Mukati
Maererano nekutsvakurudza, kusarura kwevanhu kwakashanduka sechikamu chemaitiro ekudzivirira. Xenophobia yakavakirwa panzira dzakafanana dzinodzivirira muviri kuti usasangana nezvirwere zvine njodzi. Kuberekwa ndiko kunokonzera here kana kuti tinogona kuchinja zvatinotenda tichiziva?
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Dan Gottlieb anoziva nezvehutsinye hwevanhu kubva pane zvakaitika kwaari. “Vanhu vari kutsauka,” anodaro. "Havanditarisi mumaziso, vanokurumidza kutungamirira vana vavo." Gottlieb akapona nenzira inoshamisa mushure metsaona yakaipisisa yemotokari, iyo yakamuita hasha: hafu yake yose yezasi yemuviri wake yakanga yaoma mitezo. Vanhu havafariri kuvapo kwake. Zvinoratidza kuti munhu ari pawiricheya anoita kuti vamwe vasanzwe zvakanaka zvokuti havatombogoni kutaura naye. “Pane imwe nguva ndakanga ndiri muresitorendi nemwanasikana wangu, uye weta akamubvunza, uye kwete ini, kwandaizogara ndakasununguka! Ndakaudza mwanasikana wangu kuti, “Muudze kuti ndinoda kugara patafura iyo.”
Iye zvino maitiro aGottlieb kuzviitiko zvakadaro achinja zvakanyanya. Aiwanzoshatirwa uye akanzwa kutukwa, kunyadziswa uye kusafanira kuremekedzwa. Nekufamba kwenguva, akasvika pakugumisa kuti chikonzero chekusemesa kwevanhu chinofanira kutsvakwa mukufunganya kwavo uye kusagadzikana. “Pakaipa, ndinongonzwawo tsitsi navo,” anodaro.
Vazhinji vedu hatidi kutonga vamwe nezvitarisiko zvavo. Asi, kutaura chokwadi, isu tose dzimwe nguva tinombonzwa kusagadzikana kana kusemburwa nekuona mukadzi akafuta anogara pachigaro chinotevera munzira yepasi pevhu.
Isu tinoona nekusaziva chero zviratidzo zvisina kujairika se "zvine njodzi"
Maererano neongororo dzichangobva kuitwa, rusaruro rwakadaro rwakatanga seimwe yemhando dzemaitiro ekudzivirira anobatsira munhu kuzvidzivirira pazvirwere zvinogona kuitika. Mark Scheller, purofesa wepfungwa paYunivhesiti yeBritish Columbia, anodana nzira iyi "rusaruro rwekudzivirira." Patinoona chiratidzo chingangove chokurwara mune mumwe munhu—mhuno inoyerera kana kuti chironda cheganda chisina kujairika—tinowanzodzivisa munhu iyeye.”
Chinhu chimwe chetecho chinoitika patinoona vanhu vakasiyana nesu muchitarisiko - maitiro asina kujairika, zvipfeko, chimiro chemuviri uye basa. Rudzi rwekudzivirira kwemaitiro edu rinokonzereswa - zano risingazive, iro chinangwa chayo hachisi kutyora kune imwe, asi kuchengetedza hutano hwedu.
"Defensive Bias" mukuita
Sekureva kwaScheller, maitiro ekudzivirira immune system anonzwa zvakanyanya. Inobhadhara kushayikwa kwemuviri kwemaitiro ekuziva hutachiona nemavhairasi. Kusangana nechero zviratidzo zvisina kujairika, isu tinozviona se "zvine njodzi". Ndosaka tichisemeswa uye tichinzvenga chero munhu upi zvake anoita seasina kujairika.
Iyo imwe nzira inotungamira maitiro edu kwete chete kune "asinganzwisisike", asiwo kune "nyowani". Saka, Scheller anoonawo "rusaruro rwekudzivirira" sechikonzero chekusavimba nevatorwa. Kubva pamurangariro wokuzvichengeta, tinofanira kungwarira avo vanozvibata kana kuti vanoratidzika kuva vasina kujairika, vokunze, vane mufambiro uchiri usingafanozivikanwi nokuda kwedu.
Rusaruro runowedzera munguva apo munhu anenge ari panjodzi yezvirwere
Zvinofadza kuti nzira dzakafanana dzakaonekwa pakati pevamiririri venyika yemhuka. Saka, nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu dzakagara dzichiziva kuti zvimpanzi zvinowanzodzivisa nhengo dzinorwara dzemapoka adzo. Iyo Jane Goodall documentary inoratidza chiitiko ichi. Apo chimpanzi, mutungamiriri weboka racho, paakabatwa neporiyo uye asara aremara zvishoma, vamwe vanhu vose vakatanga kumunzvenga.
