiting inokwanisika chete nenzira yakawanda.

Parizvino, kune angangoita gumi emhando dzehowa dzinodyiwa dzakarimwa, uye dzinenge gumi dziri padanho rekudzidza nekuvandudza tekinoroji yekurima.

Nezve izvo howa zvinogona kukura munyika, uye nenzira dzipi dzekuzviita, zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama mune ino chinyorwa.

Maitiro ekurima mycelium yeshiitake howa munyika

Howa hwekare hunozivikanwa hwakarimwa hunorimwa pasi pemamiriro ekugadzira shiitake ("black forest mushroom"), hwakatanga kuchekwa pahuni muJapan, Korea, China neTaiwan makore 2000 apfuura (maererano neimwe shanduro, muna 1000. -1100 makore.). Muzvisikwa, fungus iyi inoparadza huni inogona kuwanikwa muChina, Japan, Malaysia, uye Philippines pamiti yakaita semuoki, hornbeam, uye beech. Huwandu hwekurimwa kwemaindasitiri hwehowa huri kuwedzera gore rega rega.

Iyi fungus yave yakakosha kurima kunze kwenyika muJapan kwemakumi emakore. Ndiyo nyika ino ndiyo inotungamira mukugadzirwa kweshiitake. Vanoomeswa uye vanotumirwa kuFrance, Germany, USA, Great Britain, uko howa hunonaka hunodiwa zvikuru. MuEurope neAmerica, vanoitawo tsvakiridzo uye kuyedza kurimwa kwefungus iri.

Usati wakura mycelium yeshiitake howa munyika, unofanirwa kutora muti wakadonha wehuni wakaoma wouona nepakati. Mahafu akaiswa obliquely uye mycelium yakasimwa pavari, iyo "colonizes" huni. Kana pane unyoro hwakakwana (kunaya uye kudiridza), ipapo miviri yezvibereko inoumbwa pahuni mushure memakore maviri. Pakazara, nguva yekutora howa imakore matanhatu, nepo 2 kg yehowa nyowani inokohwewa kubva pa6 m1 yehuni.

Nekubudirira kurimwa kwehowa uhu mubindu, zvinodikanwa kupa tembiricha muhuwandu hwe12-20 ° C uye hunyoro hwepamusoro. Uchishandisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano, izvi hazvina kuoma kuita.

Kuti ukure chirimwa cheshiitake mushroom mumamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzira zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, unofanirwa kuronga munda uri pamhepo munzvimbo ine mumvuri. Kune zvakare mhedzisiro inokurudzira yekurima iyi miviri ine fruiting mumagreenhouses. Zvechokwadi, kushandiswa kwekamuri yakakosha kunowedzera mari yekugadzira, asi nzira yacho haibvi pane mamiriro ekunze uye inovimbisa kukohwa kwakagadzikana.

Zvadaro, uchaona kuti humwe howa hunorimwa sei.

Kurimwa kweflammulin howa pane imwe nzvimbo

MuJapan nedzimwe nyika dzeAsia, kurima kwemaindasitiri kwehuni-inoparadza flammulina velvet-makumbo kwakakurumbira. Izvi zvinoitwa nemapurazi ehowa ehunyanzvi, ayo anonziwo howa hwemuchando.

Nekurima kwayo, nzira yakadzika inoshandiswa uye mukati chete, sezvo flammulina inokwanisa kukura separasite pamiti inorarama, uye saka kubereka kwayo kwakavhurika kunogona kuve nengozi kumapindu, mapaki nemasango.

Mamiriro ezvinhu ayo howa anogona kurima anga atozivikanwa muna 800-900. Pakutanga, flammulina, kufanana neshiitake, yakaberekerwa pahuni. Uye nzira yekukura howa uhu mumunda webindu mumamiriro emazuva ano? Iye zvino girazi kana zvirongo zvepurasitiki zvinoshandiswa kune izvi, apo substrate inoiswa, iyo inosanganiswa ye sawdust uye uswa ane mineral additives. Maitiro ese, kubva pakusanganisa substrate kusvika pakudyara mycelium mairi, anogadzirwa.

