10 madzimambo ekare ane mukurumbira

Hazvina mhosva kuti munhu anoti kudii, nhoroondo ichiri kuitwa nevanhu vakuru. Uye kwenguva yakareba yekuvapo kwevanhu (pamwe nekutama kwayo kwese kwevanhu, hondo dzenzvimbo nemasimba, kupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kumukira, nezvimwewo), nyika imwe neimwe yazvino yave ichiziva vanhu vazhinji vakatanhamara.

Chokwadika, munguva yedu, vanhu vano“ita kuti nyika ive nzvimbo iri nani” vanoremekedzwa zvikuru: masayendisiti akasiyana-siyana ounyanzvi hwo“rugare,” vezvemhoteredzo, varwiri vekodzero dzevanhu, vanorwira kodzero dzemhuka, vanoita zvorudo, vezvematongerwe enyika vanoita zvorugare, zvichingodaro.

Asi kamwe chete vanhu vairemekedzwa zvikuru vaionekwa varwi vakuru - madzimambo, vatungamiri, madzimambo, madzimambo - vanokwanisa kwete chete kudzivirira vanhu vavo, asiwo kuwana nyika itsva uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinhu zvinobatsira kwavari muhondo.

Mazita emadzimambo ane mukurumbira eMiddle Ages nekufamba kwenguva akave "akazara" nengano zvekuti mazuvano vanyori venhoroondo vanofanirwa kuita nhamburiko huru kuparadzanisa munhu wengano kubva kumunhu aivepo chaizvo.

Heano mashoma eava mavara ane mukurumbira:

10 Ragnar Lodbrok | ? — 865

Ehe, vadikani vateveri veVikings akateedzana: Ragnar munhu chaiye. Kwete izvozvo chete, ndiye gamba renyika reScandinavia (kune kunyange zororo repamutemo pano - Zuva raRagnar Lothbrok, rinopembererwa munaKurume 28) uye chiratidzo chaicho cheushingi uye ushingi hwemadzitateguru eViking.

Pakati pemadzimambo edu "gumi" Ragnar Lothbrok ndiyo yakanyanya "ngano". Maiwe, mazhinji echokwadi nezvehupenyu hwake, mishandirapamwe uye kupambwa kweushingi zvinozivikanwa chete kubva kumasagas: mushure mezvose, Ragnar akararama muzana ramakore repfumbamwe, panguva iyo vagari veScandinavia vaive vasati vanyora zviito zvezvirongo zvavo nemadzimambo.

Ragnar Leatherpants (saka, maererano neimwe shanduro, zita rake remadunhurirwa rinoshandurwa) aiva mwanakomana wamambo weDanish Sigurd Ring. Akave murwi ane simba muna 845, akatanga kurwisa nyika dzakavakidzana kare (kubvira 835 kusvika 865).

Akaparadza Paris (kutenderera 845), uye akafira mugomba renyoka (muna 865), akabatwa naMambo Ella II paakaedza kutora Northumbria. Uye hongu, mwanakomana wake, Bjorn Ironside, akava mambo weSweden.

9. Matthias I Hunyadi (Mattyash Korvin) | 1443 - 1490

Pane ndangariro refu yaMatthias I Corvinus muhungarian folk art, samambo akarurama kwazvo, "yekupedzisira knight" wekare kuEurope, nezvimwe.

Akawana sei chimiro choushamwari chakadaro kwaari amene? Hongu, kutanga kwezvose, nechokwadi chokuti kwaiva pasi pake kuti Humambo hwakazvimirira hweHungary hwakapukunyuka kumuka kwayo kwekupedzisira (uye kwakasimba kwazvo) pashure pemakumi emakore emhirizhonga uye “kupopotedzana” kwemadzishe enzvimbo dzemasimba masimba.

Matthias Hunyadi haana kungodzoreredza nyika yepakati muHungary (kubvumira vanhu vasati vazvarwa, asi vakangwara uye vane tarenda kutonga zvimiro zvekutonga), akave nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwayo kubva kuOttoman Turks, akagadzira uto repamusoro remamercenary (apo musungwa wega wega wechina aive akapakatira zvombo. arquebus) , akatora dzimwe nzvimbo dzakavakidzana nezvinhu zvake, nezvimwe.

Mambo akavhenekerwa akatsigira nokudisa vanhu vesayenzi nounyanzvi, uye raibhurari yake yakakurumbira yakanga iri hurusa muEurope pashure peVatican. Hongu! Bhachi rayo remaoko rairatidza gunguo (corvinus kana korvin).