Zvinoitika kuti kusashivirira uye rusarura ndiwo rutivi rwakadzokera shure rwechishuvo chokuzvichengeta. Hazvina mhosva kuti tinoedza sei kuvanza kushamisika, kusemeswa, kunyadziswa patinosangana nevanhu vakasiyana nesu, manzwiro aya asingazivi aripo mukati medu. Vanokwanisa kuunganidza uye kutungamirira nharaunda dzese mukuvenga vatorwa nemhirizhonga kune vekunze.
Kushivirira chiratidzo chekudzivirirwa kwakanaka here?
Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi, kushushikana nezve mukana wekurwara zvinoenderana nexenophobia. Vatori vechikamu mukuedza vakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri. Yekutanga yakaratidzwa mifananidzo yemaronda akazaruka uye vanhu vane hosha dzakakomba. Boka rechipiri harina kuratidzwa. Kupfuurirazve, vatori vechikamu vanga vachangobva kuona mifananidzo isingafadzi vaive vakanyanya kutariswa kune vamiriri veimwe nyika.
Masayendisiti akawana kuti rusaruro runowedzera munguva apo munhu anenge ari panjodzi yekutapukirwa. Semuenzaniso, chidzidzo chakatungamirwa naCarlos Navarrete paMichigan State University chakawana kuti vakadzi vanowanzove neruvengo muchikamu chekutanga chekuzvitakura. Munguva iyi, immune system inodzvanywa sezvo inogona kurwisa fetus. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvakawanwa kuti vanhu vanova vanoshivirira zvikuru kana vakanzwa vadzivirirwa pahosha.
Mark Scheller akaita imwe chidzidzo pamusoro penyaya iyi. Vatori vechikamu vakaratidzwa mhando mbiri dzemifananidzo. Vamwe vairatidzira zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvinotapukira, vamwe vairatidzira zvombo nemotokari dzine zvombo. Pamberi uye mushure mekuratidzwa kwemifananidzo, vatori vechikamu vakapa ropa kuti riongororwe. Vatsvagiri vakaona kuwedzera kwekuita kwe immune system muvatori vechikamu vakaratidzwa mifananidzo yezviratidzo zvechirwere. Chiratidzo chimwe chetecho hachina kuchinja kune avo vaifunga nezvombo.
Nzira yekudzikisa sei nhanho yexenophobia mukati mako uye munharaunda?
Zvimwe zvekusarura kwedu zvamazvirokwazvo mhedzisiro yeinnate maitiro immune system. Zvisinei, kuomerera noupofu kune imwe pfungwa uye kusashivirira hakusi kwomuzvarirwo. Ndeupi ruvara rweganda rakashata uye chii chakanaka, tinodzidza mukuita dzidzo. Zviri musimba redu kudzora maitiro uye kuisa ruzivo rwuripo kukufungisisa kwakanyanya.
Ongororo dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti rusaruro chinhu chinochinjika mukufunga kwedu. Zvamazvirokwazvo takasikwa tiine tsika yomuzvarirwo yokusarura. Asi kuziva uye kubvuma chokwadi ichi inhanho yakakosha yekushivirira uye kuremekedzana.
Kudzivirirwa kwezvirwere zvinotapukira, jekiseni, kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekuchenesa mvura kunogona kuve chikamu chezviyero zvehurumende kurwisa mhirizhonga uye hutsinye. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kuchinja mafungiro edu haisi basa renyika chete, asiwo ibasa remunhu wese.
Kupfurikidza nokuziva miitiro yedu yomuzvarirwo, tinogona kuadzora zviri nyore zvikuru. “Tine muitiro wokusarura nokutonga, asi tinokwanisa kuwana dzimwe nzira dzokubata nadzo chokwadi chakasiyana chakadaro chakatipoteredza,” anoyeuka kudaro Dan Gottlieb. Paanonzwa kuti vamwe havafariri urema hwake, iye anotanga kuita chimwe chinhu ovaudza kuti: “Munogonawo kutaura neni.” Uyu mutsara unobvisa kunetsana uye vanhu vakavakomberedza vanotanga kudyidzana naGottlieb zvechisikigo, vachinzwa kuti ndiye mumwe wavo.