Pfupiso pfupi uye zvakanakisa.
Pamberi peIndustrial Revolution. Nyama inodyiwa zvishoma kunenge kwese kwese (zvichienzaniswa nezvinodiwa nhasi). 1900-1960 Kudyiwa kwenyama kwakakwira zvakasimba kuMadokero sezvo kutakura uye firiji zvave nyore 1971 - Kudhindwa kweDiet for a Small Planet naFrancis Moore Lappe kunotangisa kufamba kwezvinomera muUS, asi zvinosuwisa zvinopa ngano yekuti vanodya miriwo vanofanirwa "kubatanidza" mapuroteni kuti vawane "akazara" mapuroteni. 1975 - Kuburitswa kweKusununguka kweMhuka napurofesa wezvetsika weAustralia Peter Singer kunopa kukurudzira kuzvarwa kwesangano rekodzero dzemhuka muUnited States uye kuvambwa kweboka rePETA, vatsigiri vane simba vekudya kwezvirimwa. Kupera kwema1970 - Vegetarian Times magazini inotanga kubudiswa. 1983 - Bhuku rekutanga pamusoro peveganism rakabudiswa nechiremba weWestern akavimbiswa, Dr. John McDougall, The McDougall Plan. 1987 Kudya kwaJohn Robbins kweNew America kwakakurudzira kufamba kwevegan muUS. The vegan movement yadzoka. 1990-e Humbowo hwekurapa hwezvakanakira kudya kwemuriwo huri kutekeshera kwose kwose. Vegetarianism inotsigirwa zviri pamutemo neAmerican Dietetic Association, uye mabhuku navanachiremba vane mukurumbira vanokurudzira kudya kwakaderera-mafuta vegan kana pedyo-vegan (semuenzaniso, The McDougall Program uye Dr. Dean Ornish's Heart Disease Program). Hurumende yeUS yave kutsiva iyo yakasakara uye nyama uye mukaka-inotsigirwa neFour Food Groups nePiramidhi yeKudya itsva inoratidza kuti kudya kwevanhu kunofanirwa kubva pazviyo, miriwo, bhinzi nemichero.
Pamberi pekuonekwa kwezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa.
Vegetarianism yakadzika midzi munguva dziri kure kusati kwaonekwa zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Vakawanda vanoongorora anthropologist vanotenda kuti vanhu vekare vainyanya kudya kudya kwezvirimwa, vaiva vaunganidzi vakawanda kupfuura vavhimi. (Ona nyaya dzaDavid Popovich naDerek Wall.) Maonero aya anotsigirwa neidi rokuti gadziriro yezvokudya zvomunhu yakafanana zvikuru nemhuka inodya sora kupfuura mhuka inodya nyama. (Kanganwa mazino—dzimwewo mhuka dzinodya uswa, asi mhuka dzinodya nyama hadzina mazino anotsenga, kusiyana nevanhu nedzimwe mhuka dzinodya sora.) Rimwe idi rokuti vanhu vekare vaidya miriwo nderekuti vanhu vanodya nyama vanowanzotambura nehosha yemwoyo nekenza. kupfuura vanodya miriwo.
Zvechokwadi, vanhu vakatanga kudya nyama kare kare kusati kwaonekwa zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa, asi chete nokuti, kusiyana nemhuka, ivo vanokwanisa kuedza kwakadaro. Zvisinei, iyi nguva pfupi yekudya-nyama haina kukwana kuti ive yakakosha yekushanduka-shanduka: semuenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zvemhuka zvinowedzera huwandu hwecholesterol mumuviri wemunhu, nepo kana ukadyisa imbwa tsvimbo yebhota, chiyero checholesterol mukati. muviri wake hauzoshanduki.
vegetarians vokutanga.
Nyanzvi yemasvomhu yechiGiriki Pythagoras aidya miriwo, uye vanodya miriwo vaiwanzonzi maPythagoras nguva iyi isati yatanga. (Izwi rokuti “muriwo” rakaumbwa neBritish Vegetarian Society pakati pemakore ekuma1800. Mudzi weshoko rechiLatin rinoreva manyuko oupenyu.) Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, uye George Bernard Shaw vaivawo vanodya miriwo. (Ngano yemazuva ano inotaura kuti Hitler akanga ari mudyari, asi ichi hachisi chokwadi, pamwe kwete mupfungwa yechinyakare yeshoko.)
Kuwedzera kushandiswa kwenyama muma1900s.
Pamberi pemakore ekuma1900, vanhu vekuAmerica vaidya nyama shoma kudarika zvavari kuita iye zvino. Nyama yaidhura zvikuru, mafiriji akanga asina kuwanda uye kugovera nyama kwaiva chinetso. Imwe mhedzisiro yeIndustrial Revolution yaive yekuti nyama yakachipa, nyore kuchengeta nekugovera. Izvozvo pazvaiitika, kudyiwa kwenyama kwakawedzera—sezvakaita zvirwere zvinopera simba zvakadai sekenza, chirwere chemwoyo, uye chirwere cheshuga. Sezvakanyorwa naDean Ornish:
“Zana rino remakore risati rasvika, zvokudya zveAmerica zvakajairika zvakanga zvakaderera muzvigadzirwa zvemhuka, mafuta, cholesterol, munyu, uye shuga, asi zvakapfuma mumacarbohydrates, miriwo, uye fiber… , michina yekurima, uye hupfumi hunobudirira, kudya kweAmerica nemararamiro zvakatanga kuchinja zvakanyanya. Iye zvino, kudya kwevanhu vakawanda muUnited States kwakapfuma muzvigadzirwa zvemhuka, mafuta, cholesterol, munyu, uye shuga, uye kushayikwa kwecarbohydrates, miriwo, uye fiber.” (“Idya zvakawanda uye kuderedza uremu”; 1993; rakabudiswazve 2001; p. 22)
Kwakabva vegetarianism muUnited States.
Vegetarianism yaisanyanya kuwanda muUS kusvika 1971, apo Frances Moore Lappé's bestseller Diet for a Small Planet yakabuda.
Akaberekerwa kuFort Worth, Lappe akasiya chikoro cheUC Berkeley kuti atange tsvakiridzo yake panzara yenyika. Lappe akashamisika kuziva kuti mhuka iyi inodya zviyo zvakapetwa ka14 pane yainobudisa nyama - kutambisa hombe kwezviwanikwa. (Mombe dzinodya pamusoro pe80% yezviyo zvose muU.S. Kana vanhu vekuAmerica vakacheka kudya kwavo nyama ne10%, paizova nezviyo zvakakwana kuti zvipe vose vane nzara pasi rose.) Pazera remakore makumi maviri nematanhatu, Lappe akanyora Diet for a Small. Planet kukurudzira vanhu havadyi nyama, nekudaro vachimisa kutambisa chikafu.
Kunyange zvazvo ma60s aibatanidzwa nemahippies nemahippies nevegetarianism, kutaura zvazviri, kudya kwezvinomera kwakanga kusina kunyanya kuitika muma60s. Nzvimbo yekutanga yaive Diet yeDiki Planet muna 1971.
Pfungwa yekubatanidza protein.
Asi America yakaona kusadya zvirimwa neimwe nzira yakasiyana neyainoita nhasi. Nhasi, kune vanachiremba vakawanda vanotsigira kuderedza kana kubvisa kushandiswa kwenyama, pamwe chete nemigumisiro yevatambi vanobudirira uye vanozivikanwa vanosimbisa zvikomborero zvezvinomera. Muna 1971 zvinhu zvakanga zvakasiyana. Chitendero chakakurumbira chaiva chokuti kudya miriwo kwakanga kusiri kungoipa chete, kuti zvakanga zvisingabviri kurarama nekudya kwezvinomera. Lappe aiziva kuti bhuku rake raizowana wongororo dzakavhengana, saka akaita ongororo yezvekudya kunovaka muviri pakudya kwemuriwo, uye mukuita izvi akaita chikanganiso chikuru chakashandura nhoroondo yezvekudya zvirimwa. Lappe akawana zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kutanga kwezana ramakore pamakonzo airatidza kuti makonzo aikura nekukurumidza apo aidyiswa musanganiswa wekudya kwezvirimwa zvakaita sechikafu chemhuka mumamino acids. Lappe aiva nechishandiso chinoshamisa chokunyengetedza vanhu kuti vaigona kugadzira zvokudya zvemiti “zvakanaka” senyama.