Mabhangi akaiswa mumakamuri akakosha ethermostatic ane tembiricha inodzorwa, hunyoro hwemhepo, uye dhigirii rekuvhenekera. Makumbo akareba akakwana emitumbi yemichero anodongorera kunze kwechirongo anogurwa, uye munguva pfupi howa hutsva hunoonekwa munzvimbo yavo.

Kuedza kurimwa kweflammulina kunoitwawo muEurope. Varimi vehowa vemunharaunda vakaona kuti yakanakisa substrate yefungus iyi musanganiswa we70% sawdust uye 30% rice bran. Muhupo hwe substrate yakadaro uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa, chirimwa chinokohwa mavhiki 2-3 mushure mekudyara mycelium.

Tarisa vhidhiyo yekukura sei howa hweshiitake pachirongwa:

Nzira yekukura sei Volvariella howa muimba yezhizha

Humwe howa hunorimwa kunyika dzekuAsia ivolvariella, inonziwo howa hwemashanga kana kuti herbal champignons. Zvisinei, dzakafanana nehowa dzinobhururuka uye howa dzinoyangarara. Vakatanga kuvabereka panguva imwe chete semachampignon, kureva kutenderera 1700, zvichida muChina.

Parizvino, munyika dzeFar East neSoutheast Asia, volvariella inokura muvhu rakavhurika pamitsetse yemupunga. Kunyanya kusanganisa kwekushisa uye humidity yemhepo yekurima kwefungus iyi ndeye 28 ° C uye 80% humidity. Mumubhedha wemashanga pachawo, tembiricha inofanira kusiyana kubva pa32 kusvika 40 ° C.

Panyaya yekugadzirwa uye mukurumbira, hongu, mutungamiri ndiye champignon (double-spored champignon), iyo yakatanga kukura muFrance munenge muna 1600, maererano neiyo howa yainzi French champignon kwenguva yakareba.

Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo, anenge ose ehowa ari pamusoro anogara pahuni. Pakati peuswa huri pasi, unogona kuona chete volvariella, uye champignon inogara pane yakaora manyowa kana humus.

Munyika dzinopisa uye dzinopisa, howa hunogona kurimwa kunze, izvo zvinoderedza mutengo wahwo kusvika pamwero wakati. Munzvimbo dzakadzikama, howa hunorimwa mumba, izvo zvinosanganisira mari dzakakosha, saka kurimwa kwevolvariella hakuna kunyanya kuwanda munzvimbo idzi. Mhinduro yakanaka yekurima howa uhu munyika ndeye kushandisa greenhouses. Semuenzaniso, miriwo haina kukura mu greenhouses pa dacha muzhizha, saka nzvimbo yavo inogona kutorwa nekupisa-rudo uswa howa.

Mhedzisiro yakanaka yakawanikwa pakukura howa muminda yemba uchishandisa substrate kubva pasi pezviyo cobs. Dzimwe nguva zvinokwanisika kukwira kusvika 160 kg kubva 1 m2 pagore.

Zvinoenderana nechimiro chayo uye kuravira, Volvariella ihowa yakapfava. Chiratidzo chekukura ndechekuti inosvika pahuremu hwe 30-50 g. Sekutonga, inodyiwa nyowani, uye nekuda kwekushomeka kwayo, herbal champignon haigone kutakurwa.

Mune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya dzeAsia, volvariella yakarimwa kwenguva yakareba, asi muNyika Yedu vauya kune izvi nguva pfupi yadarika.

Kurima howa truffle mubindu

Yokutanga yehowa dzakarimwa dzaive dzakanyanya kuparara kwehuni, sezvo iri pakati pemakowa ese evhavha iyo iri nyore kuwana miviri inobereka kubva kwavari. Mune humic uye mycorrhizal fungi, nehukama hwavo hwakaoma nezvinomera, izvi zvakanyanya kuoma kuita.

