10 zvitsuwa zvikuru zvepasi redu

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Zvitsuwa zvakasiyana. Kune zvitsuwa zvenzizi nemadziva, izvo zvinongova chidimbu chidiki chepasi, kune makomo akafukidzwa negungwa nematombo emakorari anokwira pamusoro pemvura. Uye kune izvo zvinosiyana zvishoma kubva kumakondinendi - nekwavo, yakakosha mamiriro ekunze, maruva nemhuka, vagari vekusingaperi. Zvitsuwa zvikurusa zveizvi zvichakurukurwa pano.

Zvitsuwa zvikuru zvepasi redu

Nzvimbo yekutanga: Greenland (1 km²)

Zero: 5.0

Chitsuwa chikuru pasi rose maererano nenzvimbo - Greenland - iri pedyo neNorth America, kudivi rayo rekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Panguva imwecheteyo, mune zvematongerwo enyika zvinonzi kuEurope - izvi ndizvo zvinhu zveDenmark. Nharaunda yechitsuwa inogarwa nevanhu zviuru makumi mashanu nezvisere.

Mahombekombe eGreenland anogezwa nemakungwa eAtlantic neArctic kubva kumativi akasiyana. Inopfuura 80% yenzvimbo yakafukidzwa nechando chechando chinosvika kureba kwemamita 3300 kubva kuchamhembe uye 2730 metres kubva kumaodzanyemba. Mvura yechando yave ichiungana pano kwemakore 150. Nekudaro, ino haisi nguva yakareba kudaro yechando cheiyo ukobvu. Inorema zvekuti pasi pehuremu hwayo goko repasi rinorembera - mune dzimwe nzvimbo madonhwe anosvika 360 metres pasi pegungwa anoumbwa.

Nzvimbo yekumabvazuva kwechitsuwa ishoma pane zvese zviri pasi pekumanikidzwa kweaizi. Heano nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeGreenland - makomo Gunbjorn uye Trout, ane hurefu hwe3700 uye 3360 metres, zvichiteerana. Uyewo, rudungwe rwemakomo runoumba rutivi rwose rwepakati pechitsuwa chacho, asi imomo rwakavharwa nechando.

Mutsetse wemahombekombe wakatetepa - wakatetepa kupfuura 250 metres. Yese inochekwa nemafjords - ichipinda mukati menyika, yakamanikana uye inomonereka. Mhenderekedzo dzemafjords dzakaumbwa nemawere anosvika kiromita kureba uye akafukidzwa nezvinomera. Panguva imwecheteyo, kazhinji, maruva eGreenland anoshaikwa - chikamu chekumaodzanyemba chegungwa chete, chisina kuvharwa nechando, chinoputika negomo ash, alder, juniper, dwarf birch uye herbs. Saizvozvo, zvipfuyo zvakare zvakashata - musk nzombe uye reindeer dzinodya zvinomera, ivo, ivowo, vanoshanda sechikafu chepolar mhumhi, arctic makava uye mabheya ekuchamhembe anogarawo pachitsuwa.

Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweGreenland inotanga muna 983, apo maVikings akasvika pairi ndokutanga kumisa misha yavo. Ipapo ndipo pakasimuka zita rekuti Grønland, zvichireva kuti "nyika yakasvibira" - vasvika vakafadzwa negirinhi pamahombekombe efjords. Muna 1262, apo vanhu vakatendeukira kuchiKristu, ndima yacho yakagoverwa kuNorway. Muna 1721, Denmark yakatanga kudzorwa kweGreenland, uye muna 1914 yakapfuura mumaoko eDenmark sekoloni, uye muna 1953 yakava chikamu chayo. Iye zvino inzvimbo yakasununguka yeHumambo hweDenmark.

Nzvimbo yechipiri: New Guinea (2 km²)

Zero: 4.9

New Guinea iri kumadokero kwePacific Ocean, kuchamhembe kweAustralia, iyo yakaparadzaniswa neTorres Strait. Chitsuwa ichi chakakamurwa neIndonesia, iyo ine chikamu chekumadokero, uye Papua New Guinea, iyo inotora chikamu chekumabvazuva. Huwandu hwevanhu vechitsuwa ichi vanhu 7,5 miriyoni.

Chitsuwa ichi chinonyanya kufukidzwa nemakomo - Makomo eBismarck ari nechepakati, Owen Stanley akananga kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro iMount Wilhelm, iro rakareba mamita 4509 pamusoro pegungwa. New Guinea ine makomo anoputika uye kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakajairika.

