Kunyura kwezuva kwakanyanya, matenga ane makore, uye mazuva apo munhu wese anenge achikosora zvese zvine chimwe chinhu chakafanana: zvese imhaka yemaaerosols, tudiki twudiki hunoyangarara mumhepo. Maaerosols anogona kunge ari madonhwe madiki, guruva, zvidimbu zvekabhoni nhema, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoyangarara mumhepo uye zvinoshandura chiyero chesimba repasi.
Aerosols ane simba guru pamamiriro ekunze epasi. Mamwe, senge dema uye brown kabhoni, anodziya mhepo yePasi, nepo mamwe, semadonhwe esulfate, anotonhodza. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kazhinji, iyo yese spectrum yeaerosols pakupedzisira inotonhorera zvishoma pasi. Asi hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kuti uku kutonhora kwakasimba sei uye kuti inofambira mberi sei nekufamba kwemazuva, makore kana mazana emakore.
Chii chinonzi aerosols?
Izwi rekuti “aerosol” inobata-zvese kumarudzi mazhinji etunhu tudiki twakarembera mumhepo yese, kubva kumacheto ekunze kusvika pamusoro penyika. Dzinogona kuva dzakasimba kana kuti mvura, dzisina magumo kana kuti dzakakura zvekukwanisa kuonekwa neziso rakashama.
“Primary” aerosols, zvakaita seguruva, soot kana munyu wegungwa, zvinobva zvakananga pamusoro penyika. Dzinosimudzwa mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi nemhepo ine simba, inokwira mudenga nokuputika kwemakomo anoputika, kana kuti kupfurwa nezviputi nemoto. Ma<em>aerosol e“chipiri” anoumbwa apo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoyangarara mumhepo yakatenderedza pasi—somuenzaniso, makemikari anobudiswa nezvirimwa, madonhwe e<em>alid acid, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu—zvinobonderana, zvichiita kuti pave nekemikari kana kuti muviri. Sekondari aerosols, semuenzaniso, inogadzira mhute kubva kune iyo Great Smoky Mountains muUnited States yakatumidzwa zita.
Aerosols inoburitswa kubva kune ese echisikigo uye anthropogenic masosi. Somuenzaniso, huruva inobuda mumagwenga, mahombekombe enzizi akaoma, nyanza dzakaoma, uye mamwe manyuko akawanda. Atmospheric aerosol concentrations inokwira uye inodonha nezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze; panguva yekutonhora, yakaoma munhoroondo yepasi, senge nguva yekupedzisira yechando, kwaive neguruva rakawanda mumhepo kupfuura panguva yekudziya kwenhoroondo yePasi. Asi vanhu vakapesvedzera kutenderera kwechisikigo uku - zvimwe zvikamu zvepasi zvakasvibiswa nezvigadzirwa zvemabasa edu, nepo zvimwe zvanyanya kunyorova.
Munyu wegungwa ndechimwe chitubu cheaerosols. Dzinopeperetswa kubva mugungwa nemhepo uye mvura yegungwa uye dzinowanzozadza nzvimbo dzepasi dzemhepo. Kusiyana neizvi, mamwe marudzi ekuputika kukuru kwegomo rinoputika anogona kupfura zvimedu nemadonhwe kumusoro mudenga, uko anogona kuyangarara kwemwedzi kana makore, akarembera mamaira akawanda kubva pamusoro pePasi.
Chiitiko chevanhu chinoburitsa akawanda akasiyana marudzi eerosols. Kupisa kwemafuta ezvicherwa kunogadzira zvidimbu zvinozivikanwa semagreenhouse magasi - nekudaro mota dzese, ndege, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi uye maindasitiri maitiro anoburitsa zvidimbu zvinogona kuungana mumhepo. Zvekurima zvinogadzira guruva pamwe nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakaita seaerosol nitrogen zvigadzirwa zvinokanganisa kunaka kwemhepo.