Mycorrhizal howa yakadzidzwa kweanopfuura zana ramakore, asi nzira dzakavimbika dzekukura nadzo hadzisati dzagadzirwa, saka unofanirwa kutevedzera zvisikwa uye, wachera mycelium musango, woiendesa pasi pemuti musango kana mukati. munda wako, unogonawo kudyara spores.

Iyo chete yakawedzera kana kushoma yakadzidzwa mycorrhizal fungus ndiyo truffle nhema, yakagovaniswa zvakanyanya muFrance kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Yakatonzi French, kana Perigord, truffle mukukudza dunhu rinoenderana, uko kwaiva neminda mikuru. Ipapo truffle yeFrance yakatanga kukura mune zvishoma kumaodzanyemba kweGermany.

Iyo howa inoratidzirwa nekunhuhwirira kwakasimba, kunoramba kuripo uye kunonakidza uye kuravira kwakapfava, ndicho chikonzero ichikosheswa.

Parizvino, howa inonyatsoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha chekudya, mutengo wayo pamusika wepasi rose wakakwira zvakanyanya.

Mitumbi inobereka ye truffle yakasviba iri pasi pevhu uye, sekutonga, inowanikwa pakadzika 2-5 cm, chimiro chakatenderedza, nzvimbo yacho haina kuenzana nekuora mwoyo uye bulges, ruvara rwakatsvuka-dema, rinenge. ukuru hwewalnut kana apuro diki. Mugadziri wayo mukuru anogara achiFrance.

Zvinoita here kurima howa uhu panzvimbo yako? Kune vateveri vechokwadi vehunyanzvi hwavo, hapana chinogoneka! Iyo nzira yekukura truffles haina kuchinja zvakanyanya mumazana maviri emakore. Sezvakaitika panguva iyoyo, ikozvino zvisikwa kana zvakasimwa zvakasimwa oak uye beech groves inoshandiswa kune izvi, sezvo iri nemiti iyi iyo truffle inopinda nechisimba mu symbiosis uye inoumba mycorrhiza.

Nzvimbo yekugovera truffle nhema inogumira kuFrance, Italy neSwitzerland. Munyika Yedu, dzimwe mhando dzayo dzinokura, zvisinei, dzakanyanya kuderera kune iyo mukuravira, saka kuberekesa kwayo munyika hakuna kujairika. Pamusoro pezvo, anoda ivhu rakakosha rakapwanyika rine lime yemukati, pamwe nekunyatsotsanangurwa tembiricha mamiriro uye yakakodzera humidity yemhepo.

Agrotechnics yekukura truffles inoratidzwa mumifananidzo iyi:

Maitiro ekurima oyster howa munyika (nevhidhiyo)

Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti anenge ese marudzi ehowa anodyiwa akarimwa pahuni akatanga kurimwa munyika dzeFar East neSoutheast Asia. Musiyano ndewechinyakare hwekuparadza howa hunonzi oyster mushroom, hwakatanga kuberekerwa kuGermany pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, howa iyi yakapararira muEurope, Asia neAmerica.

Oyster howa hunokosha hunodyiwa, huri nyore kurima kupfuura shampignons. Uyezve, zvose mukuravira uye muchitarisiko, oyster mushroom yakafanana neshiitake, chete ruvara rwechivharo chekupedzisira chakasviba, uye gumbo repakati, sekutonga, rinonyanya kutaurwa kupfuura lateral imwe yehowa oyster.

Iyo oyster mushroom tsika inoratidzirwa negoho rakawanda mumunda wakavhurika uye kuravira kwakanakisa, saka inodiwa zvakafanira pakati pevanorima howa.

Pakurima howa oyster, nzira yakakura inoshandiswa.

