Mukati
Chikamu chebiology chinoongorora chimiro, chikafu uye kukura kwefungi chinonzi mycology. Sainzi iyi ine nhoroondo refu uye yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu (yekare, nyowani uye ichangoburwa). Basa rekutanga resainzi pane chimiro uye basa refungi rakapona nanhasi rinodzokera pakati pe150 BC. e. Nezvikonzero zviri pachena, idzi data dzakadzokororwa kakawanda mukati mekuwedzera kudzidza, uye ruzivo rwakawanda rwakapokana.
Tsanangudzo yechimiro chefungi, pamwe chete neakanyanya maficha ekukura kwavo uye kudya kunopihwa zvakadzama munyaya ino.
General maitiro echimiro che mycelium yefungus
Howa dzose dzine muviri wezvinomera unonzi mycelium, kureva mycelium. Iyo yekunze chimiro che mycelium yehowa yakafanana nebundle reshinda dzakatetepa dzinomonyoroka, dzinonzi "hyphae". Sekutonga, iyo mycelium yeakajairika fungi inodyiwa inokura muvhu kana pahuni dziri kuora, uye iyo mycelium yeparasitic inokura mumisumbu yechirimwa chirimwa. Miviri inobereka howa inokura pa mycelium ine spores iyo fungi inobereka nayo. Nekudaro, kune huwandu hukuru hwefungi, kunyanya parasitic, isina miviri inobereka michero. Iyo peculiarity yechimiro chefungi yakadaro iri muchokwadi chekuti spores yavo inokura zvakananga pa mycelium, pane yakakosha spore vanotakura.
Iyo diki mycelium yeoyster howa, champignon uye humwe howa hwakakura ishinda dzakatetepa chena dzinoita senge chena, grey-chena kana chena-blue coating pane substrate, senge cobweb.
Chimiro che mycelium yefungus chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo uyu:
Mukati mekukura, mumvuri we mycelium unova wakasviba uye tambo diki dzeshinda dzakabatanidzwa dzinoonekwa pairi. Kana panguva yekuvandudzwa kweiyo yakawanikwa mycelium yefungi (mubhokisi regirazi kana bhegi) pamusoro peiyo substrate (zviyo kana compost inogona kuita sebasa rayo), tambo dzinenge 25-30% (yakaiswa neziso) , zvino izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zvekudyara zvaive zvemhando yepamusoro. Iyo tambo shoma uye iyo yakareruka iyo mycelium, iyo diki uye kazhinji inobereka zvakanyanya. Iyo mycelium yakadaro inodzika midzi pasina matambudziko uye inokura mu substrate mu greenhouses uye greenhouses.
Kutaura nezve chimiro chefungus, zvakakosha kuziva kuti chiyero chekukura uye kukura kweoyster mushroom mycelium yakakura zvikuru kupfuura iyo champignon mycelium. Mune oyster howa, iyo yekudyara inova yero mushure menguva pfupi uye ine nhamba huru yetambo.
Ichi chifananidzo chinoratidza chimiro cheoyster mushroom:
Iyo yakasvibirira mumvuri we oyster mushroom mycelium haina zvachose inoratidza yakaderera mhando. Nekudaro, kana shinda uye tambo dzakashava nemadonhwe ebrown emvura pamusoro pawo kana pamudziyo une mycelium, ichi chiratidzo chekuti mycelium yakura, yakura, kana kuti yave pachena kune zvakaipa (semuenzaniso. yakaomeswa nechando kana kupisa zvakanyanya). Muchiitiko ichi, haufaniri kuvimba nekupona kwakanaka kwezvinhu zvekudyara uye pakukohwa.
Izvi zviratidzo zvichabatsira kuona kuti mycelium inokura sei mu substrate. Kuumbwa kwetambo muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwefungus kunoratidza kugadzirira kwe mycelium ye fruiting.
Kana paine mavara kana mavara epinki, yero, girini, dema mavara mumudziyo ane mycelium kana mune yakakushwa substrate (pamubhedha webindu, mubhokisi, muhomwe yepurasitiki), zvinogona kutaurwa nechokwadi kuti substrate. iri kuvhuvhu, nemamwe mazwi, yakafukidzwa nefungidzi husingaoneki, rudzi rwe "vakwikwidzi" hwemachampignon akarimwa uye howa weoyster.
Kana iyo mycelium ine utachiona, saka haina kukodzera kudyara. Apo iyo substrate inotapukirwa mushure mokunge mycelium yakasimwa mairi, nzvimbo dzine utachiona dzinonyatsobviswa uye dzinotsiviwa ne substrate itsva.
Tevere, iwe unozodzidza kuti ndezvipi zvimiro zveiyo spores yefungus.
Chimiro chemuviri wemuchero wefungus: chimiro uye zvimiro zvespores
Kunyange zvazvo iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa chimiro chemuviri wefruiting wefungus muchimiro cheheti pagunde, iri kure kubva kune imwe chete uye inongova imwe yemuenzaniso mizhinji yekusiyana kwechisikigo.
Muzvisikwa, iwe unogona kazhinji kuona miviri inobereka michero inoita sehwanda. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, tinder fungi inokura pamiti. Iko-coral-like fomu inofananidzwa nehowa dzine nyanga. Mune marsupials, chimiro chemuviri wechibereko chakafanana nendiro kana girazi. Mafomu emitumbi ye fruiting akasiyana-siyana uye asina kujairika, uye ruvara rwakapfuma zvekuti dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kutsanangura howa.
Kuti ufungidzire zvirinani chimiro chefungus, tarisa madhirowa aya nemadhayagiramu:
Mitumbi inobereka michero ine spores, nerubatsiro rweiyo fungi inowedzera mukati uye pamusoro pemitumbi iyi, pamahwendefa, machubhu, spines (cap mushroom) kana mumakamuri anokosha (raincoats).
Chimiro chespores muhutano hwefungus ndeye oval kana spherical. Saizi yavo inosiyana kubva 0,003 mm kusvika 0,02 mm. Kana tikaongorora chimiro chespores yefungus pasi pemaikorosikopu, tinoona madonhwe emafuta, ayo anove chikafu chekuchengetedza chakagadzirirwa kufambisa spores kumera mumycelium.
Pano iwe unogona kuona mufananidzo wechimiro cheiyo fruiting muviri wefungus:
Rudzi rwespores runosiyana, kubva kuchena uye ocher-brown kusvika kune yepepuru uye yakasviba. Muvara unoiswa maererano nemahwendefa emunhu mukuru fungus. Russula inoratidzwa nemahwendefa machena uye spores, mumachampignons ane brown-violet, uye mukukura uye kuwedzera kwenhamba yemaplateti, ruvara rwavo runoshanduka kubva papinki yakatsvuka kusvika kune yakasviba yepepuru.
Nekuda kweiyo nzira yakanyatsoshanda yekubereka sekuparadzira mabhiriyoni espores, howa hwave nekubudirira kugadzirisa nyaya yekubereka kwemakore anopfuura miriyoni imwe. Seizvo nyanzvi inosanozivikanwa yebiologist uye geneticist, Muzvinafundo AS Serebrovsky nenzira yokufananidzira akaiisa mu“Biological Walks” yake: “Pashure pazvose, matsutso ose, misoro mitsvuku yenhunzi agariki inooneka pano neapo kubva pasi pevhu uye, ichidanidzira noruvara rutsvuku. : “Hey, pinda usandibate, ndine chepfu! ”, Mamirioni ezvipembenene zvavo zvisingakoshi anopararira mumhepo yakanyarara yetsutso. Uye ndiani anoziva mamireniyumu mangani howa anga achichengetedza nhunzi agaric genus nerubatsiro rwemapores sezvo vakagadzirisa zvakanyanya matambudziko makuru ehupenyu ... "
Muchokwadi, huwandu hwema spores anoburitswa mumhepo nefungus hwakangokura. Semuenzaniso, nyuchi diki, iyo chivharo inongova 2-6 cm muhupamhi, inobereka 100-106 spores, uye howa yakakura zvakakwana ine chivharo 6-15 cm muhupamhi inobereka 5200-106 spores. Kana isu tichifungidzira kuti iyi yese vhoriyamu ye spores yakamera uye yakaorera miviri yakaonekwa, ipapo koloni yefungi nyowani yaizotora nzvimbo ye124 km2.
Kuenzaniswa nenhamba yespores inogadzirwa neflat tinder fungus ine dhayamita ye25-30 cm, nhamba idzi dzinopera, sezvo dzichisvika 30 bhiriyoni, uye mufungus dzemhuri yepuffball nhamba yespores haifungidzike uye haisi nhando. kuti howa idzi dziri pakati pezvisikwa zvinoberekana zvikuru pasi pano.
Howa hunonzi giant langermannia kazhinji hunosvika pakukura semavise uye hunoburitsa 7,5 trillion spores. Kunyange muhope dzinotyisa, haugone kufungidzira kuti chii chingaitika dai dzose dzakamera. Howa hwakabuda hwaizofukidza nzvimbo yakakura kudarika iya yekuJapan. Ngatiregei fungidziro yedu imhanye uye tifunge kuti chii chingaitika kana spores yechizvarwa chechipiri chefungi ikamera. Mitumbi inobereka michero muhuwandu ingave yakapetwa ka300 huwandu hwePasi.
Sezvineiwo, zvisikwa zvakaita kuti pasave nekuwanda kwehowa. Iyi fungus inonyanya kushomeka uye nekudaro nhamba diki yespores yayo inowana mamiriro ekuti vararame nekumera.
Spores inobhururuka mumhepo chero kupi zvako munyika. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo kune vashoma vavo, semuenzaniso, munharaunda yematanda kana pamusoro pegungwa, asi hapana kona kwavanenge vasipo zvachose. Ichi chinhu chinofanira kuverengerwa uye maitiro emuviri wefungus anofanirwa kuverengerwa, kunyanya kana kuberekesa oyster howa mumba. Apo howa dzinotanga kubereka michero, kuunganidza kwavo uye kutarisira (kudiridza, kuchenesa mukamuri) kunofanira kuitwa mumhepo yekufema kana kuti mune gauze bhandeji rinovhara muromo nemhino, sezvo spores dzayo dzinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana muvanhu vane hanya.
Iwe haugoni kutya kutyisidzira kwakadaro kana iwe ukakura champignons, ringworms, howa dzechando, howa dzezhizha, sezvo mahwendefa avo akafukidzwa nefirimu yakaonda, iyo inonzi chivharo chega, kusvikira muviri we fruiting waibva. Kana howa huchiibva, chifukidziro chinotsemuka, uye chitsiko chemhete chete chinosara kubva pachiri, uye spores inokandwa mumhepo. Nekudaro, nekukura uku kwezviitiko, kuchine kushomeka kukakavara, uye ivo havana ngozi zvakanyanya maererano nekukonzera allergic reaction. Mukuwedzera, kukohwa kwemahowa akadaro kunokohwewa firimu isati yaputsika zvachose (panguva imwe chete, hutano hwekutengeserana hwechigadzirwa hwakanyanya kukwirira).
Sezvinoratidzwa pamufananidzo wechimiro cheoyster howa, ivo havana mubhedha wakavanzika:
Nekuda kweizvi, spores muoyster howa inoumbwa pakarepo mushure mekugadzirwa kwendiro uye inoburitswa mumhepo mukati mekukura kwese kwemuviri wemuchero, kutanga kubva pakuonekwa kwemahwendefa uye kupera nekuibva kuzere uye kukohwa (izvi zvinowanzoitika 5- Mazuva matanhatu mushure meiyo rudiment yemuviri wechibereko ichaumba).
Zvinoitika kuti spores yefungus iyi inogara iripo mumhepo. Panyaya iyi, mazano: 15-30 maminetsi asati akohwewa, unofanira kunyorovesa mhepo muimba yacho nebhodhoro respray (mvura haifaniri kusvika pahowa). Pamwe chete nemadonhwe emvura, spores inogarawo pasi.
Iye zvino zvawazvijaira iwe nehunhu hwechimiro chefungi, inguva yekudzidza nezve ekutanga mamiriro ekukura kwavo.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ekutanga ekugadzirwa kwefungi
Kubva panguva yekuumbwa kweiyo rudiments uye kusvika yazara kuibva, kukura kwemuviri wechibereko kazhinji kazhinji hakutore mazuva anopfuura 10-14, hongu, pasi pemamiriro akanaka: tembiricha yakajairika uye hunyoro hwevhu nemhepo.
Kana tikayeuka mamwe marudzi ezvirimwa zvakarimwa munyika, zvino kune mastrawberries kubva panguva yekutumbuka kusvika kuibva kuzere pakati Nyika Yedu zvinotora inenge mwedzi 1,5, kune marudzi ekutanga emaapuro - inenge mwedzi miviri, yechando nguva ino inosvika. 2 mwedzi.
Mumavhiki maviri, cap mushroom inogadzirwa zvakakwana, nepo puffballs inogona kukura kusvika 50 cm muhupamhi kana kupfuura. Pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti zvekukurumidza kukurumidza kutenderera kwefungi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mumamiriro ekunze akanaka, zvinogona kutsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti pane mycelium pasi pevhu pane yakatove yakaumbwa miviri ye fruiting, iyo inonzi primordia, iyo ine zvikamu zvakakwana zvemuviri wemangwana fruiting: stem, cap. , ndiro.
Panguva ino yehupenyu hwayo, fungus inobata zvakanyanya hunyoro hwevhu kusvika pamwero wekuti mvura iri mumuviri wechibereko inosvika 90-95%. Somugumisiro, kudzvinyirirwa kwezviri mukati memasero pa membrane yavo (turgor) kunowedzera, zvichiita kuti kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwehutachiwana hwefungal tissues. Pasi pesimba rekumanikidzwa uku, zvikamu zvose zvefruiting body of the fungus zvinotanga kutambanudza.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti humidity uye tembiricha zvinopa kukurudzira kune kutanga kwekukura kweprimordia. Mushure mekugamuchira data kuti humidity yasvika padanho rakakwana, uye tembiricha inosangana nemamiriro ehupenyu, howa dzinokurumidza kutambanudza kureba uye kuvhura mavhavha avo. Kupfuurirazve, nekukurumidza, kutaridzika uye kukura kwespores.
Zvisinei, kuvapo kwehunyoro hwakakwana, semuenzaniso, mushure memvura, hazvirevi kuti howa dzakawanda dzichakura. Sezvazvakazoitika, mumamiriro ekunze anodziya, ane hunyoro, kukura kwakanyanya kunoonekwa chete mu mycelium (ndiye anogadzira kunhuhwirira kwakanaka kwehowa kunozivikanwa nevakawanda).
Kuvandudzwa kwemitumbi yefruiting muhuwandu hunokosha hwefungi kunoitika pane yakanyanya kuderera tembiricha. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti howa hunoda mutsauko wetembiricha pamusoro pehunyoro kuti hukure. Semuenzaniso, mamiriro akanyanya kunaka ekugadzirwa kwechampignon mushroom tembiricha ye +24-25 ° C, nepo kukura kwemuviri wemuchero kunotanga pa +15-18 ° C.
Pakutanga kwematsutso, autumn honey agaric inotonga zvakanyanya mumasango, iyo inoda kutonhora uye inobata zvakanyanya kune chero kushanduka kwekushisa. Kupisa kwayo "corridor" ndeye +8-13 ° С. Kana kutonhora uku kuri munaAugust, ipapo huchi agaric hunotanga kubereka muchero muzhizha. Kana kutonhora kuchikwira kusvika + 15 ° C kana kupfuura, howa dzinorega kubereka michero uye dzinopera.
Iyo mycelium yeflammulina velvet-legged inotanga kumera patembiricha ye20 ° C, nepo fungus pachayo inoratidzika paavhareji pakupisa kwe5-10 ° C, zvisinei, tembiricha yakaderera kusvika minus inokodzerawo.
Zvinhu zvakafanana zvekukura uye kukura kwefungi zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kana zvave kuberekerwa muvhu rakavhurika.
Howa dzine chimiro che rhythmic fruiting mumwaka wese wekukura. Izvi zvinonyanya kuratidzwa mu cap mushroom, iyo inobereka michero muzvikamu kana masaisai. Panyaya iyi, pane kutaura kune vanonhonga howa: “Hwava hwekutanga hwaenda” kana kuti “Hwowa hwekutanga hwakadzika.” Iri fungu harina kunyanya kuwanda, semuenzaniso, mune chena boletus, inowira pakupera kwaChikunguru. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuchekwa kwechingwa kunoitika, ndicho chikonzero howa inonziwo "spikelets".
Munguva iyi, howa hunowanikwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira, uko mioki nemabirches zvinokura. MunaAugust, chikamu chechipiri chinoibva, pakupera kwezhizha, uye pakupera kwezhizha - kutanga kwematsutso, nguva yekuvhuvhuta inouya. Howa hunokura mumatsutso hunonzi howa hunooma. Kana tikafunga kuchamhembe kweNyika Yedu, iyo tundra uye sango-tundra, saka kune chete autumn layer - iyo yese inobatanidza mune imwe, Nyamavhuvhu. Chiitiko chakafanana chinowanzoitika kumasango emakomo marefu.
Kukohwa kwakapfuma pasi pemamiriro ekunze akanaka kunowira pachikamu chechipiri kana chechitatu (kupera kwaNyamavhuvhu - Gunyana).
Icho chokwadi chekuti howa hunoonekwa mumafungu inotsanangurwa neiyo chaiyo yekukura kwe mycelium, apo cap mushroom inotanga kubereka muchero mumwaka wese panzvimbo yenguva yekukura kwezvinomera. Iyi nguva yemhando dzakasiyana dzehowa inosiyana zvakanyanya uye inotarirwa nemamiriro ekunze.
Saka, mune champignon inokura mu greenhouse, umo nzvimbo yakanyatsonaka inoumbwa, kukura kwe mycelium kunotora mazuva 10-12, mushure mokunge fruiting inoshanda inopfuurira kwemazuva 5-7, ichiteverwa nekukura kwemycelium kwemazuva gumi. Zvadaro kutenderera kunodzokorora zvakare.
Rhythm yakafanana inowanikwa mune dzimwe howa dzakarimwa: fungus yechando, oyster mushroom, ringworm, uye izvi hazvigone asi kukanganisa teknolojia yekurima kwavo uye zvakananga zvekutarisira kwavo.
Iyo yakanyanya kujeka cyclicity inocherechedzwa kana uchikura howa mumba pasi pemamiriro akadzora. Muvhu rakavhurika, mamiriro ekunze ane simba rekuita, nekuda kwekuti zvidimbu zve fruiting zvinogona kufamba.
Tevere, iwe uchadzidza kuti ndeupi rudzi rwehowa hunovaka uye kuti maitiro aya anoitika sei.
Maitiro ekudyisa howa: maitiro emhando uye nzira
Basa refungi mune zvakajairika chikafu chenyika yezvirimwa hazvigone kuverengerwa, sezvo ivo vachiodza zvisaririra zvezvirimwa uye nekudaro vachitora chikamu mukutenderera kusingachinji kwezvinhu muzvisikwa.
Maitiro ekuparara kwezvinhu zvakaoma organic, seselulosi uye lignin, ndiwo matambudziko akanyanya kukosha mubiology uye sainzi yevhu. Zvinhu izvi ndizvo zvikamu zvikuru zvemiti yemiti uye huni. Nekuora kwavo, vanosarudza kutenderera kwekabhoni makomisheni.
Izvo zvakasimbiswa kuti 50-100 bhiriyoni matani ezve organic zvinhu anoumbwa papasi redu gore rega rega, mazhinji acho ari emiti makomisheni. Gore rega rega munharaunda yetaiga, chiyero chemarara chinosiyana kubva pa2 kusvika ku7 toni pa1 ha, mumasango anotema nhamba iyi inosvika 5-13 matani pa1 ha, uye mumafuro - 5-9,5 matani pa1 ha.
Basa guru rekuparara kwezvirimwa zvakafa rinoitwa nefungi, iyo zvisikwa zvakapiwa kukwanisa kuparadza cellulose. Ichi chimiro chinogona kutsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti fungi ine nzira isina kujairika yekudyisa, zvichireva kune heterotrophic organisms, nemamwe mazwi, kune zvipenyu zvisina kuzvimiririra kugona kushandura inorganic zvinhu kuita organic.
Mukuita kudya kunovaka muviri, fungi dzinofanirwa kutora zvakagadzirirwa-zvakagadzirwa organic zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nezvimwe zvipenyu. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo musiyano mukuru uye unonyanya kukosha pakati pefungi uye zvirimwa zvakasvibirira, izvo zvinonzi autotrophs, kureva kuzvigadzira organic zvinhu nerubatsiro rwesimba rezuva.
Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekudya, fungi inogona kukamurwa kuita saprotrophs, inorarama nekudya pane yakafa organic zvinhu, uye zvipembenene, izvo zvinoshandisa zvipenyu kuwana organic zvinhu.
Rudzi rwekutanga rwefungi rwakasiyana uye rwakapararira zvakanyanya. Zvinosanganisira zvose fungi huru kwazvo - macromycetes, uye microscopic - micromycetes. Nzvimbo huru yeiyi fungi ivhu, rinenge risingaverengeki spores uye mycelium. Kwete zvishoma zvakajairika ndeye saprotrophic fungi inokura mumasango turf.
Mhando dzakawanda dzefungi, dzinonzi xylotrophs, dzakasarudza huni senzvimbo yavo yekugara. Izvi zvinogona kuva zvipembenene (autumn honey agaric) uye saprotrophs (common tinder fungus, zhizha uchi agaric, nezvimwewo). Kubva pane izvi, nenzira, tinogona kugumisa kuti nei zvisina kukodzera kudyara huchi hwechando agarics mubindu, mumunda wakashama. Pasinei nekushaya simba kwayo, hairegi kuva parasite inokwanisa kukanganisa miti panzvimbo yacho munguva pfupi, kunyanya kana iyo isina simba, somuenzaniso, nechando chisina kunaka. Zhizha uchi agaric, senge oyster howa, yakanyatso saprotrophic, saka haigone kukuvadza miti mhenyu, inokura pamatanda akafa chete, saka unogona kuendesa zvakachengeteka substrate ne mycelium kubva mumba kuenda kubindu pasi pemiti nemakwenzi.
Inozivikanwa pakati pevanhonga howa, autumn honey agaric iparasite chaiyo inokuvadza zvakanyanya midzi yemiti nemakwenzi, zvichikonzera kuora kwemidzi. Kana pasina matanho ekudzivirira anotorwa, saka huchi agaric hunopera mubindu hunogona kuparadza bindu kwemakore mashomanana chete.
Mvura mushure mekugeza howa haifanirwe kudururwa mubindu, kunze kwekunge iri murwi wemacompost. Ichokwadi ndechokuti ine spores yakawanda yeparasite uye, yakapinda muvhu, inokwanisa kubva pairi kusvika kunzvimbo dzisina simba dzemiti, zvichiita kuti iite chirwere chavo. Imwezve njodzi yeautumn honey agaric ndeyokuti fungus, pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, inogona kuva saprotroph uye inogara pamatanda akafa kusvikira pane mukana wekupinda pamuti mupenyu.
Autumn honey agaric inogonawo kuwanikwa pavhu pedyo nemiti. Tambo dzemycelium yeparasite iyi dzakanyatsopindirana mune izvo zvinonzi rhizomorphs (tambo dzakakora-black-brown), dzinokwanisa kupararira pasi pevhu kubva pamuti kuenda kune muti, dzichiruka midzi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, huchi agaric hunovakanganisa munzvimbo yakakura yesango. Panguva imwecheteyo, michero yemichero yeparasite inoumbwa pamatambo ari kukura pasi pevhu. Pamusana pekuti iyo iri kure nemiti, inoratidzika kuti huchi agaric inokura pavhu, zvisinei, tambo dzayo mune chero ipi zvayo dzine hukama nemidzi yemidzi kana trunk yemuti.
Paunenge uchiberekesa autumn howa, zvakakosha kufunga kuti uhu howa hunodyiswa sei: muhupenyu hwehupenyu, spores uye zvikamu zve mycelium zvinounganidza, uye kana zvikadarika imwe chikumbaridzo, zvinogona kukonzera hutachiona hwemiti, uye hapana matanho ekuzvidzivirira. batsira pano.
Kana ari howa senge champignon, oyster mushroom, ringworms, iwo saprotrophs uye haaiti kutyisidzira kana akakurira kunze.
Zviri pamusoro apa zvinotsanangurawo kuti nei zvakaoma zvikuru kubereka howa hwemusango hunokosha pasi pemamiriro ekugadzira (porcini mushroom, boletus, camelina, butterdish, nezvimwewo). Iyo mycelium yezhinji cap mushroom inosunga kumidzi yemiti, kunyanya miti, zvichiita kuti pave nemidzi yefungus, kureva mycorrhiza. Saka, fungi dzakadaro dzinonzi "mycorrhizal".
Mycorrhiza ndeimwe yemhando dzesymbiosis, inowanzowanikwa mune dzakawanda fungi uye kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura yakaramba iri chakavanzika kumasayendisiti. Symbiosis ine fungi inogona kugadzira miti yakawanda yehuni uye herbaceous, uye mycelium iri muvhu ndiyo inokonzera kubatana kwakadaro. Inokura pamwe chete nemidzi uye inoumba mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa pakukura kwemiti yakasvibirira, panguva imwe chete ichiwana kudya kwakagadzirirwa pachayo uye nemuviri wezvibereko.
Mycelium inofukidza mudzi wemuti kana shrub ine chifukidziro chakakora, kunyanya kubva kunze, asi zvishoma inopinda mukati. Mapazi emahara e mycelium (hyphae) anobva pabutiro uye, achitsauka munzira dzakasiyana muvhu, anotsiva midzi yemvere.
Nekuda kwehunhu hwakakosha hwekudya, nerubatsiro rwehyphae, fungus inosveta mvura, mineral salt uye zvimwe zvinonyungudika organic zvinhu, kunyanya nitrogenous, kubva muvhu. Chimwe chiyero chezvinhu zvakadaro chinopinda mumudzi, uye mamwe ose anoenda kune fungus pachayo pakuvandudzwa kwemycelium nemitumbi inobereka. Mukuwedzera, mudzi unopa fungus ine carbohydrate kudya.
Kwenguva yakareba, masayendisiti haana kukwanisa kutsanangura chikonzero nei mycelium yehowa yakawanda yemasango isingakure kana pasina miti iri pedyo. Chete muma70s. Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX zvakazoitika kuti howa haungogari pedyo nemiti, kwavari iyi nharaunda yakakosha zvakanyanya. Ichokwadi chakasimbiswa nesayenzi chinoratidzwa mumazita ehowa dzakawanda - boletus, boletus, cherry, boletus, nezvimwewo.
Iyo mycelium ye mycotic fungi inopinda muvhu resango munzvimbo yemidzi yemiti. Kune fungi yakadaro, symbiosis inokosha, nokuti kana mycelium inogona kuramba ichikura pasina iyo, asi muviri wezvibereko haugoneki.
Pakutanga, nzira yekudyisa howa uye mycorrhiza haina kukoshesa zvakanyanya, nekuda kwekuti pakanga paine akawanda asina kubudirira kuedza kukura inodyiwa yemiti yemichero yesango mumamiriro ekugadzira, kunyanya boletus, iyo inonyanya kukosha yemhando iyi. White fungus inogona kupinda muhukama hwesymbiotic nemhando dzemiti dzinenge makumi mashanu. Kazhinji kazhinji mumasango kune symbiosis nepine, spruce, birch, beech, oak, hornbeam. Panguva imwecheteyo, rudzi rwemhando yemiti iyo fungus inoumba mycorrhiza inokanganisa chimiro chayo uye ruvara rwevhavha nemakumbo. Pakazara, anenge 50 mafomu ewhite fungus akaparadzaniswa. Ruvara rwehati runotangira kubva kubhuronzi yakasviba kusvika kune inenge yakasviba muoki uye beech masango.
Iyo boletus inoumba mycorrhiza nemamwe marudzi emabirches, kusanganisira dwarf birch, inowanikwa mu tundra. Ikoko unogona kuwana boletus miti, iyo yakakura zvikuru kupfuura mabhishi pachawo.
Kune howa hunongosangana nemhando yemuti chete. Kunyanya, larch butterdish inogadzira symbiosis chete nelarch, iyo inoratidzwa muzita rayo.
Kune miti pachayo, kubatana kwakadaro nefungi kunokosha zvikuru. Tichitarisa netsika yekudyara masango emasango, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti pasina mycorrhiza, miti inokura zvakashata, inova isina simba uye inobatwa nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.
Mycorrhizal symbiosis inzira yakaoma kwazvo. Huyero hwakadaro hwefungi uye zvirimwa zvakasvibira zvinowanzotemwa nemamiriro ekunze. Kana zvidyarwa zvisina kudya kunovaka muviri, "vanodya" zvikamu zvakagadziriswa zve mycelium, iyo fungus, zvakare, inosangana ne "nzara", inotanga kudya zviri mukati memasero emidzi, nemamwe mazwi, inoshandiswa kune parasitism.
Iyo meshini yehukama hwesymbiotic yakanyanya kujeka uye inotarisisa kune ekunze mamiriro. Zvingangodaro zvichibva paparasitism yakajairika kune fungi pamidzi yemiti yakasvibirira, iyo, mukufamba kwenguva refu yekushanduka-shanduka, yakashanduka kuita symbiosis inobatsira. Mhosva dzekutanga dzinozivikanwa dzemycorrhiza yemiti yemiti ine fungi yakawanikwa muUpper Carboniferous deposits makore angangoita 300 miriyoni.
Pasinei nekuoma kwekukura sango mycorrhizal howa, zvichiri zvine musoro kuedza kuaberekesa mudzimba dzezhizha. Kuti unobudirira kana kusabudirira zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana, saka budiriro haigone kuvimbiswa pano.