8. Robert Bruce | 1274 - 1329

Kunyange avo vedu vari kure kwazvo nenhoroondo yeGreat Britain vangangove vakanzwa zita raRobert the Bruce - gamba renyika yeScotland namambo waro kubvira 1306. Chinhu chokutanga chinouya mupfungwa firimu raMel Gibson "Braveheart" ( 1995) naye mubasa raWilliam Wallace - mutungamiri weScots muhondo yekusununguka kubva kuEngland.

Sezvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa nyore nyore kunyange kubva mufirimu iyi (umo, chokwadika, chokwadi chezvakaitika kare chakanga chisingaremekedzwi zvakanyanya), Robert the Bruce akanga ari munhu asinganzwisisiki. Nekudaro, sevamwe vanhu vazhinji venhoroondo venguva iyoyo… Akatengesa vese maBritish kakawanda (zvichida kupika kuvimbika kuna mambo weChirungu anotevera, ndokuzobatanazve nekumumukira), nevaScots (zvakanaka, ingofunga, idiki diki kutora. ndokuuraya mukwikwidzi wake wezvematongerwo enyika John Comyn muchechi chaimo, asi mushure maizvozvo Bruce akazova mutungamiriri webato rinopikisa Chirungu, uyezve mambo weScotland).

Uye zvakadaro, mushure mekukunda paHondo yeBannockburn, iyo yakachengetedza rusununguko rweScotland kwenguva refu, Robert the Bruce, pasina mubvunzo, akava gamba rayo.

7. Bohemond of Tarentum | 1054 - 1111

Nguva dzemakrusedhi dzichiri kunzwika mungano dzeEurope nemazita evarwi vakashinga zvikuru vecrusader. Uye mumwe wavo ndiNorman Bohemond weTaranto, muchinda wekutanga weAntiokia, mutungamiriri akanakisa weFirst Crusade.

Muchokwadi, Bohemond yaitongwa neimwe nzira nekutenda kwechiKristu kwakazvipira uye nehanya kune vaainamata navo vane nhamo vaidzvinyirirwa nemaSaracens - aingove munyanyi chaiye, uye ane shungu kwazvo.

Aikwezvwa zvakanyanya nesimba, mukurumbira uye purofiti. Chinhu chiduku muItaly hachina kugutsa zvishuvo zvemurwi ane ushingi uye nyanzvi yematarenda, uye saka akasarudza kukunda nharaunda yeEast kuti atange nyika yake.

Uye saka Bohemond weTarentum, apinda muhondo, akakunda Antiokia kubva kumaMuslim, akatanga Hutungamiriri hweAntiokia pano uye akava mutongi wayo (akafa akapokana pamusoro peizvi nemumwe mukuru weuto recrusader, Raymond weToulouse, aitiwo Antiokia). Maiwe, pakupedzisira, Bohemond akatadza kuchengeta kutora kwake ...

6. Saladin (Salah ad-Din) | 1138 - 1193

Rimwe gamba rehondo dzeCrusade (asi ratova kudivi revadzivisi veSaracen) - Sultan weEgypt neSyria, mukuru mukuru wemauto echiMuslim aipikisa maCrusaders - akawana ruremekedzo rukuru kunyangwe pakati pevavengi vake vechiKristu nekuda kwepfungwa dzake dzakapinza, ushingi. uye rupo kumuvengi.

Muchokwadi, zita rake rizere rinonzwika seizvi: Al-Malik an-Nasir Salah ad-Duniya wa-d-Din Abul-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Ayyub. Chokwadi, hapana muEurope aizokwanisa kududza. Naizvozvo, mutsika yeEurope, muvengi anokudzwa anowanzo kunzi Saladin kana Salah ad-Din.

Munguva yeChitatu Crusade, aive Saladin uyo akapa "kusuwa" kukuru kune mauto echiKristu, achikunda zvachose uto ravo muna 1187 paHondo yeHattin (uye panguva imwecheteyo achibata vanenge vatungamiriri vese vevarwi - kubva kuna Grand Master. weTemplars Gerard de Ridefort kuna Mambo weJerusarema Guy de Lusignan), ndokuzotorazve kubva kwavari zhinji dzenyika uko varwi vehondo vakakwanisa kugara: inenge yese yePalestine, Acre uye kunyange Jerusarema. Nenzira, Richard the Lionheart akayemura Saladin uye akamuona seshamwari yake.

5. Harald I Fair-Haired | 850 - 933

Imwe ngano yekuchamhembe (zvakare tinoyeuka "Vikings" - shure kwezvose, mwanakomana, uye kwete munun'una waHalfdan the Black) ane mukurumbira nokuda kwekuti yaiva pasi pake kuti Norway yakava Norway.

Ave mambo aine makore gumi, Harald, aine makore makumi maviri nemaviri, akabatanidza zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakaparadzana zvezvirongo zvihombe nezvidiki uye hevdings pasi pekutonga kwake (kutevedzana kwekukunda kwake kwakaguma nehondo huru yeHafrsfjord muna 10). uye ipapo akaunza mitero yechigarire munyika uye akadzora muakakundwa zvirongo vakatiza nyika, vakagara paShetland neOrkney Islands uye kubva ipapo vakapamba nyika dzeHarald.

Kuva murume ane makore 80 (kune nguva iyoyo ichi chinyorwa chisina kumboitika!) Harald akatamisa simba kumwanakomana wake waaida Eirik the Bloody Ax - vana vake vane mbiri vakatonga nyika kusvikira muzana remakore re XIV.

Nenzira, zita remadunhurirwa rinonakidza rakadaro - Fair-Haired rakabva kupi? Maererano nengano, muhuduku hwake, Harald akakwezva musikana anonzi Gyuda. Asi akati aizomuroora kana azova mambo weNorway yose. Zvakanaka ipapo - ngazvive zvakadaro!

Harald akava mambo wemadzimambo, uye panguva imwe cheteyo haana kugera bvudzi rake uye haana kukamura bvudzi rake kwemakore 9 (uye akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rokuti Harald the Shaggy). Asi mushure meHondo yeHafrsfjord, akazoisa vhudzi rake muhurongwa (vanoti aive nevhudzi gobvu rakanaka), achiva Fair-Haired.

4. William Ini Mukundi | OK. 1027/1028 - 1087

Uye zvakare isu tinodzokera kumaVikings akatevedzana: unoziva here kuti Guillaume Bastard - Mambo wenguva yemberi weEngland William I Mukundi - aive muzukuru wekutanga Duke weNormandy Rollo (kana Rollon)?

Kwete, kutaura zvazviri, Rollo (kana kuti, mutungamiriri chaiye weVikings Hrolf the Pedestrian - akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa nekuti aive muhombe uye anorema, nekuda kwekuti hapana kana bhiza rimwe chete raigona kumutakura) aive asiri mukoma waRagnar Lothbrok. zvose .

Asi akanyatsobata vazhinji veNormandy pakupera kwechiXNUMX - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye akava mutongi wayo (uye akaroora Princess Gisela, mwanasikana waCharles III the Nyore).

Ngatidzokerei kuna Wilhelm: akanga ari mwanakomana asiri wepamutemo weDuke weNormandy Robert I, asi zvisinei, pazera remakore masere, akagara nhaka yezita rababa vake, uye akakwanisa kugara pachigaro.

Mukomana kubva paudiki aive neshungu dzakakura - muNormandy aive akamanikana. Uye ipapo William akasarudza kuwana chigaro cheChirungu, kunyanya sezvo dambudziko reDynastic rakanga richitanga muEngland: Edward the Confessor akanga asina mugari wenhaka, uye sezvo amai vake vaiva (nerombo rakanaka!) Tete vaWilliam, aigona nyore kutora chigaro cheChirungu. Maiwe, nzira dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakatadza kuzadzisa chinangwa ...

Ndaifanira kushandisa mauto. Zvimwe zviitiko zvinozivikanwa kune vose: mambo mutsva weEngland, Harold, akatambura kukundwa kunotyisa kubva kumauto aWilliam paHondo yeHastings muna 1066, uye muna 1072, Scotland yakazviisawo kuna William Mukundi.

3. Frederick I Barbarossa | 1122 - 1190

Frederick I weHohenstaufen, anonzi Barbarossa (Ndebvu Dzvuku), mumwe wemadzimambo ane mukurumbira muMiddle Ages. Munguva yehupenyu hwake hurefu, akawana mukurumbira wemutongi akachenjera, akarurama (uye ane simba guru) uye murwi mukuru.

Akanga akasimba zvikuru mumuviri, akanyatsoomerera kune knightly canons - mushure mokunge Barbarossa ave mambo weHumambo Hutsvene hweRoma muna 1155, chivalry yeGermany yakasangana nemaruva asina kumboitika (uye pasi pake pakanga pane hondo yakasimba muEurope yakagadzirwa kubva kune zvombo zvakanyanya. vatasvi vemabhiza).

Barbarossa akatsvaga kumutsiridza kubwinya kwekare kwehumambo hwenguva dzeCharlemagne, uye nekuda kweizvi aifanira kuenda kuhondo ka5 achirwisa Italy kuti adzore mumaguta ayo akange anyanya kuramba. Kutaura idi, akapedza nguva yakawanda youpenyu hwake mumishandirapamwe.

Pazera remakore 25, Frederick akapinda muHondo Yechipiri. Uye apo Saladin akakunda kudzoserwa kwese kutorwa kukuru kwevarwi muMiddle East, Friedrich Hohenstaufen, hongu, akaunganidza hombe (maererano nezvinyorwa - 100 zviuru!) Mauto ndokuenda naye kuChetatu Crusade.

Uye hazvizivikanwe kuti zviitiko zvingadai zvakashanduka sei dai, achiyambuka Rwizi rweSelif muTurkey, asina kudonha kubva pabhiza rake ndokukachidzwa, asingakwanisi kubuda mumvura akapfeka nhumbi dzokurwa dzinorema. Barbarossa panguva iyoyo akanga atova nemakore 68 (zera rinoremekedzwa zvikuru!).

2. Richard I the Lionheart | 1157 - 1199

Zvamazvirokwazvo, kwete zvikuru mambo chaiyeiye sengano! Tese tinoziva Richard the Lionheart kubva kumabhuku nemamuvhi (kutanga nebhuku raWalter Scott "Ivanhoe" uye kupera nefirimu ra2010 "Robin Hood" naRussell Crowe).

Kutaura idi, Richard akanga asiri “nyanzvi isina kutya nokushorwa.” Hongu, aive nekubwinya kwemurwi akanakisa, aiwanzoenda kune njodzi, asi panguva imwe cheteyo aisiyaniswa nekunyengera uye hutsinye; wakange akanaka kumeso (akareba ari mushava nameso ebhuruu), asi akaipa kusvikira pamwongo wamapfupa ake; aiziva mitauro yakawanda, asi kwete Chirungu chake, nokuti akanga asati amboenda kuEngland.

Akatengesa vabatsiri vake (uye kunyangwe baba vake chaivo) kanopfuura kamwe, achiwana rimwe zita remadunhurirwa - Richard Hongu-uye-Kwete - nekuti aitsauswa nyore kune rimwe divi.

Kwenguva yose yekutonga kwake muEngland, akanga ari munyika yacho kwerisingapfuuri gore. Aunganidza mari yekushongedza mauto nemauto emugungwa, akabva angoenda kuhondo yehondo (achinyatsozvisiyanisa ikoko nehutsinye hwakanyanya kuvaMuslim), uye pakudzoka akabatwa nemuvengi wake Leopold weAustria uye akapedza makore akati wandei muDürstein. fortress. Kuti vadzikinure mambo, vanhu vake vaifanira kuunganidza mamakisi esirivha zana nemakumi mashanu.

Akapedza makore ake okupedzisira muhondo naMambo Philippe II weFrance, achifa nomuchetura muropa pashure pokukuvadzwa nomuseve.

1. Charles I Mukuru | 747/748-814

Mambo ane mukurumbira wegumi ndiCarolus Magnus, Carloman, Charlemagne, nezvimwewo - anodiwa uye anoremekedzwa munenge nyika dzese dzeWestern Europe.

Akange atonzi mukuru munguva yehupenyu hwake - uye izvi hazvishamisi: mambo weFranks kubva ku768, mambo weLombards kubva ku774, mutongi weBavaria kubva ku788 uye, pakupedzisira, mambo weWest kubva ku800, the dangwe raPepin Mupfupi kekutanga akabatanidza Europe pasi pekutonga kumwe uye akagadzira nyika huru yepakati, kubwinya nehukuru hwayo hwakatinhira munyika yose yakabudirira.

Zita raCharlemagne rinotaurwa mungano dzeEurope (somuenzaniso, mu "Rwiyo rwaRoland"). Nenzira, akazova mumwe wemadzimambo ekutanga akapa rubatsiro kune vanhu vesayenzi uye unyanzvi uye akazarura zvikoro kwete zvevana vevakuru chete.