Lappe akapa hafu yebhuku rake kune pfungwa ye "kusanganisa mapuroteni" kana "kuzadzisa mapuroteni" - senzira yekupa bhinzi nemupunga kuti uwane "yakakwana" protein. Pfungwa yekubatanidza yaitapukira, ichionekwa mubhuku rega rega rakaburitswa nemunyori wese wezvinomera kubvira, uye kupinda muacademia, encyclopedias, uye American mindset. Zvinosuruvarisa, pfungwa iyi yakanga isina kururama.
Dambudziko rekutanga: dzidziso yeprotein musanganiswa yaingova dzidziso. Zvidzidzo zvevanhu hazvina kumboitwa. Rwaiva rusaruro kupfuura sayenzi. Hazvishamisi makonzo akakura zvakasiyana nevanhu, sezvo makonzo anoda kakapetwa kagumi mapuroteni pacalorie pane vanhu (mukaka wemakonzo une 50% mapuroteni, nepo mukaka wemunhu une 5% chete). nguruve nehuku, dzinodya zviyo chete uye kudya kwezvirimwa, kuwana mapuroteni? Hazvishamisi here kuti tinodya mhuka dzeprotein uye dzinodya zvirimwa chete? Chekupedzisira, chikafu chekudyara hachina "kuperevedza" mumamino acids sekufunga kwaLappe.
Sokunyora kwakaita Dr. McDougall, “Sezvineiwo, nzvero yesayenzi yakabvisa iyi ngano inokangaidza. Zvisikwa zvakagadzira chikafu chedu neseti yakakwana yezvikafu nguva refu vasati varova tafura yemanheru. Zvose zvakakosha uye zvisingakoshi amino acids zviripo mumakrohydrates asina kucheneswa semupunga, chibage, gorosi uye mbatatisi, muhuwandu hwakakwirira kudarika zvinodiwa nevanhu, kunyange kana tichitaura nezvevatambi kana weightlifters. Kunzwisisa kunotaura kuti ichi ichokwadi, sezvo rudzi rwomunhu rwakararama pasi pano. Munhau yose, variritiri vave vachitsvaka mupunga nembatatisi zvemhuri dzavo. Kusanganisa mupunga nebhinzi kwaisava nehanya navo. Zvakakosha kuti isu tipedze nzara yedu; hatidi kuudzwa kuti tisanganise mapuroteni masosi kuti tiwane yakazara amino acid mbiri. Izvi hazvidiwi, nekuti hazvibviri kugadzira yakanakisa seti yemapuroteni uye amino acids pane echisikigo makhahydrates. ”(The McDougall Program; 1990; Dr. John A. McDougall; p. 45. – More details: The McDougall Plan; 1983; Dr. John A. MacDougall; pp. 96-100)
Diet for a Small Planet yakakurumidza kuva inotengeswa zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti Lappe ave nemukurumbira. Saka zvaishamisa—uye zvinoremekedzwa—kuti akabvuma kukanganisa mune chakaita kuti azivikanwe. Muchinyorwa cha1981 cheDiets for a Small Planet, Lappe akabvuma pachena kukanganisa uku ndokutsanangura:
“Muna 1971, ndakasimbisa nezveprotein supplementation nekuti ndaifunga kuti nzira chete yekuwana mapuroteni akakwana kwaiva kugadzira puroteni inogayiwa sezvinoita mapuroteni emhuka. Mukurwisana nenhema yokuti nyama ndiyo chete inobva kune mapuroteni emhando yepamusoro, ndakagadzira imwe ngano. Ndinozviisa nenzira iyi, kuti uwane mapuroteni akakwana pasina nyama, unoda kusarudza zvokudya zvako zvakanyatsonaka. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinhu zvose zviri nyore zvikuru.