Tsanangudzo yekurima oyster howa munyika inotsanangurwa muvhidhiyo iyi:

Kurima morel howa uye huchi howa kucottage yavo yezhizha

Kutaura nezve izvo howa hunogona kurimwa munyika, munhu haakwanise kutadza kutaura nezve morels uye uchi howa.

Mumasango nemaapuro minda yeFrance neGermany kubvira pakati pezana remakore reXIX. muhuwandu hushoma, mamorel akatanga kugadzirwa, pakati peiyo conical morel ndiyo inonyanya kuwanda.

Vanonhonga howa vanonyatsoziva howa uhu. Muchirimo, morel inokura mumafuro uye mumigwagwa yemusango ine inonongedza, yakareba, yakaita koni-yakaita shava-brown cap. Hama yayo yepedyo ndiyo yakajairika morel (inodyiwa) ine chivharo chakatenderera. Parizvino, kune nzira mbiri huru dzekurima mamorels - zvinodyiwa uye conical.

Mabhuku ekutanga ekuti ungakura sei howa pachirongwa chakanyorwa muUSSR kumashure kwe30s yezana ramakore rapfuura. Uye muma40s. kurimwa kwefungus iyi pazvidimbu zvehuni kwakatorwa kuGermany. Makumi mashoma emakore gare gare, vakagadzirawo nzira yekurima howa vachishandisa mycelium yakagadzirwa nenzira yekunamira.

Chidzidzo chehuchi agaric uye nzira dzekuikura mudzimba dzezhizha dzinoitwawo muNyika Yedu.

Kurimwa kwehowa mhete munyika

Ringworm inogona kunzi gotwe rehowa hwakarimwa, sezvo tekinoroji yekurima kwayo yakaonekwa muGermany muna 1969, uye yakawana mukurumbira mukuru muPoland, Hungary neUK. Zvakadaro, varimi vehowa kune dzimwe nyika vanofarirawo kurima howa uhwu mudzimba dzavo dzechirimo. Kurima ringworms kuri nyore, vanoda substrate kubva kumashanga kana imwe tsvina yekurima, iyo isina kuoma kugadzirira.

Iyo howa ine yakakwira kuravira hunhu, inogona kuchengetwa uye kutakurwa kwenguva yakareba. Koltsevik inovimbisa zvikuru maererano nekurima uye inokwanisa kukwikwidza nechampignon mukuzivikanwa kana kutopfuura iyo, zvisinei, kuedza kurima howa uhu munyika Yedu kwatanga nguva pfupi yadarika.

Tichipfupikisa kusiyana kwehowa hunorimwa, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tsika dzomunzvimbomo dzine basa guru pakuparadzirwa kwahwo. Nekudaro, pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mamiriro akatanga kuitika apo tsika dzakasiyana dzehowa dzakayambuka miganhu yenyika yavo dzikava "cosmopolitans" zvechokwadi. Kusvika pamwero mukuru, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwepasi rose uye kukura kwakanyanya kwenzira dzekutaurirana uye mukana wekupanana ruzivo pakati penyika dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, howa hweoyster kubva kuEurope hwakapararira muAsia neAmerica. Volvariella, pasina mubvunzo, ichakunda mwoyo yevarimi vehowa kure neAsia munguva pfupi iri kutevera.

Kurima howa munyika, tanga nemhando idzo dziri nyore kurima: howa oyster nemachampignons. Kana ruzivo rwako rwukabudirira, unogona kuedza kupfuya howa husingakoshi.

Mazano ekukura howa kubva mycelium mubindu

Pazasi pane matipi evanovice mushroom varimi pakukura howa kubva mycelium mumunda webindu.

1. Kuti ugadzirire zvigadzirwa (zvekupisa, kunyura), iwe uchada chigadziko uye, pamwe, chinopfuura chimwe. Nokuda kweizvi, bhati remuguta rekugezera rakanyatsokodzera, kubva kune iro riri nyore kwazvo kuronga kuyerera kwemvura, iyo tembiricha iyo inochengetedza zvakanaka.
2. Pakukura howa pasaiti, zviri nyore kupfungaira uye kunyudza zviwanikwa zve substrate uchishandisa mabhegi akarukwa anopindika (unogona kushandisa shuga, asi chekutanga unofanirwa kubvisa bhegi repurasitiki riri mukati). Mabhegi akazadzwa neshanga yakaoma yakachekwa, akaiswa mubhati uye akazadzwa nemvura inopisa.
3. Mvura yekuputira inonyanya kupisa mune imwe mudziyo, semuenzaniso, mubhaketi kana tangi uchishandisa bhailer, pachitofu, mukoramu, pachitofu. Zvadaro mvura inopisa inodururwa mubhati nemabhegi akaiswa kunze uko, akafukidzwa nefirimu yakasviba uye yakasara kwemaawa 8-12.
4. Usati wadyara substrate ne mycelium (inoculation), zvinokurudzirwa kuikuya zvakanaka kune zviyo zvega. Muchiitiko ichi, pachava nekunyanya kukoshesa kwekukura. Ita basa iri mune disinfected rubber magirovhosi. Iyo mycelium inofanira kubviswa mufiriji maawa 6-10 isati yaitwa pairi.
5. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuzadza mabhegi ne substrate, kuiputira zvakanyanya, sezvo yakawandisa mhepo uye nzvimbo dzemahara zvinokanganisa maitiro ekukura.

Tarisa pamufananidzo kuti ungazadza sei masaga kuti ukure howa:

• Mabhegi anogona kutsemurwa pakupera kwekukura kuderedza mukana wekuomeswa kubva kune substrate munzvimbo yavo, pamwe nehutachiona.
• Mabhegi ane substrate yakadyarwa inofanira kuiswa mukati meimba kuitira kuti zvikwanise kupfuura zvakasununguka pakati pavo. Panguva imwecheteyo, iwe unofanirwa kuedza kuronga yunifomu yekuvhenekesa uye kufefetera.
• Humidify mhepo, mabhegi, nezvimwewo, asi kwete howa pachavo, sezvo izvi zvinogona kukonzera utachiona nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzebhakitiriya.
• Paunenge uchinhonga howa, chimiro chavo chinofanira kuverengerwa. Howa hunogona kurerekera kuchinjika uye hunofanira kutanga kutemwa, sezvo husingachakuri uye hunogona kurasa mbeu.
• Kana howa hwakarimwa kutengeswa, zvakakosha kubvunza pachine nguva nezve mukana wekutengesa, mutengo.
• Kunyange zvazvo kurima howa kunganzwika nyore, haufaniri kukurumidza kuronga munda. Kutanga iwe unoda kuedza kurima zvishoma zvehowa.
• Kana mavhoriyamu ehowa akagadzirwa asina kunyanyokura, saka zvitupa uye mamwe magwaro hazvidiwi kutengeswa kwavo, saka unogona kutengesa zvakasara zvechikamu.
• Kuti uwane zvakanyanya kubva mukuedza kwako kurima howa, zvinokurudzirwa kuti upe pekutanga pane chimwe nechimwe kune zvaunoona, izvo zvinogona kutsauka kubva padzidziso kusvika pamwero wakati.
• Avo vanorima howa kutengeswa kwete zvakananga, asi kuburikidza nevatengesi, sekutonga, vanogamuchira zvishoma pane avo vanongozvitengesa. Nezvatinogona kupa zano iri: edza kusanganisa mumunhu wako zvese mugadziri uye mutengesi.
• Batiranai nevamwe varimi vehowa. Izvi hazvizongobatsiri chete ruzivo rwekukura kwehowa, asi zvichabatsirawo, kana zvichidiwa, kuzadzisa hurongwa hwehowa huru. Kazhinji, kushandira pamwe kunobatsira zvikuru.

Nheyo dzekukura howa munyika dzinotsanangurwa muvhidhiyo iyi: