Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum)
- Dhipatimendi: Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
- Kupatsanura: Pezizomycotina (Pezizomycotins)
- Kirasi: Pezizomycetes (Pezizomycetes)
- Subclass: Pezizomycetidae (Pezizomycetes)
- Order: Pezizales (Pezizales)
- Mhuri: Tuberaceae (Truffle)
- Genus: Tuber (Truffle)
- Type: Tuber melanosporum (Black truffle)
- Black French truffle
- Perigord truffle (inobva kunharaunda yenhoroondo yePerigord muFrance)
- Real black french truffle
Truffle dema, (lat. tuber melanosporum or tuber nigrum) ihowa hwemhando yeTruffle (lat. Tuber) yemhuri yeTruffle (lat. Tuberaceae).
Kune anenge makumi matatu marudzi e truffles, masere chete ayo anonakidza kubva pakuona kwekudya. Iyo yakanyanya kunaka ndeye Perigord dema truffle Tuber melanosporum. Pasinei nekuratidzwa kwakananga kwenzvimbo yekugara muzita, iyi mhuka inoparadzirwa kwete muPerigord chete, asiwo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweFrance, pamwe neItaly neSpain. Kwenguva yakareba zvaitendwa kuti truffles haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekukura pamidzi yemiti, asi chaizvoizvo iwo marsupial howa ane maitiro maviri. Chekutanga, truffle inokura pasi pevhu pakadzika 5-30 centimita, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuwana. Uye chechipiri, fungus iyi inogona kungogara muvhu rakashata recalcareous uye chete mukubatana nemiti, uye pakusarudza "mudiwa wehupenyu" truffle yakanyanyisa uye inofarira kushandira pamwe kunyanya nemuoki uye hazel. Chirimwa chinopa fungus nemafuta anodiwa, uye mycelium inovhara midzi yemuti uye nekudaro inovandudza kugona kwavo kutora mineral salt nemvura, uye zvakare inodzivirira kubva kune dzakasiyana zvirwere. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvimwe zvinomera zvose zvakapoteredza muti zvinofa, iyo inonzi "denderedzwa remuroyi" inoumbwa, iyo inoratidza kuti nharaunda ndeyehowa.
Hapana akamboona kukura kwadzo. Kunyange vaya vanoaunganidza kubva kuchizvarwa nechizvarwa. Nekuti hupenyu hwese hwetruffle hunoitika pasi pevhu uye hunoenderana zvachose nemiti kana makwenzi, iyo midzi inova ivo vanoriritira vehowa uhu, vachigovana matura emakhahydrates navo. Chokwadi, kudaidza truffles mafreeloaders zvingave zvisina kunaka. Iyo dandemutande yemafilaments ye mycelium yefungus, yakavharira midzi yechirimwa chinomiririra, inoibatsira kubvisa humwe hunyoro uye, nekuwedzera, inodzivirira kubva kumarudzi ese ezvirwere zvehutachiona, senge phytophthora.
The black truffle is a black, almost black tuber; nyama yayo yakareruka pakutanga, yozosviba (kune ruvara rwepepuru-dema rine mitsetse michena).
Muchero wemuchero uri pasi pevhu, tuberous, denderedzwa kana kusakwana muchimiro, 3-9 cm muhupamhi. Paso pacho pakaita dzvuku-ruvara, pava paya kuita marasha-dema, kuita ngura kana yadzvinyirirwa. Yakafukidzwa nezvakawanda zvidiki zvisirizvo zvine 4-6 maficha.
Nyama yakaoma, pakutanga yakareruka, grey kana kuti pink-brown ine chena kana tsvuku marble pateni pane yakachekwa, inosviba ne spores uye inova yakasvibira kusvika kune dema-violet nezera, tsinga dzirimo dzinoramba dziripo. Iine kunhuhwirira kwakasimba kwehunhu uye kuravira kunofadza neinovava tint.
Spore poda yakasviba yakasviba, spores 35 × 25 µm, fusiform kana oval, yakakomberedzwa.
Mycorrhiza inoumba nemuouki, zvishoma kazhinji nemimwe miti inodonha. Inokura mumasango ane deciduous ane ivhu recalcareous pakadzika kwemasendimita akawanda kusvika hafu yemamita. Inonyanya kuwanikwa muFrance, pakati peItaly neSpain. MuFrance, zvakawanikwa zveblack truffles zvinozivikanwa munzvimbo dzese, asi nzvimbo huru dzekukura dziri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwenyika (madhipatimendi eDordogne, Lot, Gironde), imwe nzvimbo yekukura iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwedhipatimendi reVaucluse.
Yakarimwa muChina.
Kunhuhwirira kwakasimba kweblack truffle kunokwezva feral nguruve, iyo inochera miviri inobereka michero uye inosimudzira kupararira kwespores. Mune truffles, maruva matsvuku enhunzi anokura, zvipembenene zvevanhu vakuru zvinowanzoputika pamusoro pevhu, izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kutsvaga miviri yezvibereko.
Mwaka: kubva pakutanga kwaDecember kusvika March 15, kuunganidza kunowanzoitwa mumwedzi yekutanga yegore.
Matruffle matema anokohwewa pachivanhu achibatsirwa nenguruve dzakadzidziswa, asi sezvo mhuka idzi dzichiparadza ivhu resango, imbwa dzakadzidziswawo kuita izvi.
Kune gourmets, kunhuhwirira kwakasimba kwehowa uhu ndiko kukosha kwekutanga. Vamwe vanocherekedza kunyorova kwemasango uye kuderera kuduku kwedoro mukunhuhwirira kwematruffles madema, vamwe - mumvuri wechokoti.
Black truffles zviri nyore kuwana - "mycelium" yavo inoparadza zvakawanda zvezvinomera zvakapoteredza. Naizvozvo, nzvimbo yekukura kweblack truffles iri nyore kuona nekuzara kwezviratidzo.