“Kune zvimwe zvitatu zvakakosha, njodzi yekushomeka kweprotein pakudya kwezvirimwa idiki kwazvo. Izvo zvinosara ndezvikafu zvinotsamira zvakanyanya pamichero, machubhu senge mbatatisi kana mufarinya, uye chikafu chisina kunaka (hupfu hwakanatswa, shuga, uye mafuta). Sezvineiwo, vanhu vashoma vanorarama nekudya izvo zvikafu izvi zvinenge zviri izvo chete zvinopa macalorie. Mune kumwe kudya kwese, kana vanhu vakawana macalorie akakwana, vanowana mapuroteni akakwana.” (Diet for a Small Planet; 10th Anniversary Edition; Frances Moore Lappe; p. 162)
Kupera kwema70
Kunyange zvazvo Lappe asina kugadzirisa nzara yenyika ari ega, uye kunze kwemapuroteni-kusanganisa mazano, Diet for a Small Planet yaiva budiriro isina kukodzera, kutengesa mamiriyoni emakopi. Yakashanda sesimba rekusimudzira sangano revanodya zvirimwa muUnited States. Mabhuku ekubika venyama, maresitorendi, makorasi nemakomini akatanga kuoneka pasina pese pese. Isu tinowanzo batanidza ma60s nemahippies, uye mahippies nevanodya zvirimwa, asi kutaura zvazviri, vegetarianism yakanga isiri yakajairika kusvika pakuburitswa kweDiet for a Small Planet muna 1971.
Gore rimwe chetero, mahippie eSan Francisco akatanga nharaunda yevanodya zvirimwa muTennessee, yavakangodaidza kuti "Purazi." Iyo Purazi yakanga yakakura uye yakabudirira uye yakabatsira kutsanangura mufananidzo wakajeka we "commune". "Farm" yakaitawo mupiro mukuru kune tsika. Vakasimudzira zvigadzirwa zvesoya muUS, kunyanya tofu, iyo yakanga isingazivikanwe muAmerica kusvika Farm Cookbook, yaive nekubika soya uye resipi yekugadzira tofu. Bhuku iri rakatsikiswa nekambani yeFarm Publishing Company. (Vanewo bhuku retsamba rine zita raunogona kufungidzira.) Purazi yakataurawo pamusoro pokuberekerwa muAmerica, uye yakamutsa chizvarwa chitsva chavananyamukuta. Pakupedzisira, vanhu vePurazi vakagadzirisa nzira dzekudzivirira kubereka kwepanyama (uye, zvechokwadi, mabhuku akanyorwa pamusoro payo).
Muna 1975, purofesa wezvetsika weAustralia Peter Singer akanyora Animal Liberation, iro raive basa rekutanga rehunyanzvi kupa nharo dzetsika dzichifarira kuvenga nyama uye kuedza mhuka. Iri bhuku rinokurudzira rakanga riri mukwanisi wakakwana weDiet for a Small Planet, iyo yainyanya kusadya mhuka. Chii chakaitwa neDiet for a Diki Planet kune vegetarianism, Animal Liberation yakaitira kodzero dzemhuka, kutanga kufamba kwekodzero dzemhuka husiku muUS. Mukutanga kwema80s, mapoka ekodzero dzemhuka akatanga kubuda kwose kwose, kusanganisira PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). (PETA yakabhadhara imwe edition yeAnimal Liberation ndokuigovera kunhengo itsva.)
Kunonoka 80s: Kudya kweNew America uye Kukura kweVeganism.
Kudya kwePlaneti Diki kwakatanga bhora rechando rezvinomera mu70s, asi pakati pe80s dzimwe ngano dzezvekudya kwemuriwo dzakanga dzichiri kutenderera. Imwe yacho ipfungwa inoratidzwa mubhuku racho pacharo, ngano inobatanidza mapuroteni. Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuenda vegan vakakanda mapfumo pasi nekuti vaizofanira kunyatsoronga chikafu chavo. Imwe ngano ndeyokuti mukaka nemazai chikafu chine utano uye vanodya miriwo vanofanira kudya zvakakwana kuti vasafe. Imwe nhema: Zvinokwanisika kuva neutano kuburikidza nekudya zvinomera, asi hapana hutano hunokosha hunobatsira (uye, zvechokwadi, kudya nyama hakuna kumbobatanidzwa nematambudziko). Pakupedzisira, vanhu vazhinji vakanga vasingazivi chinhu pamusoro pekurima kwemafekitari uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekurima kwezvipfuwo.
Ese ngano idzi dzakaburitswa mubhuku ra1987 rinonzi Diet for a New America naJohn Robbins. Basa raRobbins, chokwadi, raive neruzivo rutsva uye rwepakutanga - mazhinji emazano akange atoburitswa kumwe kunhu, asi akapararira. Kukodzera kwaRobbins ndekwekuti akatora ruzivo rwakakura uye akarunyora muvhoriyamu imwe huru, yakanyatsogadzirwa, achiwedzera ongororo yake, iyo inoratidzwa nenzira inosvikika uye isingasaruri. Chikamu chekutanga cheDiet for a New America chakabata nekutyisa kwekurima fekitori. Chikamu chechipiri chinogutsa chakaratidza kukuvadza kunouraya kwekudya kwenyama uye zvikomborero zvakajeka zvezvinomera (uye kunyange veganism) - munzira, kubvisa nhema yekubatanidza mapuroteni. Chikamu chechitatu chakataura pamusoro pemigumisiro inoshamisa yekuchengeta mhuka, izvo kunyange vazhinji vezvinomera vaisaziva nezvazvo kusati kwabudiswa bhuku.
Zvokudya zveNew America "zvakatangazve" kufamba kwezvinomera muUS nekutanga vegan kufamba, raive bhuku iri rakabatsira kuunza izwi rekuti "vegan" muAmerican lexicon. Mukati memakore maviri ekuburitswa kwebhuku raRobbins, nzanga dzinenge gumi dzezvinomera dzakaumbwa muTexas.
1990s: Uchapupu hunoshamisa hwezvokurapa.
Dr. John McDougall akatanga kubudisa mabhuku akatevedzana achikurudzira kudya kwevegan kurapa zvirwere zvakakomba, uye akawana kubudirira kwake kukuru muna 1990 neThe McDougall Program. Gore rimwe chetero rakaona kubudiswa kweDr. Dean Ornish's Heart Disease Program, umo Ornish yakaratidza kekutanga kuti chirwere chemwoyo chinogona kuchinjwa. Nomuzvarirwo, kuwanda kwechirongwa chaOrnish ishoma-mafuta, inenge yakazara vegan kudya.
Mukutanga kwe90s, American Dietetic Association yakaburitsa bepa renzvimbo pamusoro pekudya kwemuriwo, uye rutsigiro rweveganism rwakatanga kubuda munharaunda yekurapa. Hurumende yeUS yakazotsiva iyo yakasakara uye yakatsiviwa nenyama nemukaka yeFour Food Groups neFood Pyramid itsva, iyo inoratidza kuti kudya kwevanhu kunofanirwa kubva pazviyo, miriwo, bhinzi nemichero.
Nhasi, vamiririri vemishonga uye vanhuwo zvavo vanofarira vegetarianism kupfuura kare. Idzo ngano dzichiripo, asi kushanduka kwemaitiro kune vegetarianism kubva kuma80s kunoshamisa! Sezvo wanga uri wezvinomera kubvira 1985 uye vegan kubvira 1989, iyi ishanduko inogamuchirwa!
Bibliography: McDougall Program, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1990 The McDougall Plan, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1983 Diet for a New America, John Robbins, 1987 Diet for a Small Planet, Frances Moore Lappe, zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana 1971-1991
Additional Information: Muvambi wemazuva ano veganism uye munyori wezwi rekuti "vegan", Donald Watson, akafa muna Zvita 2005 aine makore makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu.