Chii chinonzi biofuel nemhando dzayo
Biofuel iripo mumhando nhatu: mvura, yakasimba uye gasi. Yakasimba ihuni, sawdust, mupfudze wakaomeswa. Liquid is bioalcohols (ethyl, methyl uye butyl, nezvimwewo) uye biodiesel. Huturu hwegasi ihydrogen uye methane inogadzirwa nekuviriswa kwezvirimwa nemapfudze. Miti yakawanda inogona kugadziriswa kuva mafuta, akadai se rapeseed, soya, canola, jatropha, etc. Mafuta akasiyana-siyana emiriwo akakodzerawo kune izvi zvinangwa: kokonati, palm, castor. Ese ane huwandu hwakakwana hwemafuta, izvo zvinokutendera kuti uite huni kubva mazviri. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, masayendisiti akawana algae inokura mumadziva anogona kushandiswa kugadzira biodiesel. Bazi reUnited States reEnergy rinoti dhamu remamita gumi nemakumi mana rakasimwa nealgae rinogona kuburitsa madhiramu mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nenomwe emafuta. Maererano nenyanzvi, 3570% yenyika yeUnited States yakapiwa kumadziva akadaro inokwanisa kupa motokari dzose dzeAmerica nemafuta kwegore. Iyo tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa yakagadzirira kushandiswa muCalifornia, Hawaii neNew Mexico kutanga kwe10, asi nekuda kwemitengo yakaderera yemafuta, yakaramba iri muchimiro chepurojekiti.
Biofuel nyaya
Kana iwe ukatarisa mune yakapfuura yeRussia, iwe unogona kamwe kamwe kuona kuti kunyange muUSSR, miriwo biofuels yakanga yatoshandiswa. Semuenzaniso, mu30s, mafuta ekufambisa ndege akawedzerwa nebiofuel (bioethanol). Roketi yekutanga yeSoviet R-1 yakamhanya pamusanganiswa weokisijeni uye mhinduro ine aqueous ye ethyl doro. Munguva yeGreat Patriotic War, marori ePolutorka akaiswa peturu kwete nepeturu, iyo yakanga iri shoma, asi nebiogas inogadzirwa nemajenareta egasi. MuEurope, pachiyero cheindasitiri, biofuel yakatanga kugadzirwa muna 1992. Makore gumi nemasere gare gare, pakanga patova nemaindasitiri anosvika mazana maviri aigadzira matani emamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu ebiodiesel, muna 16 akange ave kutogadzira marita mabhiriyoni gumi nemapfumbamwe. Russia haigoni kuzvirumbidza neEuropean biodiesel mavhoriyamu ekugadzira, asi munyika yedu kune biofuel zvirongwa muAltai neLipetsk. Muna 2010, Russian biodiesel yakavakirwa pakubatwa chibharo yakaedzwa padhiziri locomotives yeVoronezh-Kursk South-Eastern Railway, zvichitevera mhedzisiro yebvunzo, vatungamiriri veRussia Railways vakaratidza chishuwo chavo chekuishandisa pachiyero cheindasitiri.
Munyika yanhasi, nyika dzinopfuura gumi nembiri dzave kutogadzira matekinoroji ekugadzira biofuels. MuSweden, chitima chinomhanya pabiogas chinogara chichimhanya kubva kuguta reJönköping kuenda kuVästervik, chave chiratidzo, chinongozvidemba ndechekuti gasi racho rinogadzirwa kubva mumarara eimba yekuurayira yeko. Zvakare, muJönköping, mazhinji emabhazi nemarori emarara anomhanya pabiofuel.
MuBrazil, kugadzirwa kukuru kwebioethanol kubva kunzimbe kuri kugadzirwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvifambiso munyika muno chinoshandisa mamwe mafuta. Uye muIndia, ma<em>biofuels ari kushandiswa munzvimbo dziri kure kumagwenya emagetsi anopa magetsi kunharaunda duku. MuChina, biofuel yeinjini dzinopisa inogadzirwa kubva muuswa hwemupunga, uye muIndonesia neMalaysia inogadzirwa kubva kumakokonati nemiti yemichindwe, iyo zvirimwa izvi zvinodyarwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakakura. MuSpain, maitiro ezvino mukugadzirwa kwebiofuel ari kuvandudzwa: mapurazi emugungwa anokura algae anokurumidza kukura anogadziriswa kuita mafuta. Uye muU.SA, mafuta ane mafuta endege akagadzirwa paYunivhesiti yeNorth Dakota. Vari kuita zvimwe chete kuSouth Africa, vakatanga chirongwa cheWaste to Wing, mukati mavachaita mafuta ekufambisa ndege kubva kumarara ezvirimwa, vanotsigirwa neWWF, Fetola, SkyNRG.
Zvakanakira zvebiofuels
· Kurumidza kudzoreredza kwezvakagadzirwa zvekugadzira. Kana zvichitora mazana emakore kugadzira mafuta, zvino zvinotora makore akati wandei kuti zvirimwa zvikure.
· Kuchengetedzwa Kwezvakatipoteredza. Biofuel inogadziriswa nemasikirwo anenge akazara; muinenge mwedzi, tupukanana tunogara mumvura nevhu tinokwanisa kuibvisa kuita zvinhu zvakachengeteka.
· Kuderedza kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse. Mota dzeBiofuel dzinoburitsa zvishoma CO2. Chaizvoizvo, ivo vanorasa kunze chaiko sekunge chirimwa chakachitora mukukura.
Kuchengetedza kwakakwana. Biofuel inofanirwa kunge iri pamusoro pe100°C kuti ibatidze, ichiita kuti ive isina njodzi.
Zvakaipa zvebiofuels
· Kusasimba kwebiofuel. Bioethanols uye biodiesel inogona kuchengetwa isingapfuuri mwedzi mitatu nekuda kwekuora zvishoma nezvishoma.
Sensitivity kune yakaderera tembiricha. Munguva yechando, zvakakosha kupisa biofuel yemvura, kana zvisina kudaro haizoshande.
· Kutorwa kwevhu rakaorera. Kudiwa kwekupa ivhu rakanaka rekurimwa kwezvigadzirwa zvebiofuels, nekudaro kuderedza ivhu rekurima.
Nei pasina biofuel muRussia
Russia inyika hombe ine matura makuru emafuta, gasi, marasha uye masango akakura, saka hapana ari kuzogadzira matekinoroji akadaro pamwero mukuru parizvino. Dzimwe nyika, dzakaita seSweden, dzisina matura akadaro ezviwanikwa, dziri kuyedza kushandisazve tsvina, kugadzira mafuta kubva mairi. Asi kune pfungwa dzakajeka munyika yedu dziri kutangisa mapurojekiti ekugadzira biofuel kubva muzvirimwa, uye kana zvichidikanwa, vanozounzwa zvakanyanya.
mhedziso
Hunhu hune mazano uye maprototypes anoshanda ehutsi nemagetsi matekinoroji ayo anozotitendera kuti tirarame nekusimudzira tisingapedze zviwanikwa zvepasi uye pasina kusvibisa zvisikwa. Asi kuti izvi zviitike, chishuwo chakazara chevanhu chakakosha, zvinofanirwa kusiya zvakajairwa nevatengi maonero epasi uye kutanga kugarisana zvakanaka nenyika yekunze.