PSYchology

William ndiani?

Makore zana apfuura, mumwe purofesa weAmerica akakamura mifananidzo yepfungwa mumarudzi matatu (yainoona, yokunzwa uye yemotokari) akaona kuti vanhu vanowanzosarudza chimwe chazvo vasingazive. Akaona kuti kufungidzira mupfungwa mifananidzo kunoita kuti ziso rifambe uye richienda kumativi, uye akaunganidzawo muunganidzwa wakakura wemibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pekuti munhu anoona sei — izvi ndizvo zvava kunzi «submodalities» muNLP. Akadzidza hypnosis uye hunyanzvi hwekukurudzira uye akatsanangura kuti vanhu vanochengeta sei ndangariro "panguva yakatarwa". Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Pluralistic Universe, anotsigira pfungwa yokuti hapana muenzaniso wenyika “wechokwadi”. Uye mune Zvakasiyana-siyana zveChitendero Zvakaitika, akaedza kupa maonero ake pane zvekunamata zviitiko zvekunamata, zvaimboonekwa sezvinopfuura izvo munhu anogona kuonga (enzanisa nechinyorwa chaLukas Derks naJaap Hollander muMweya Wongororo, muNLP Bulletin 3:ii yakatsaurirwa. kuna William James).

William James (1842-1910) aiva muzivi uye nyanzvi yepfungwa, uyewo purofesa paHarvard University. Bhuku rake "Principles of Psychology" - mavhoriyamu maviri, akanyorwa muna 1890, akamuwanira zita rekuti "Baba vePsychology". MuNLP, William James munhu anofanirwa kutevedzerwa. Muchinyorwa chino, ini ndoda kufunga kuti yakawanda sei iyi harbinger yeNLP yakawanikwa, maitiro aakawana, uye chii chimwe chatingazviwanira pachedu mumabasa ake. Ndiko kutendiswa kwangu kwakadzama kuti kuwanikwa kwaJames kwakakosha hakuna kumbobvira kwakafarirwa nenharaunda yepfungwa.

"Shamwari Yakakodzera Kuyemurwa"

William James akaberekerwa mumhuri yakapfuma muNew York City, apo paakanga achiri jaya akasangana nevanyori vakadai saThoreau, Emerson, Tennyson, naJohn Stuart Mill. Semwana, akaverenga mabhuku akawanda euzivi uye ainyatsogona mitauro mishanu. Akaedza ruoko rwake pamabasa akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira basa renyanzvi, nyanzvi yezvakasikwa musango reAmazon, uye chiremba. Zvisinei, apo akagamuchira dhigirii rake ratenzi pazera ramakore 27, zvakamusiya aora mwoyo uye ane chishuvo chikuru chokusava nedonzo roupenyu hwake, uhwo hwairatidzika kuva hwakafanotemerwa uye husina maturo.

Muna 1870 akaita budiriro yehuzivi yakamubvumira kuzvibvisa mukuora mwoyo kwake. Kwakanga kuri kuziva kuti zvitendero zvakasiyana zvine miuyo yakasiyana. James akavhiringika kwekanguva, achinetseka kana vanhu vaine rusununguko chairwo rwekuzvisarudzira, kana kuti zviito zvese zvevanhu zvakagara zvakarongwa nemagene kana kuti zvakatipoteredza. Panguva iyoyo, akaziva kuti iyi mibvunzo yakanga isingapindurike uye kuti chinetso chikuru chakanga chiri chisarudzo chekutenda, kuchitungamirira kumiuyo inoshanda zvikuru kumuteveri wake. James akawana kuti zvitendero zvakafanorongwa zvoupenyu zvakamuita kuti asava nehanya uye ashaye simba; zvinotendwa pamusoro pekuzvisarudzira zvinomugonesa kufunga sarudzo, kuita, uye kuronga. Achitsanangura uropi se“chishandiso chezvinobvira” (Hunt, 1993, peji 149), akasarudza kuti: “Zvichida ndichafungidzira kuti nguva iripo kusvika gore rinouya haisi yenhema. Chiito changu chekutanga chekuzvisarudzira chichava sarudzo yekutenda mukuzvisarudzira. Ndichatorawo danho rinotevera maererano nokuda kwangu, kwete chete kuita maererano nazvo, asiwo kutenda mazviri; kutenda muchokwadi changu chega uye simba rekugadzira. "

Kunyange zvazvo utano hwaJames hwagara husina kusimba, akazvichengeta muchimiro chake kupfurikidza nokukwira makomo, pasinei zvapo nokuva nezvinetso zvemwoyo zvisingaperi. Sarudzo iyi yekusarudza kuzvisarudzira yakamuunzira mhedzisiro yaaishuvira. James akawana zvakakosha presuppositions yeNLP: "Mepu haisi nharaunda" uye "Hupenyu ihurongwa hwehurongwa." Danho rakatevera rakanga riri muchato wake naEllis Gibbens, mutambi wepiyano uye mudzidzisi wechikoro, muna 1878. Iri ndiro gore raakagamuchira kupiwa kwomuparidzi Henry Holt kunyora bhuku pamusoro pepfungwa itsva ye “scientific”. James naGibbens vaiva nevana vashanu. Muna 1889 akava purofesa wekutanga wepfungwa paHarvard University.

James akaramba ari "free thinker". Akatsanangura "maitiro akaenzana ehondo," nzira yekutanga yekutsanangura kusaita zvechisimba. Akanyatsodzidza kubatanidzwa kwesayenzi uye zvekunamata, nokudaro achigadzirisa misiyano yekare pakati penzira yababa vake yakasimudzwa mune zvechitendero netsvakurudzo yake pachake yesayenzi. Sezvo ari purofesa, akapfeka chimiro chakanga chiri kure nechimiro chenguva idzodzo (jasi rakakura rine bhanhire (Norfolk waistcoat), shorts yakajeka uye tie inoyerera). Aiwanzoonekwa munzvimbo isina kunaka kune purofesa: achifamba-famba pachivanze cheHarvard, achitaura nevadzidzi. Aivenga kuita mabasa ekudzidzisa sekuverenga kana kuita zviedzo, uye aingoita zviyedzo izvozvo kana aine pfungwa yaaida kuratidza. Hurukuro dzake dzaive zviitiko zvisina musoro uye zvinosetsa zvekuti zvakaitika kuti vadzidzi vakamudzora kubvunza kana aigona kuve akarevesa kunyangwe kwechinguva chidiki. Muzivi Alfred North Whitehead akati nezvake: "Iyo nyanzvi, inofanirwa kuyemurwa, William James." Tevere, ini ndichataura nezve nei tichigona kumudaidza kuti "sekuru veNLP."

Kushandiswa kwema sensor system

Isu dzimwe nguva tinofungidzira kuti vaive vagadziri veNLP vakawana hwaro hwekunzwa hwe "kufunga," kuti Grinder naBandler ndivo vakatanga kuona kuti vanhu vane zvavanoda muruzivo rwekunzwa, uye vakashandisa nhevedzano yeanomiririra masisitimu kuti vawane mhedzisiro. Kutaura idi, akanga ari William James uyo akatanga kuwana ikoku kuvanhu venyika yose muna 1890. Akanyora, kuti: “Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, vazivi vaifungidzira kuti kune ndangariro chaiyoiyo yomunhu, iyo yakafanana nendangariro dzavamwe vanhu vose. Uku kutaura kwechokwadi mune zvese zviitiko kunogona kushandiswa kune yakadai sekufungidzira. Gare gare, kunyanguvezvo, zviwanwa zvakawanda zvakawanwa izvo zvakatibvumira kuona kuti uyu murangariro une mhosho sei. Hapana rudzi rumwe rwe "kufungidzira" asi akawanda akasiyana "kufungidzira" uye izvi zvinoda kudzidzwa zvakadzama. (Bhuku 2, peji 49)

James akadoma marudzi mana efungidziro: “Vamwe vanhu vane tsika 'yekufunga', kana uchigona kuidaidza kudaro, kuona, vamwe kunzwa, kutaura (uchishandisa mazwi eNLP, auditory-digital) kana mota (muNLP terminology, kinesthetic) ; kazhinji, zvichida yakasanganiswa muzvikamu zvakaenzana. (Bhuku 2, peji 58)

Anotsanangurawo pamusoro pemhando imwe neimwe, achitora MA Binet's «Psychologie du Raisonnement» (1886, p. 25): «Rudzi rwekunzwa ... haruwanzike kupfuura rudzi rwekuona. Vanhu verudzi urwu vanomiririra zvavanofunga maererano nemanzwi. Kuti vayeuke chidzidzo, vanobereka mundangariro dzavo kwete kuti peji yaitaridzika sei, asi kuti mazwi ainzwika sei ... Mhando yemota yasara (zvichida inonyanya kunakidza pane mamwe ese) inosara, pasina kupokana, isinganyanyi kudzidzwa. Vanhu verudzi urwu vanoshandisa mumusoro, kufunga uye nezvese pfungwa dzekuita pfungwa dzakawanikwa nerubatsiro rwekufamba ... Pakati pavo pane vanhu avo, semuenzaniso, vanorangarira kudhirowa zvirinani kana vakatara miganhu yayo neminwe yavo. (Bhuku 2, peji 60-61)