Miti nemhuka dzeNew Guinea dzakafanana nedzemuAustralia - yaimbova chikamu chenyika iyi. Zvizhinji zvakachengetedzwa zvinomera zvakasikwa - tropical rainforests. Kune akawanda endemic - akachengetedzwa chete munharaunda yaro - zvinomera nemhuka: pakati pe11000 yemiti yemhando inogona kuwanikwa pano, pane 2,5 zviuru chete akasiyana orchids. Kune sago palm, kokonati, shangu, miti yemichero yechingwa, nzimbe pachitsuwa, araucaria inotungamira pakati pemaconifers.

Mhuka idzi hadzina kunyatsoongororwa, mhando itsva dzichiri kuwanikwa. Kune rudzi rwakasiyana rwekangaroo - kangaroo yeGoodfellow, inosiyana neyeAustralia mumakumbo mapfupi eshure asingatenderi kusvetukira kure. Nokudaro, kazhinji, mhuka iyi haifambi pasi, asi pakati pekorona yemiti - mhuka inogara mumasango akakwirira anopisa.

Vanhu vokuEurope vasati vawana chitsuwa ichi pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi1960, nyika dzekare dzeIndonesia dzakanga dziri muno. Kuumbwa kweNew Guinea kwakatanga muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX - Russia, Germany, Great Britain neNetherlands dzakabata dunhu. Varidzi vehurumende vakachinja kakawanda, mushure mekupera kwenguva yekoloni mumaXNUMXs, Netherlands neAustralia - varidzi vekupedzisira vechitsuwa - vakasarudza kugadzira nyika imwe yakazvimirira pano. Zvisinei, Indonesia yakaunza mauto uye yakatora chikamu chekumadokero, ichiputsa zvirongwa zvavo, uye naizvozvo ikozvino kune nyika mbiri pano.

Nzvimbo yechitatu: Kalimantan (3 km²)

Zero: 4.8

Kalimantan chitsuwa chiri kuSoutheast Asia, pakati peMalay Archipelago. Mutsetse we equator unopfuura nepakati payo. Chitsuwa ichi chakakamurwa nenyika nhatu - Indonesia, Malaysia neBrunei, vaMalay vanochidaidza kuti Borneo. 21 mamiriyoni evanhu vanogara pano.

Mamiriro ekunze muKalimantan ari equatorial. Rusununguko rwacho rwakanyanya sandara, ndima yacho inonyanya kuvharwa nemasango ekare. Makomo ari nechepakati - pakakwirira kusvika 750 mamita akafukidzwawo nemasango anopisa, pamusoro pawo anotsiviwa neakavhenganiswa, nemioki nemiti yekoniferous, pamusoro pemakiromita maviri - nemafuro nemakwenzi. Mhuka dzisingawanzowanikwi dzakadai sebheya reMalaya, orangutan yeKalimantan, uye tsoko dzinogara mumasango. Pakati pemiti, Rafflesia Arnold inonakidza - maruva ayo makuru munyika yemiti, anosvika mita muhupamhi uye anorema 12 kg.

Vanhu vekuEurope vakadzidza nezvekuvapo kwechitsuwa muna 1521, apo Magellan akasvika pano nerwendo rwake. Kwakamira zvikepe zveMagellan kwaive Sultanate yeBrunei - kubva ipapo zita reChirungu Kalimantan, Borneo, rakabva. Iye zvino Brunei ine 1% chete yenzvimbo, 26% inogarwa neMalaysia, imwe yese iIndonesia. Vanhu vemuKalimantan vanogara pedyo nenzizi, padzimba dzinenge dzakayangarara, uye vanorarama nemari shoma.

Masango, ayo ane makore 140 miriyoni ekare, akaramba akasimba. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zvino zvava kumuka zvine chokuita nebasa reindasitiri yematanda muIndonesia neMalaysia, kukohwa miti yokutengesa kunze kwenyika, uye kuchenesa ivhu nokuda kwokurima. Kuparadzwa kwemasango kunokonzera kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwemhuka dzisingawanzoitiki - somuenzaniso, Kalimantan orangutan inogona kupera munguva pfupi iri kutevera kana pasina matanho anotorwa kuchengetedza mhuka iyi.

Nzvimbo yechina: Madagascar (4 km²)

Zero: 4.7

Madagascar - chitsuwa chinozivikanwa nevakawanda kubva mumifananidzo yezita rimwe chete - iri kumabvazuva kwekumaodzanyemba kweAfrica. Nyika yeMadagascar iri pairi - ndiyo chete nyika pasi rose inogara chitsuwa chimwe chete. Huwandu hwevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri.

Madagascar inogezwa nemvura yeIndian Ocean, yakaparadzaniswa neAfrica neMozambique Channel. Mamiriro ekunze ari pachitsuwa anopisa, tembiricha iri 20-30 °. Mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana - kune makomo, makomo akaparara, mapani uye mapani. Nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro igomo rinoputika reMarumukutru, 2876 metres. Nharaunda yacho yakafukidzwa nemasango anonaya mvura, savannas, semi-renje, mangroves, machakwi, macoral reef ari pamhenderekedzo.

Chitsuwa ichi chakaparadzana kubva kuIndia makore 88 miriyoni apfuura. Kubva ipapo, maruva nemhuka dzeMadagascar dzakagadzira zvakazvimirira, uye 80% yemarudzi aripo iye zvino akasiyana nenharaunda yayo. Chete pano panogara lemurs - iyo endemic mhuri yemaprimates. Pakati pemiti, inonyanya kufadza ndeye Ravenala - muti une mashizha makuru-akaita semabhanana anotambanudza kubva pahunde. Mashizha akachekwa anounganidza mvura, iyo mufambi anogona kunwa nguva dzose.

Madagascar inyika ichiri kusimukira. Tourism ndiyo sosi yekukura kwehupfumi - vafambi vanokwezvwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, makorari ematombo, mabhishi uye mamiriro ekunze anodziya, makomo anoputika. Chitsuwa ichi chinogona kunzi "kondinendi mudiki" - munzvimbo ine diki kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, nzvimbo dzechisikigo uye ecosystem, mafomu ehupenyu. Nekudaro, mahotera emhando yepamusoro muMadagascar haawanikwe. Vakasimba, vasingapisa kupisa, vanhu vanobvunza vanouya pano, vasingatsvage kunyaradzwa, asi zviitiko zvitsva.

Nzvimbo yechishanu: Baffin Island (5 km²)

Zero: 4.6

Baffin Island chitsuwa chekuNorth America chiri cheCanada. Nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze akaomarara - 60% yechitsuwa chiri mukati meArctic Circle - vanhu gumi nemumwe chete vanogara pachiri. 11 vavo ndiInuit, vamiririri veimwe yemarudzi eEskimos vaigara pano vasati vasvika veEurope, uye chete 9000 zviuru vasiri vagari vemo. Greenland inowanikwa 2 km kumabvazuva.

Mahombekombe eBaffin Island, seaya eGreenland, akaiswa mukati nemafjords. Mamiriro ekunze pano akanyanya kuoma, nekuda kwezvinomera - chete tundra shrubs, lichens uye mosses. Nyika yemhuka hainawo kupfuma pano - kune marudzi gumi nemaviri chete emhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinofanana nepolar latitudes yekuchamhembe kwehemisphere: polar bear, reindeer, arctic fox, polar hare, maviri marudzi emakava eArctic. Pakati pezvinomera, Baffin wolf ndiyo idiki pane mhumhi dzepolar, izvo, zvisinei, zvinotaridzika zvakakura nekuda kwejasi refu uye gobvu jena.

MaEskimos akasvika panyika iyi makore 4000 apfuura. MaViking akauyawo pano, asi mamiriro ekunze akazovaomera, uye havana kuwana nzvimbo pachitsuwa. Muna 1616, nyika yakawanikwa nemutyairi weChirungu William Buffin, ane zita rayakawana zita rayo. Kunyangwe Baffin Land ikozvino iri yeCanada, veEurope kusvika parizvino vakaibata zvisina kunaka. Vanhu verudzi urwu vanorarama mararamiro avanga vachiita kubva pavakasvika kuno – vari kuita basa rekuredza nekuvhima. Nzvimbo dzese dzekugara dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, nzendo dzesainzi chete dzinoenda zvakadzika.

Nzvimbo yechitanhatu: Sumatra (6 km²)

Zero: 4.5

Sumatra chitsuwa chiri muMalay Archipelago, iri kumadokero kwayo. NdeyeGreater Sunda Islands. Ndeyako yese yeIndonesia. Sumatra inogarwa nevanhu 50,6 miriyoni.

Chitsuwa chiri paequator, zero latitude inochipatsanura nepakati. Nokuti mamiriro ekunze pano ari kupisa uye ane hunyoro - tembiricha inochengetwa pamwero we25-27 °, inonaya zuva rega rega. Nharaunda yeSumatra kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero yakafukidzwa nemakomo, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kune nzvimbo dzakadzika. Kune kuputika kwemakomo uye kwakasimba (7-8 points) kudengenyeka kwenyika pano.

Zvisikwa muSumatra zvinowanzoitika kune equatorial latitudes - inenge 30% yenharaunda yakafukidzwa nemasango anopisa. Pamapani nemakomo akadzikira, nzanga dzemiti dzinoumbwa nemichindwe, ficuses, bamboo, liana uye miti ferns; pamusoro pekilomita imwe nehafu vanotsiviwa nemasango akasanganiswa. Mhuka dziri pano dzakapfuma mukuumbwa - tsoko, katsi hombe, zvipembere, nzou yeIndia, shiri dzine mavara uye vamwe vagari vemuequator. Kune magumo akadai seSumatran orangutan uye ingwe. Nzvimbo inogara mhuka idzi iri kuderera nekuda kwekutemwa kwemasango, uye nayo, nhamba iri kudererawo. Ingwe, dzatorerwa nzvimbo dzadzo dzekugara, dzinotanga kurwisa vanhu.

Nyika dziri paSumatra dzavepo kubva angangoita zana ramakore rechiXNUMX - kudzamara chitsuwa ichi chakatorwa neNetherlands muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, akati wandei akatsiviwa. Mushure mekupera kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, nekuuya kweIndonesia yakasununguka, nharaunda yakatanga kuva yake.

Nzvimbo yechinomwe: Great Britain (7 km²)

Zero: 4.4

Chitsuwa cheGreat Britain ndicho chikuru chezvitsuwa zveUnited Kingdom, chinoita 95% yenharaunda yenyika. Heino London, yakawanda yeEngland, Scotland neWales, inogara muhuwandu hwe60,8 mamiriyoni evanhu.

Mamiriro ekunze pachitsuwa ndeemugungwa - kune kunaya kwakawanda, uye kushanduka kwekushisa kwemwaka kudiki. Iyo UK inozivikanwa nekunaya kwayo isingapere, gore rose, uye vagari havawanzoona zuva. Nzizi dzakawanda dzinoyerera dzichipfuura nepakati pechitsuwa (chinonyanya kufarirwa iThames), kuunganidzwa kwemvura kunoita madziva, kusanganisira inozivikanwa yeScottish Loch Ness. Nzvimbo dzakaderera dzinokunda kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba, kuchamhembe uye kumadokero kusunungurwa kunova zvikomo, makomo anooneka.

Miti nemhuka dzeGreat Britain hadzina kupfuma nekuda kwekugurwa kubva kumahombekombe uye nekukwira kwemaguta. Masango anongovhara chikamu chidiki chete chenzvimbo - kazhinji mapani anogarwa nevhu rinorimika uye mafuro. Mumakomo mune mapeat bogs akawanda uye moorlands umo makwai anofura. Mapaki akawanda enyika akagadzirwa kuchengetedza zvisaririra zvezvisikwa.

Vanhu vanga vari pachitsuwa kubva panguva dzekare, mavambo ekutanga evanhu angangoita 800 zviuru zvemakore - yaive imwe yemhando dzekare dzeHomo sapiens. Homo sapiens yakatsika pasi pano makore angangoita zviuru makumi matatu apfuura, apo chitsuwa ichi chakanga chichiri chakabatana nenyika - makore 30 chete apfuura kubva pakutsakatika kwesumbu iri. Gare gare, nharaunda yeGreat Britain yaive chikamu chikuru chakatorwa neHumambo hweRoma.

Mushure mekudonha kweRoma, chitsuwa chakagarwa nemadzinza eGerman. Muna 1066, maNorman akakunda England, uku Scotland yakaramba yakazvimiririra, Wales yakatorwa ikatorwa kuEngland gare gare, nezana ramakore re1707. Muna XNUMX, pakupedzisira, nyika nyowani yakazvimiririra yakasimuka, ichitora chitsuwa chose ichitora zita racho kubva pachiri - Great Britain.

Nzvimbo yechisere: Honshu (8 km²)

Zero: 4.3

Honshu ndicho chitsuwa chikuru cheJapan archipelago, inoverengera makumi matanhatu muzana enzvimbo yenyika. Heino Tokyo nemamwe maguta makuru eJapan - Kyoto, Hiroshima, Osaka, Yokohama. Huwandu hwevanhu vechitsuwa ichi i60 miriyoni.

Nharaunda yeHonshu yakafukidzwa nemakomo, ndipo pano apo chiratidzo cheJapan - Fuji, 3776 metres kureba, chiripo. Kune makomo anoputika, kusanganisira anoshanda, kune kudengenyeka kwenyika. Kazhinji, nekuda kwekuita kwekudengenyeka, mhomho yevanhu inomanikidzwa kusiya misha yavo. Japan ine imwe yeakanyanya kusimukira masisitimu munyika.

Mamiriro ekunze muJapan ane mwero, nemwaka wekunaya kwemvura muchirimo nematsutso. Chando chinotonhora zvine mwero, tembiricha dzakafanana nedzemuMoscow. Zhizha rinopisa uye rine mwando, nechamupupuri chinowanzoitika mumwaka uno. Nyika yakafukidzwa nezvinomera zvakapfuma uye zvakasiyana-siyana - kumaodzanyemba inogara yakasvibira oak-chestnut masango, kuchamhembe - masango ane deciduous ane predominance yebeech uye maple. Shiri dzinotama kubva kuSiberia neChina munguva yechando muHonshu, mhumhi, makava, hares, squirrels, nondo dzinorarama.

Zvizvarwa zvechitsuwa ichi maJapan neAinu. Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechiXNUMX, iyo Ainu yakanga yadzingwa zvachose kubva pano kuenda kuchitsuwa chekuchamhembe cheHokkaido.

9th nzvimbo: Victoria (217 km²)

Zero: 4.2

Victoria chitsuwa chiri muCanadian Arctic Archipelago, yechipiri pakukura mushure meBaffin Island. Nharaunda yaro yakakura kupfuura nharaunda yeBelarus, asi huwandu hwevanhu hwakanyanya hudiki - vanongopfuura 2000 vanhu.

Chimiro cheVictoria chakaoma, chine mabheji akawanda uye peninsulas. Nzvimbo yemahombekombe yakapfuma muhove, zvisimbiso uye walruses zvinowanzoshanya pano, mawhale uye mhondi whale dzinouya muzhizha. Mamiriro ekunze ari pano anodziya zvikuru uye akapfava kupfuura paBaffin Island, yakafanana neMediterranean. Zvirimwa zvinotanga maruva munaFebruary - panguva ino vashanyi vanowanzouya pano. Miti yechitsuwa ichi inosanganisira akawanda ekunze marudzi, matura uye mapaki emunyika akagadzirwa kuti azvichengetedze.

Nzvimbo huru yekugara muVictoria iCambridge Bay. Musha uyu uri kumaodzanyemba kwechitsuwa chacho, unogara vanhu chiuru nechidimbu. Vagari vemo vanorarama nekubata hove nekuvhima zvidhindo, uye vanotaura Eskimo neChirungu. Vanochera matongo dzimwe nguva vanoshanyira musha wacho.

Nzvimbo yechigumi: Ellesmere (10 km²)

Zero: 4.1

Ellesmere ndicho chitsuwa chekuchamhembe kweCanada archipelago, iri pamusoro peArctic Circle, padyo neGreenland. Nharaunda inenge isingagarwi - kune imwe chete nehafu yevagari vekusingaperi.

Mhenderekedzo yegungwa yeEllesmere inodzikwa nemafjords. Chitsuwa ichi chakafukidzwa nechando, matombo uye minda yechando. Polar masikati neusiku pano inogara kwemwedzi mishanu. Muchando, tembiricha inodonha kusvika -50 °, muzhizha kazhinji haipfuuri 7 °, inongogara ichikwira kusvika 21 °. Ivhu rinonyungudusa masendimita mashoma, nekuti hapana miti pano, chete lichens, mosses, pamwe nemapoppies uye mamwe herbaceous zvinomera zvinokura. Kunze kwenzvimbo iri pedyo neLake Hazen, panokura mirwi, sedge, heather uye saxifrage.

Pasinei nourombo hwezvinomera, mhuka dzacho hadzina urombo zvakadaro. Shiri dzinogara paEllesmere - arctic terns, mazizi echando, tundra partridges. Pakati pemhuka dzinoyamwisa, polar hares, musk oxen, mhumhi dzinowanikwa pano - nzvimbo dzenharaunda dzinonzi Melville Island wolf, idiki uye ine jasi rakareruka.

Pane misha mitatu chete pachitsuwa ichi - Alert, Eureka uye Gris Fjord. Alert ndiyo yekuchamhembe kwekugara zvachose munyika, vagari vashanu chete vemo vanogara mairi, mauto uye meteorologists anogara mairi. Eureka chiteshi chesainzi uye Gris Fjord musha weInuit une vagari zana nemakumi matatu.

Attention! Ichi chinyorwa chinoenderana, hachisi chiziviso uye hachishande segwara rekutenga. Usati watenga, unoda kubvunza nyanzvi.