Huwandu hwebhurasho remazino rinoshandiswa nekuraswa gore rega rega rave kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakaunzwa bhurasho remazino repurasitiki rekutanga muma1930. Kwemazana emakore, mabhurashi emazino ave achigadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa, asi mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, vagadziri vakatanga kushandisa naironi nemamwe mapurasitiki kugadzira bhurasho. Purasitiki inenge isingaparare, zvinoreva kuti bhurasho remazino rose rakagadzirwa kubva kuma1930 richiripo kumwe kunhu semarara.
Chigadzirwa chakanakisa chenguva dzese?
Zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanoda chaizvo kukwesha mazino avo. Ongororo yeMIT muna 2003 yakawana kuti mabhurasho emazino aikosheswa kupfuura mota, makomputa emunhu, uye nharembozha nekuti vaipindura vaiwanzotaura kuti havagone kurarama vasina ivo.
Vanochera matongo vakawana “matanda emazino” mumakuva eEgipita. Bhudha akatsenga matavi kuti akweshe mazino ake. Munyori weRoma Pliny Mukuru akataura kuti “mazino anosimba kana ukaatema nomunhenga wenungu,” uye mudetembi weRoma Ovid akataura kuti kugeza mazino ako mangwanani oga oga ipfungwa yakanaka.
Kuchengetwa kwemazino kwakatora pfungwa dzeChinese Hongzhi Emperor mukupera kwema1400s, uyo akagadzira mudziyo wakaita sebhurashi watinoziva tese nhasi. Yakanga ine matinji mapfupi enguruve yakaveurwa kubva muhuro yenguruve ndokugadzikwa mubato rebhonzo kana remuti. Iyi dhizaini yakapfava yakavapo isina kuchinjwa kwemazana emakore akawanda. Asi boar bristles nemibato yemapfupa zvaive zvinhu zvinodhura, saka vapfumi chete ndivo vaigona kutenga mabhurashi. Vamwe vose vaifanira kuita zvokutsenga, machira, zvigunwe, kana kuti hapana zvachose. Mukutanga kwema1920, munhu mumwe chete pavanhu vana muUnited States aiva nebhurasho remazino.
Hondo inoshandura zvese
Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 apo pfungwa yokuchengeta mazino nokuda kwavose, vapfumi navarombo, yakatanga kupinda mukuziva kwevoruzhinji. Imwe yemasimba akasunda seri kweichi chinjo yakanga iri hondo.
Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 19, mukati meHondo Yavagari Vemo yeAmerica, pfuti dzakaiswa pfuti imwe panguva, nepfuti nemabara izvo zvakafanoputirwa mumapepa anorema akakungurutswa. Mauto aifanira kubvarura bepa nemazino avo, asi mamiriro emazino evarwi haana kubvumira izvi nguva dzose. Zviripachena kuti iri ndiro raive dambudziko. Hondo yeSouth yakatsvaga vanachiremba vemazino kuti vape rubatsiro rwekudzivirira. Somuenzaniso, mumwe chiremba wemazino weuto akamanikidza varwi vechikwata chake kuchengeta mabhurasho avo emazino mumabhataniru avo kuitira kuti asvike nyore nyore nguva dzose.
Zvakatora mamwe maviri makuru makuru emauto kuti atore bhurasho remazino munenge muchimbuzi chose. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika II, varwi vakanga vachidzidziswa kutarisira mazino, vanachiremba vemazino vakanga vachipinzwa muzvikwata zvevarwi, uye bhurasho remazino rakanga richipiwa kuvarwi. Apo varwi vakadzokera kumusha, vakauya netsika yekukwesha mazino avo.
"Nzira Yakarurama yeKuzvarwa kweAmerica"
Panguva imwe cheteyo, mirangariro youtsanana hwomukanwa yakanga ichichinja munyika yose. Vanachiremba vemazino vakatanga kuona kutarisira mazino senyaya yemagariro, tsika, uye kunyange kutsigira nyika. “Kudai mazino akaipa aizodziviswa, zvaizobatsira zvikuru kuhurumende uye kumunhu wacho, nokuti zvinoshamisa kuti zvirwere zvakawanda sei zvine chokuita nemazino akaipa,” akanyora kudaro mumwe chiremba wemazino muna 1904.
Mafambiro ezvemagariro anoratidza kubatsira kwemazino ane hutano akapararira munyika yose. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mishandirapamwe iyi yakanangana nevarombo, vanobva kune dzimwe nyika uye varombo. Hutsanana hwemumuromo hwagara huchishandiswa senzira yeku "Americanize" nharaunda.
Kutorwa kwepurasitiki
Sezvo kudiwa kwebhurashi remazino kwakawedzera, kugadzirwa kwakawedzera, zvichibatsirwa nekuunzwa kwemapurasitiki matsva.
Mukutanga kwema1900, nyanzvi dzemakemikari dzakaona kuti musanganiswa we nitrocellulose necamphor, chinhu chinonhuwira chine mafuta chaibva mucamphor laurel, chaigona kugadzirwa kuva chinhu chakasimba, chinopenya, uye dzimwe nguva chinoputika. Izvo zvinhu, zvinonzi "celluloid", zvaive zvakachipa uye zvaigona kuumbwa kuita chero chimiro, chakanakira kugadzira zvibato zvebhurashi.
Muna 1938, rabhoritari yenyika yeJapan yakagadzira chinhu chitete, chine sirika chayaitarisira kuti chaizotsiva sirika yaishandiswa kugadzira maparachuti emauto. Anenge panguva imwe chete, kambani yemakemikari yeAmerica DuPont yakaburitsa yayo yakanaka-fiber zvinhu, naironi.
Silky, yakasimba uye panguva imwechete inochinjika zvinhu zvakazove yakanakisa kutsiva inodhura uye brittle boar bristles. Muna 1938, kambani inonzi Dr. West yakatanga kugadzirira misoro ye“Dr. West Miracle Brushes” ane nylon bristles. Iyo yekugadzira zvinhu, maererano nekambani, yakacheneswa zvirinani uye yakagara kwenguva yakareba kupfuura ekare echisikigo mabhurashi ebristle.
Kubva ipapo, celluloid yakatsiviwa nemapurasitiki matsva uye magadzirirwo ebristle ave akaomarara, asi mabhurashi agara ari epurasitiki.
Ramangwana risina plastiki?
Sangano reAmerican Dental Association rinokurudzira kuti munhu wese ashandure mabhurasho ake emazino pamwedzi mitatu kana mina. Nokudaro, mabhurasho emazino anopfuura bhiriyoni anoraswa gore negore muUnited States moga. Uye dai munhu wese pasi rese akatevera kurudziro idzi, mabhurasho emazino anosvika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nematatu aizoguma ave muzvisikwa gore rega rega. Mabhurasho emazino mazhinji haashandiswezve nekuti mapurasitiki akaumbwa kubva panoitwa mabhurasho emazino mazhinji akaoma, uye dzimwe nguva hazvigoneke, kuashandisa zvakare zvine hunyanzvi.
Nhasi, mamwe makambani ari kudzokera kuzvinhu zvakasikwa zvakadai sehuni kana boar bristles. Bamboo brashi inobata inogona kugadzirisa chikamu chedambudziko, asi mazhinji emabhurashi aya ane nylon bristles. Mamwe makambani akadzokera kumagadzirirwo ayo akatanga kuunzwa makore angangoita zana apfuura: mabhurasho emazino ane misoro inobviswa.
Zvakaoma kwazvo kuwana mabhurashi sarudzo pasina epurasitiki. Asi chero sarudzo inoderedza huwandu hwese hwezvinhu uye kurongedza kunoshandiswa inhanho munzira kwayo.