Jakobho akatarisanawo nechinetso chokuyeuka mashoko, ayo akarondedzera sepfungwa yechina inokosha (kududza, kududza). Anotaura kuti maitiro aya anonyanya kuitika kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwekunzwa uye motokari sensations. "Vanhu vazhinji, kana vakabvunzwa kuti vanofungidzira sei mazwi, vanopindura izvozvo muhurongwa hwekunzwa. Vhura miromo yako zvishoma uye wozofungidzira chero izwi rine labial uye mazino ruzha (labial uye mazino), semuenzaniso, «bubble», «toddle» (mumble, wander). Mufananidzo wacho wakasiyana here mumamiriro ezvinhu aya? Kuvanhu vazhinji, mufananidzo wacho pakutanga "usinganzwisisike" (izvo manzwi angaratidzika sei kana munhu akaedza kutaura shoko nemiromo yakaparadzana). Kuedza uku kunoratidza kuti kumiririra kwedu kwemazwi kwakadii kunoenderana nekunzwa chaiko mumiromo, rurimi, huro, dongo, nezvimwe. " (Bhuku 2, peji 63)

Imwe yebudiriro huru inoratidzika kunge yakauya chete muzana ramakore remakumi maviri reNLP ndiyo muenzaniso wehukama hunogara huri pakati pekufamba kweziso uye hurongwa hwekumiririra hunoshandiswa. James anobata kakawanda pakufamba kweziso kunofambidzana neinomiririra system, iyo inogona kushandiswa sekiyi dzekuwana. Achikwevera ngwariro kukuona kwake amene, James anoti: “Mifananidzo yose iyi pakutanga inoratidzika kuva ine chokuita neretina yeziso. Zvisinei, ndinofunga kuti kukurumidza kufamba kwemaziso kunongoaperekedza, kunyange zvazvo kufamba uku kuchikonzera manzwiro asina kukosha zvokuti anenge asingakwanisi kuona. (Bhuku 2, peji 65)

Uye anowedzera: "Handigone kufunga nenzira yekuona, semuenzaniso, pasina kunzwa kuchinja kushanduka kwedzvinyiriro, convergence (convergence), kusiyana (kusiyana) uye pekugara (kugadzirisa) mumaziso angu ... Sekuona kwandinogona kuona, izvi manzwiro anomuka semugumisiro wekutenderera kwemaziso chaiwo, ayo, ndinotenda, anoitika muhope dzangu, uye izvi zvinonyatsopesana nekuita kwemaziso, kugadzirisa chero chinhu. (Bhuku 1, peji 300)

Submodalities uye kurangarira nguva

James akacherechedzawo mutsauko mudiki mukuti vanhu vanofungidzira sei, vanonzwa nhaurirano yemukati, uye vanonzwa manzwiro. Akataura kuti kubudirira kwemaitiro ekufunga kwemunhu kunoenderana nemisiyano iyi, inonzi submodalities muNLP. James anoreva kudzidza kwakadzama kwaGalton kwezvimiro zvepasi (PaMubvunzo weKugona kweMunhu, 1880, peji 83), kutanga nekupenya, kujeka, uye ruvara. Haatauri kana kufanotaura mashandisiro ane simba ayo NLP ichaisa mune idzi pfungwa mune ramangwana, asi basa rose rekumashure rakatoitwa murugwaro rwaJames: nenzira inotevera.

Usati wazvibvunza wega upi noupi wemibvunzo iri papeji rinotevera, funga nezveimwe nyaya—soti, tafura yawadyira mangwanani ano—nyatsotarisa mufananidzo uri muziso repfungwa dzako. 1. Kuvhenekera. Mufananidzo uri pamufananidzo wakaderera here kana kuti wakajeka? Kupenya kwaro kunofananidzwa nechiitiko chaicho here? 2. Kujeka. — Zvinhu zvese zvinonyatsooneka panguva imwe chete here? Nzvimbo iyo kujeka kwakakura pane imwe nguva yenguva ine mipimo yakamanikidzwa kana ichienzaniswa nechiitiko chaicho? 3. Ruvara. "Mavara echina, chingwa, toast, mustard, nyama, parsley nezvimwe zvese zvaive patafura zvakasiyana uye zvechisikigo here?" (Bhuku 2, peji 51)

William James anonyatsozivawo kuti mazano ekare neremangwana anoiswa mepu achishandisa submodalities yechinhambwe nenzvimbo. Mune mazwi eNLP, vanhu vane mutsara wenguva unomhanya munzira imwe chete kune yakapfuura uye mune imwe nzira kune ramangwana. Jakobho anotsanangura kuti: “Kufunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu seakaitika kare kunenge kuri kuaona seari pakati, kana kuti akananga, zvinhu izvo panguva ino zvinoita sezviri kukonzerwa nezvakaitika kare. Ndiko kunobva manzwisisiro edu ekare, ayo ndangariro nenhoroondo zvinoumba masisitimu azvo. Uye muchitsauko chino tichatarisa pfungwa iyi, iyo yakanangana nenguva. Dai chimiro chekuziva chaive nhevedzano yekunzwa uye mifananidzo, yakafanana nerozari, ivo vese vaizopararira, uye hapana chataizoziva kunze kwenguva iripo ... saizi yekupenya kwechiedza kubva pabug - chipfuwo. Kuziva kwedu chimwe chikamu chekuyerera kwenguva, yapfuura kana ramangwana, pedyo kana kure, nguva dzose inosanganiswa neruzivo rwedu rwenguva iripo. (Bhuku 1, peji 605)

James anotsanangura kuti iyi nguva stream kana Timeline ndiyo hwaro hwaunoona kuti ndiwe ani paunomuka mangwanani. Achishandisa mureza wenguva «Past = back to back» (mumashoko eNLP, «nenguva, yaisanganisira nguva»), anoti: «Paanomuka Pauro naPetro mumabhedha mamwechete uye vanoona kuti vanga vari mumamiriro ekurota imwe nguva yenguva, mumwe nemumwe wavo mupfungwa anodzokera kumashure, uye anodzoreredza nzira yeimwe yenzira mbiri dzepfungwa dzakakanganiswa nehope. (Bhuku 1, peji 238)

Anchoring uye hypnosis

Kuziva kwemaitiro ekunzwa kwaingova chikamu chidiki chekubatsira kwaJames kwechiporofita chepfungwa sendima yesainzi. Muna 1890 akaburitsa, semuenzaniso, iyo anchoring musimboti wakashandiswa muNLP. James akaritumidza kuti "songaniro". “Ngatitii hwaro hwekufunga kwedu kwose kunotevera mutemo unotevera: apo mirangariro miviri yokutanga inoitika panguva imwe chete kana kuti nokukurumidza kutevera imwe neimwe, apo imwe yadzo inodzokororwa, panova nokutamiswa kwokufarikanya kune mumwe muitiro.” (Bhuku 1, peji 566)

Anoenderera mberi achiratidza (pp. 598-9) kuti musimboti uyu ndiwo hwaro hwendangariro, kutenda, kuita sarudzo, uye mhinduro dzepfungwa. The Association Theory ndiko kwakabva kwakabva Ivan Pavlov akazogadzira dzidziso yake yekare yeconditioned reflexes (somuenzaniso, kana ukaridza bhero usati wadyisa imbwa, mushure mechinguva kurira kwebhero kuchaita kuti imbwa dzimedzerere).

James akadzidzawo kurapwa kwehypnosis. Anofananidza dzidziso dzakasiyana dzehypnosis, achipa musanganiswa wedzidziso mbiri dzinokwikwidza panguva iyoyo. Dzidziso idzi dzaive: a) dzidziso ye "trance states", zvichiratidza kuti mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nehypnosis inokonzerwa nekusikwa kweiyo yakakosha "trance" mamiriro; b) the «suggestion» theory, ichitaura kuti mhedzisiro yehypnosis inokonzerwa nesimba rezano rakaitwa neanoita zvekurarisa uye hazvidi yakakosha mamiriro epfungwa nemuviri.

Yakaitwa naJames yaive yekuti akataura kuti trance states iripo, uye kuti maitiro emuviri aimbove akabatana nawo angangove mhedzisiro yezvinotarisirwa, nzira, uye nemazano akajeka akaitwa neanorarisa. Trance pachayo ine mashoma anoonekwa maitiro. Saka, hypnosis = zano + trance state.

Iwo matunhu matatu eCharcot, iyo inoshamisa reflexes yeHeidenheim, uye zvimwe zvese zviitiko zvemuviri izvo zvaimbonzi zvakanangana nemhedzisiro yeakananga trance state, muchokwadi, hazvisi. Iwo mhedzisiro yezano. The trance state haina zviratidzo zvakajeka. Nokudaro, hatigoni kuziva nguva iyo munhu ari mairi. Asi pasina kuvepo kweiyo trance state, aya mazano epachivande haana kukwanisa kuitwa zvinobudirira…

Yekutanga inotungamira opareta, mushandisi anotungamira wechipiri, zvese pamwe chete zvinogadzira denderedzwa rinoshamisa rakashata, mushure mezvo mhedzisiro inopokana inoratidzwa. (Vol. 2, p. 601) Iyi modhi inoenderana chaizvo neEricksonian modhi yehypnosis uye zano muNLP.

Introspection: Kutevedzera James's Methodology

Jakobho akawana sei miuyo yakatanhamara yakadaro youporofita? Akaongorora nzvimbo umo maive musina kutanga ongororo yakaitwa. Mhinduro yake yaive yekuti akashandisa nzira yekuzvitarisa, iyo yaaiti yaive yakakosha zvekuti haina kutorwa sedambudziko rekutsvagisa.

Introspective yekuzvitarisa ndiyo yatinofanira kuvimba nayo kutanga uye zvakanyanya. Shoko rokuti "kuzvitarisa" (kuzviongorora) haritombodi tsananguro, zvamazvirokwazvo rinoreva kutarisa mupfungwa dzako uye kutaura zvatinenge tawana. Wese munhu anobvuma kuti tichawana matunhu ekuziva ipapo ... Vanhu vese vane chokwadi chakasimba chekuti vanonzwa kufunga uye kusiyanisa nyika dzekufunga sechiitiko chemukati kana kusava nehanya kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvese izvo zvinogona kudyidzana nazvo mukuita kwekuziva. Ini ndinotora kutenda uku sekwakanyanya kukosha pane ese mapostulates e psychology. Uye ini ndicharasa mibvunzo yese yekubvunza metaphysical nezve kutendeka kwayo mukati mechikamu chebhuku rino. (Bhuku 1, peji 185)

Introspection ndiyo nzira yakakosha yatinofanira kutevedzera kana tichida kudzokorora nekuwedzera pane zvakawanikwa naJames. Muchirevo chiri pamusoro apa, James anoshandisa mazwi ekunzwa kubva kumatatu makuru ekumiririra masisitimu kutsanangura maitiro. Anoti muitiro wacho unosanganisira «kutarisa» (kuona), «kureporter» (zvingangoita auditory-digital), uye «kunzwa» (kinesthetic representational system). James anodzokorora iyi nhevedzano kakawanda, uye tinogona kufunga kuti ndiyo chimiro che "introspection" yake (mune NLP mazwi, Strategy yake). Semuenzaniso, hechino chikamu chaanotsanangura nzira yake yekudzivisa kuwana fungidziro dzisiridzo mune zvepfungwa: «Nzira chete yekudzivirira njodzi iyi ndeyekunyatsofunga nezvazvo pachine nguva uye wozowana nhoroondo yakanyatsotsanangurwa nezvazvo usati warega pfungwa dzichienda. vasingaonekwi." (Bhuku 1, peji 145)

James anotsanangura mashandisirwo enzira iyi kuedza kutaura kwaDavid Hume kuti zvese zvemukati zvinomiririra (zvinomiririra) zvinobva pachokwadi chekunze (kuti mepu inogara yakavakirwa panharaunda). Achiramba kutaura uku, James anoti: “Kunyange kutarisisa kwepamusoro-soro kucharatidza munhu upi noupi unyengeri hwepfungwa iyi.” (Bhuku 2, peji 46)

Anotsanangura zvinoumbwa nepfungwa dzedu: “Kufunga kwedu kunoumbwa zvikurukuru nenhevedzano yemifananidzo, apo mimwe yacho inokonzera mimwe. Irwo rudzi rwekungofunga zuva nezuva, uye zvinoita sekunge mhuka dzepamusoro (vanhu) dzinofanirwa kubatwa nadzo. Mafungiro emhando iyi anotungamira kune mhedziso dzine musoro: zvese zvinoshanda uye zvekufungidzira ... Mhedzisiro yeizvi inogona kuva ndangariro dzedu dzisingatarisirwe dzemabasa chaiwo (kunyorera tsamba kushamwari yekune imwe nyika, kunyora pasi mazwi kana kudzidza chidzidzo cheLatin). (Bhuku 2, peji 325)

Sezvavanotaura muNLP, James anotarisa mukati make uye "anoona" pfungwa (yekuona anchor), iyo yaakazo "kunyatsofunga" uye "inotaura" nenzira yemafungiro, chirevo, kana kufungidzira (kuona uye kuongorora-digital mashandiro. ) Kubva pane izvi, anosarudza (odhiyo-digital bvunzo) kana kurega kufunga «kuenda kusingazivikanwe» kana izvo «manzwiro» kuita pa (kinesthetic output). Nzira inotevera yakashandiswa: Vi -> Vi -> Ad -> Ad/Ad -> K. James anotsanangurawo ruzivo rwake rwemukati rwekuziva, izvo zvinosanganisira izvo isu muNLP tinodaidza kuti visual/kinesthetic synesthesias, uye anonyatso nyora kuti kubuda kwe mazhinji emaitiro ake ndeye kinesthetic «musoro nod kana kufema kwakadzika». Kuenzaniswa neauditory system, anomiririra masisitimu akadai se tonal, olfactory, uye gustatory hazvisi zvakakosha muyedzo yekubuda.

"Mifananidzo yangu yekuona haina kujeka, yakasviba, inokurumidza uye yakamanikidzwa. Zvingave zvisingaite kuti ndione chero chinhu pavari, asi ini ndinosiyanisa zvakakwana chimwe kubva kune chimwe. Mifananidzo yangu yekunzwa haakwanirise makopi ekutanga. Handina mifananidzo yekuravira kana kunhuwa. Iyo tactile mifananidzo yakasarudzika, asi ine zvishoma kana kusadyidzana nezvakawanda zvezvinhu zvepfungwa dzangu. Pfungwa dzangu hadzisi dzese dzinoratidzwa mumashoko, sezvo ini ndine chimiro chisina kujeka chehukama mukuita kwekufunga, pamwe zvinoenderana nekugutsurira musoro kana kufema kwakadzika seshoko chairo. Kazhinji, ndinoona mifananidzo isinganzwisisike kana manzwiro ekufamba mukati memusoro wangu akananga kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muchadenga, zvinoenderana nekuti ndiri kufunga nezvechimwe chinhu chandinoona semanyepo, kana nezvechimwe chinhu chinobva changova nhema kwandiri. Iwo anoperekedzwa panguva imwe cheteyo nokufemerwa kwemhepo nomumuromo nomumhino, kuumba nenzira isingamboiti rutivi rwokuziva rwomuitiro wangu wokufunga. (Bhuku 2, peji 65)

Kubudirira kunoshamisa kwaJames munzira yake yeIntrospection (kusanganisira kuwanikwa kweruzivo rwunotsanangurwa pamusoro apa nezve maitiro ake) inoratidza kukosha kwekushandisa zano rinotsanangurwa pamusoro. Zvichida ikozvino unoda kuedza. Ingozvitarisa iwe pachako kusvikira waona mufananidzo wakakodzera kunyatsotariswa, wobva wamubvunza kuti azvitsanangure, tarisa pfungwa yemhinduro, zvinotungamira kumhinduro yemuviri uye manzwiro emukati anosimbisa kuti maitiro apera.

Kuzviziva: Kubudirira kusingazivikanwe kwaJames

Tichifunga zvakaitwa naJames neIntrospection, achishandisa kunzwisisa kwekumiririra masisitimu, anchoring, uye hypnosis, zviri pachena kuti kune zvimwe zviyo zvakakosha zvinowanikwa mubasa rake zvinogona kumera sekuwedzera kwezvino NLP nzira uye mienzaniso. Imwe nzvimbo yainyanya kufarira kwandiri (iyo yaive pakati paJames zvakare) ndiko kunzwisisa kwake "kuzvimiririra" uye maitiro ake kune hupenyu huzhinji (Vol. 1, p. 291-401). James aive nenzira yakasiyana zvachose yekunzwisisa «kuzvimiririra». Akaratidza muenzaniso mukuru wepfungwa inonyengera uye isiri yechokwadi yekuvapo kwake.

"Kuzviziva kunosanganisira kutevedzana kwemifungo, chikamu chimwe nechimwe che" Ini" chinogona: 1) kurangarira izvo zvaivepo kare uye kuziva zvavaiziva; 2) simbisa uye chengetedza, chekutanga, nezve vamwe vavo, senge "ini", uye gadzirisa zvimwe zvese kwavari. Nheyo yeiyi "Ini" ndeyekugara kwemuviri, kunzwa kwekuvepo pane imwe nguva munguva. Chero chipi chinoyeukwa, manzwiro ekare anofanana nemanzwiro emazuva ano, nepo zvichifungidzirwa kuti "Ini" yakaramba yakafanana. Iyi "Ini" muunganidzwa wepfungwa wakagamuchirwa pahwaro hwechiitiko chaicho. Ndiyo "Ini" inoziva kuti haigoni kuva yakawanda, uye haifaniriwo kufungidzirwa nekuda kwezvinangwa zvepfungwa chinhu chisingachinjiki chemetaphysical seMweya, kana nheyo seye Ego yakachena inofungidzirwa "kunze kwenguva". Iyi iPfungwa, panguva imwe neimwe yaitevera yakasiyana neyaive mune yakapfuura, asi, zvisinei, yakafanotemerwa nenguva ino uye kuva nayo panguva imwe chete zvese izvo zvakadana nguva iyoyo ... kuvapo kwayo chaiko ( uko kusina chikoro chiripo chakambopokana kusvika zvino), zvino pfungwa iyi pachayo ichava mufungi, uye hapana chikonzero chekuti psychology igadzirise izvi zvakare. (Mhando dzeChitendero Zvakaitika, p. 388).

Kwandiri, iyi tsinhiro inoshamisa mukukosha kwayo. Tsananguro iyi ndeimwe yezviya zvikuru zvakaitwa naJames izvo zvakare zvakaregeredzwa zvine ruremekedzo nenyanzvi dzepfungwa. Panyaya yeNLP, James anotsanangura kuti kuziva nezve "kuzvimiririra" ingori yezita. A nominalization for the «varidzi» muitiro, kana, sezvakataurwa naJames, iyo «appropriation» maitiro. "Ini" rakadaro rinongova izwi remhando yepfungwa umo zviitiko zvekare zvinogamuchirwa kana kugoverwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana "mufungi" akaparadzana nekuyerera kwemifungo. Kuvapo kwechinhu chakadaro ndechekunyepedzera. Pane chete nzira yekufunga, pachayo kuve neruzivo rwekare, zvinangwa nezviito. Kungoverenga pfungwa iyi chinhu chimwe; asi kuedza kwechinguvana kugara naye chinhu chinoshamisa! James anosimbisa kuti, “Mushonga une zest imwe chaiyo panzvimbo peshoko rokuti ‘raza remuzambiringa’, rine zai rimwe chairo panzvimbo peshoko rokuti ‘zai’ zvingasava zvokudya zvakakwana, asi zvingava mavambo echokwadi. (Zvakasiyana-siyana zveChitendero, p. 388)

Chitendero sechokwadi kunze kwacho

Mune dzakawanda dzedzidziso dzemweya dzenyika, kurarama muchokwadi chakadaro, kuwana pfungwa yekusaparadzaniswa nevamwe, kunoonekwa sechinangwa chikuru chehupenyu. Mumwe mukuru weZen Buddhist akadanidzira paakasvika nirvana, "Pandakanzwa bhero richirira mutemberi, kamwe kamwe pakanga pasina bhero, kwete ini, chete kurira." Wei Wu Wei anotanga Bvunza Iye Akamutswa (chinyorwa cheZen) nenhetembo inotevera:

Sei usina mufaro? Nekuti 99,9 muzana yezvese zvaunofunga nezvazvo Uye zvese zvaunoita ndezvako Uye hapana mumwe.

Ruzivo runopinda muruzivo rwetsinga dzedu kuburikidza nemasensi mashanu kubva kunze kwenyika, kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeneurology yedu, uye semhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzisiri-sensory kubatana dzinofamba muhupenyu hwedu. Pane nzira yakapfava zvikuru iyo, nguva nenguva, kufunga kwedu kunokamura mashoko aya mumativi maviri. Ndinoona mukova ndofunga "kwete-ini". Ndinoona ruoko rwangu ndofunga «ini» (ini «ndine» ruoko kana «kuziva» serwangu). Kana: Ndinoona mupfungwa dzangu chido chechokoti, uye ndinofunga "kwete-ini". Ndinofungidzira ndichikwanisa kuverenga chinyorwa ichi nekuchinzwisisa, uye ndinofunga «ini» (ini zvakare "ndine" kana kuti "ndinoziva" sechangu). Sezvineiwo, zvese izvi zvidimbu zveruzivo zviri mupfungwa imwe! Pfungwa yekuzvida uye yekusazvimiririra musiyano wakajeka unobatsira nenzira yedimikira. Kupatsanurwa kwave kuchiitwa mukati uye zvino inofunga kuti inotonga neurology.

Upenyu hwaizova hwakaita sei pasina kuparadzana kwakadaro? Pasina pfungwa yekuzivikanwa uye kusazivikanwa, ruzivo rwese rwuri muuropi hwangu huchaita senge nzvimbo yechiitiko. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoitika mamwe manheru akaisvonaka apo unoyeverwa norunako rwokunyura kwezuva, apo unenge wazvipira chose chose kukuteerera konzati inofadza, kana kuti apo unobatanidzwa chose chose muchimiro chorudo. Musiyano uri pakati pemunhu ane ruzivo uye ruzivo unomira panguva dzakadaro. Rudzi urwu rwechiitiko chakabatana ndicho chikuru kana chechokwadi "Ini" umo hapana chinogoverwa uye hapana chinorambwa. Uyu mufaro, urwu rudo, izvi ndizvo zvinovavarirwa nevanhu vese. Iri, anodaro James, ndiko kunobva Chitendero, uye kwete zvitendero zvakaoma izvo, sekurwisa, zvakadzikatidza revo yeshoko.

"Kusiya padivi kubatikana zvakanyanya nekutenda uye kuzviganhurira kune izvo zvakajairwa uye hunhu, isu tine chokwadi chekuti munhu ane njere anoramba achirarama neKuzvitakura kwakakura. Kuburikidza neizvi kunouya chiitiko chinoponesa mweya nehunhu hwakanaka hwechiitiko chechitendero, chandinofunga kuti ichokwadi uye chechokwadi sezvachinoenderera mberi. " (Mhando dzeChitendero Zvakaitika, p. 398).

James anopikisa kuti kukosha kwechitendero hakusi mudzidziso dzayo kana dzimwe pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki dze "dzidziso yechitendero kana sainzi", asi mukubatsira kwayo. Anotora nyaya yaProfessor Leiba inoti “The Essence of Religious Consciousness” (muMonist xi 536, July 1901): “Mwari haazivikanwi, haanzwisiswi, anoshandiswa—dzimwe nguva somuriritiri, dzimwe nguva setsigiro yetsika, dzimwe nguva sa. shamwari, dzimwe nguva sechinhu cherudo. Kana zvakazobatsira, pfungwa yechitendero haibvunze chimwe chinhu. Mwari ariko zvechokwadi here? Iripo sei? Iye ndiani? - mibvunzo yakawanda isina basa. Kwete Mwari, asi upenyu, hukuru kupfuura upenyu, hukuru, hupfumi, hunogutsa zvikuru—ndiko kuti, pakupedzisira, nharidzano yorudzidziso. Kuda upenyu pamwero upi noupi uye uri wose webudiriro isimba rorudzidziso.” (Zvakasiyana-siyana zveChitendero, p. 392)

Mamwe maonero; chokwadi chimwe

Mundima dzapfuura, ndakakwevera ngwariro pakudzokororwa kwedzidziso yekusavapo kwega-kuzviraramira munzvimbo dzakawanda. Semuenzaniso, fizikisi yemazuva ano iri kufamba zvine mutsindo kuenda kumhedziso dzakafanana. Albert Einstein akati: "Munhu chikamu chese, icho chatinodaidza kuti "chadenga", chikamu chakaganhurwa munguva nenzvimbo. Anonzwa pfungwa dzake nemanzwiro sechimwe chinhu chakaparadzana kubva kune chakasara, rudzi rwekuona kwekuona kwepfungwa dzake. Kuona zvisipo kwakafanana nejeri, rinotiganhurira kuzvisarudzo zvedu zvomunhu oga uye kushamwaridzana nevanhu vashomanana vari pedyo nesu. Basa redu rinofanira kuva rekuzvisunungura kubva mujeri iri nekuwedzera miganhu yetsitsi dzedu kuti tibatanidze zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose uye zvisikwa zvose mukunaka kwayo kwose. (Dossey, 1989, peji 149)

Mundima yeNLP, Connirae naTamara Andreas vakatsanangurawo izvi zvakajeka mubhuku ravo rinonzi Deep Transformation: “Kutonga kunosanganisira kusabatana kwemutongi neari kutongwa. Kana ndiri, mune imwe pfungwa yakadzama, yemweya, ndiri chikamu chimwe chete chechimwe chinhu, saka hazvina maturo kuchitonga. Kana ndichinzwa munhu wese, chiitiko chakatambanuka kupfuura zvandaifunga nezvangu - ipapo ndinoratidza nezviito zvangu ruzivo rwakakura. Kusvika kumwero wakati ndinotera kuzviri mukati mangu, kune chiri chinhu chiri chose, kune icho, mupfungwa yakazara zvikuru yeshoko, ndiri ini. (p. 227)

Mudzidzisi wezvemweya Jiddu Krishnamurti akati: “Tinodhirowa denderedzwa rakatikomberedza: denderedzwa rakanditenderedza uye denderedzwa rakakutenderedza… t like, zvino, zvandisingadi, kuvenga, zvandine godo nazvo, zvandinogodora, zvandinodemba, kutya kweizvi uye kutya izvo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita denderedzwa, madziro kumashure kwandinogara ... Uye zvino ndinogona kushandura fomula, inova "Ini" nendangariro dzangu dzese, iyo iri pakati penzvimbo inovakwa madziro - ichi "ini", ichi Kuparadzana kuva magumo nebasa rayo rokuzvifunga? Kuguma kwete semugumisiro wezviito zvakatevedzana, asi mushure meimwe chete, asi yekupedzisira? ( The Flight of the Eagle, p. 94) Uye maererano nerondedzero idzi, maonero aWilliam James aiva ouprofita.

Chipo chaWilliam James NLP

Chero bazi idzva rinobudirira rezivo rakafanana nemuti une matavi anokura kumativi ose. Apo rimwe bazi rinosvika panogumira kukura kwaro (somuenzaniso, kana paine mudhuri munzira yaro), muti wacho unogona kuchinjisa zvinhu zvinodiwa pakukura kumapazi akakura uye kuwana zvingangoitika zvisati zvaonekwa mumapazi ekare. Zvadaro, kana rusvingo rwaputsika, muti unogona kuvhurazve bazi rakanga rakaganhurirwa mukufamba kwaro uye kupfuurira kukura kwaro. Zvino, makore zana gare gare, tinogona kutarira shure kuna William James ndokuwana yakawanda yemikana yakafanana inovimbisa.

MuNLP, takatoongorora akawanda angangoshandiswa ekutungamira anomiririra masisitimu, submodalities, anchoring, uye hypnosis. James akawana hunyanzvi hweIntrospection kuwana nekuyedza mapatani aya. Zvinosanganisira kutarisa mifananidzo yemukati uye kunyatsofunga nezve izvo munhu anoona ipapo kuti awane zvinoshanda chaizvo. Uye zvichida chinoshamisa pane zvose zvaakawana ndechokuti hatisi chaizvo zvatinofunga kuti tiri. Achishandisa nzira imwe chete yekuongorora, Krishnamurti anoti, "Mune mumwe nomumwe wedu mune nyika yose, uye kana iwe uchiziva kutarisa nekudzidza, pane mukova, uye muruoko rwako pane kiyi. Hapana munhu paPasi anogona kukupa gonhi iri kana kiyi iyi kuti uvhure, kunze kwako iwe pachako. (“Ndimi Nyika,” p. 158)

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