Kazhinji, mabasa evanhu akawedzera huwandu hwezvikamu zvinoyangarara mumhepo, uye zvino kune guruva rakapetwa nekaviri kupfuura zvazvaiva muzana remakore rechi19. Huwandu hwezvidiki kwazvo (zvisingasviki 2,5 microns) zvimedu zvezvinhu zvinowanzodaidzwa kuti "PM2,5" zvakawedzera nezvikamu makumi matanhatu kubva muzana kubva kuIndustrial Revolution. Mamwe ma<em>aerosol, akadai se<em>ozone, akawedzerawo, ane migumisiro yakakomba youtano kuvanhu kupota nyika.
Kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwakabatanidzwa nengozi yekuwedzera yechirwere chemoyo, sitiroko, chirwere chemapapu, uye asima. Maererano nekumwe fungidziro ichangoburwa, zvidimbu zvakanaka mumhepo zvakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni mana pasi rose muna 2016, uye vana nevakwegura ndivo vakanyanya kufa. Njodzi dzehutano kubva pakuratidzwa kune zvimedu zvakanaka dzakanyanya kuChina neIndia, kunyanya mumadhorobha.
Maaerosols anokanganisa sei mamiriro ekunze?
Aerosols inokanganisa mamiriro ekunze munzira mbiri huru: nekushandura huwandu hwekupisa hunopinda kana kubuda mumhepo, uye nekuchinja maumbirwo akaitwa makore.
Mamwe maaerosols, semhando dzakawanda dzeguruva kubva kumatombo akapwanyika, ane ruvara rwemavara uye kunyange zvishoma anoratidza chiedza. Kana mwaranzi yezuva ichiwira paari, inotaridza mwaranzi kubva mumhepo, ichidzivirira kupisa uku kuti kusvike pamusoro pePasi. Asi mhedzisiro iyi inogona zvakare kuve nechirevo chisina kunaka: kuputika kweGomo rePinatubo kuPhilippine muna 1991 kwakakanda mudenga repamusoro twunhu twudiki twunoratidza chiedza hwaienzana nenzvimbo ye1,2 square mamaira, izvo zvakazokonzera kutonhora kwepasi kusina kumira kwemakore maviri. Uye kuputika kwegomo reTambora muna 1815 kwakakonzera kutonhora zvisina kujairika muWestern Europe neNorth America muna 1816, ndokusaka rakatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti “Gore Risina Zhizha” – kwaitonhora zvikuru uye kwakafinyama zvekuti zvakatokurudzira Mary Shelley kuti anyore Gothic yake. novel Frankenstein.
Asi mamwe maaerosols, akadai sediki kabhoni dema kubva mumarasha akatsva kana huni, anoshanda neimwe nzira, achitora kupisa kunobva kuzuva. Izvi zvinopedzisira zvadziyisa mhepo, kunyange zvazvo zvichitonhodza pamusoro pePasi nekuderedza mwaranzi yezuva. Kazhinji, mhedzisiro iyi ingangodaro isina kusimba pane kutonhora kunokonzerwa nemamwe akawanda aerosols - asi ine mhedzisiro, uye iyo kabhoni yakawanda inoungana mumhepo, ndipo painodziya zvakanyanya.
Aerosols zvakare inokanganisa kuumbwa uye kukura kwemakore. Madonhwe emvura anobatana zviri nyore akatenderedza zvimedu, saka mhepo yakapfuma muzvikamu zveaerosol inofarira kuumbwa kwegore. Makore machena anoratidza mwaranzi yezuva iri kuuya, achiadzivisa kusvika pamusoro uye kudziya pasi nemvura, asi anotorawo kupisa kunogara kuchivhenekerwa nepasi, achiivharira mumhepo yakadzika. Zvichienderana nerudzi nenzvimbo yemakore, anogona kudziya zvakatenderedza kana kutonhodza.
Aerosols ane yakaomesesa seti yezvakasiyana zvinokanganisa pasi, uye vanhu vakapesvedzera zvakananga kuvepo kwavo, huwandu, uye kugovera. Uye nepo kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze kwakaoma uye kwakasiyana-siyana, zvinorehwa pahutano hwevanhu zvakajeka: zvakanyanya kunaka zvimedu zviri mumhepo, zvakanyanya kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu.